JP7131910B2 - 光活性デバイス、及びその製造方法 - Google Patents
光活性デバイス、及びその製造方法 Download PDFInfo
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- JP7131910B2 JP7131910B2 JP2017556155A JP2017556155A JP7131910B2 JP 7131910 B2 JP7131910 B2 JP 7131910B2 JP 2017556155 A JP2017556155 A JP 2017556155A JP 2017556155 A JP2017556155 A JP 2017556155A JP 7131910 B2 JP7131910 B2 JP 7131910B2
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Description
本開示は、効率的な有機、透明、及び多接合型の光電池デバイス及び光検出器デバイスのための、拡張された近赤外光を収集することができる、有機小分子塩に関する。
本出願は、2015年4月27日に出願された米国特許出願第62/153,299号に基づく優先権を主張する。上記出願の開示の全てを参照によりここに組み込む。
この節では、本開示に関連する背景技術の情報を示しているが、それらは必ずしも先行技術ではない。
この節では、本開示の概要を示しているが、包括的な本開示の全ての範囲又は全ての特徴を示すものではない。
本明細書に記載された図面は、選択された実施形態の例証的な目的のみのためのものであり、可能なすべての態様のためのものではなく、本開示の範囲を限定することを意図していない。
次に、添付されている図面を参照しながら、実施形態についてさらに詳しく説明する。
〔実験〕
材料及び合成:2-[2-[2-クロロ-3-[2-(1,3-ジヒドロ-3,3-ジメチル-1-エチル-2H-ベンゾ[e]インドール-2-イリデン)エチリデン]-1-シクロヘキセン-1-イル]-エテニル]-3,3-ジメチル-1-エチル-1H-ベンゾ[e]インドリウムヨージド(CyI)は、American Dye Source(ケベック、カナダ)から購入し、使用前に、5:1 DCM:MeOH溶媒混合物を用いてシリカプラグを介して充填した。リチウムテトラキス(ペンタフルオロフェニル)ボレートエチルエーテル化合物、NaPF6(98%)、及びAgSbF6(98%)は、Sigma Aldrich(セントルイス、MO)から購入し、そのまま使用した。Δ-TRISPHATテトラブチルアンモニウム塩(98.5%)は、Santa Cruz Biotechnology(ダラス、TX)から購入し、C60(99.9%)は、MER(Materials and Electrochemical Research Corp、ツーソン、AZ)から購入し、バソクプロイン(BCP)は、Luminescence Technology Corp.(Hsin Chu、台湾)から購入し、MoO3(99.9995%)は、Alfa Aesar(ワードヒル、MA)から購入した。全ての交換は、技術的に既知の手順に従ったが、CySbF6については、ジクロロメタン(DCM)中のAgSbF6を用いて沈殿反応により交換した。より極性の高い残留CyIを容易に除去するために、溶離剤としてDCMを用いて全ての交換製品をシリカプラグを介して濾過した。
800nmを超えて1600nmまで応答する一連の有機塩の合成、特性決定及び光電池デバイス性能が理解された。重要なコアとなるNIR活性ヘプタメチン陽イオン(Cy+)を代表的有機塩として使用し、様々な対イオン置換の影響を検討した(図2A及び2B参照)。対イオン間の比較の精度を改良するために、各塩は、CyIの単一バッチから、単一ステップ溶液に基づく対イオン交換により製造した。これらの対イオンは、固体状態の光物理学的特性及びデバイス性能に対する、対イオンの大きさ、電気陰性度、及び分子構造の影響を説明するために選択した。
各塩の正規化された減衰係数を図4Aに示し、デバイスの外部量子効率(EQE)を図4Bに示す。透明デバイスの透過スキャンを図5Aに示し、図5Bは、透明性を実証するために、ミシガン州立大学スパルタンヘルメットロゴ上に置かれた透明デバイスを示す。CyTFMPBについてのデバイスデータを、図15A及び15Bに示す。
800nmを超えて1600nmまでの光電流を生成する有機光電池において、対イオン交換を介して0.40Vから0.72Vまでの開回路電圧の増大が証明された。この分子の光学励起子ギャップに関連して、これは、シアニン系光電池について、励起子限界付近の、報告されている最も高いVOCである。このミッドギャップ不良状態及びイオンモビリティの排除の増加は、芳香族対イオンの立体障害による。更に、これらの新しい分子は、選択的な近赤外収集を介して透明光電池の優れた可能性を示す。この研究は、高圧近赤外吸収有機光電池及び高度に効率的な透明光電池をいかに達成するかを実証する。
〔導入〕
ほとんどの有機光電池(OPV)及び有機光検出器(OPD)が、タンデム太陽電池、透明太陽電池及び赤外光光検出器について、900nmを超えるこれまで十分に利用されていないスペクトル領域の光応答を証明されていない。ここで、選択的な深い近赤外(NIR)光応答を有するヘプタメチン塩は、λ=1400nm又は1600nmにおける外部量子効率(EQE)カットオフが実証される。陰イオン交換は、吸収特性の最小変化を有するフロンティア軌道レベルを深めるために示され、これは、暗電流の減少、(励起子限界に近似する)開回路電圧の増加、及び、比検出能の増加をもたらす。励起子結合エネルギー及び電荷移動効率のバランスをとることは、極めて小さいバンドギャップNIR-吸収デバイスの性能の向上に重要であることが示される。これらの有機塩は、透明及び多接合型の太陽電池のための既存の供与体材料のカタログを拡張する、赤外太陽電池及び検出器のための安価な経路を表す。
1-TPFB及び2-TPFBの合成:等モル量のカリウムテトラキス(ペンタフルオロフェニル)ボレート(K-TPFB)及び1-又は2-BF4のいずれかを、5:1 メタノール:ジクロロメタン(MeOH:DCM)中に10mg/mlで溶解し、反応前に、室温、窒素下で1時間撹拌した。全ての薬品は、受け取った状態で使用し(Boulder Scientific Company、Few)、溶媒はHPLCグレートであった(Sigma Aldrich)。固体の製品は、真空濾過及びMeOH洗浄を用いて回収し、最小量のDCM(~10mg/ml)に再溶解し、溶剤としてDCMを用いてシリカプラグを通過させて不純物及び未反応の1-又は2-BF4を除いた。1-又は2-BF4と類似色の第1画分を回収し、過剰量のDCMをロータリーエバポレータ中で55℃、20分間、大気圧下で除去した。
式中、RはA/Wにおける応答であり、Aはデバイス領域(cm2)であり、SN -1はA Hz-1/2における電流スペクトルノイズ密度である。室温及び0Vで、ノイズは熱(Johnson-Nyquist)ノイズST(A Hz-1/2)により支配され、これは、下記式として見積もられる:
図17Aに示されるように、インジウムスズ酸化物(ITO)/10nm MoO3/t nm 塩/40nm C60/7.5nmバソクプロイン(BCP)/80nmAgの構造を有する太陽電池デバイスを、厚さの関数として4種の塩を用いて製造した。各有機塩の供与体層は、窒素下でN,N-ジメチルホルムアミド(DMF)からスピンコーティングされ、他の層は、真空中で熱蒸着された。各塩の厚さは、溶液濃度を変化させることにより制御した。比較目的のために、類似の塩の厚さ(12±1nm)を有するデバイスについてのJ-V及びEQEを、図17B及び17Cにプロットし、平均性能の測定基準を表2に示す。BF4からTPFBへの交換は、陽イオン1についてVOCを0.13から0.33Vまで、及び、陽イオン2について0.17から0.25Vまで、ほぼ2倍にする。この電圧の増大は、図18Aの陽イオン2において示されるように、フロンティアエネルギーレベルの移動及び増加したインタフェースギャップに起因する。しかしながら、この交換は、供与体-受容体の最低空分子軌道レベルオフセット(ΔLUMO)における実質的な減少に起因して、NIR EQEピークを50%以上減少させる。EQE上のインタフェースギャップにおける緩やかなシフトの影響を理解するために、1-又は2-TPFBの異なるモル比での1又は2-BF4の合金化されたブレンドを調製した。TPFBモル分率の関数としてのVOC及びEQEの傾向を、図19Aにおいてプロットした。
純粋な塩の厚さの傾向を図19Bにプロットする。ここで、厚さの増加及びEQEの単調な増加に伴い、VOCはフラットのままであるか(1-BF4及び2-BF4)、又は、減少する(1-TPFB及び2-TPFB)。一般に、VOCは、5~15nmの範囲で、供与体の塩の厚さから独立している。いくつかの場合において、パラレルシャンティング経路としての厚さを有するOPV増加の開回路電圧は、より完全な膜の形成によって除かれる。しかしながら、1-及び2-TPFBの場合、VOCは、4~15nmの厚さの範囲を超えて、20%の緩やかな減少を示す。厚さの増加を伴うVOCの減少は、(1)障害が誘導するギャップテイル状態の存在に起因する組み換えの増加、(2)電界プロファイルの広がりに起因する組み換えの増加、及び、(3)(図18Bに示されるような)バンドの撓みに起因するインタフェースギャップにおけるシフトの結果である。機構(1)及び(2)は、電圧降下が生じる範囲を超えて小さい厚さ範囲(1nm)に起因する可能性が低く、すなわち、VOCの減少は、厚さの関数として、1-及び2-TPFBデバイスにおける不完全なバンドの撓みに起因する可能性が高い。対照的に、1-及び2-BF4を有するデバイスは、厚さに依存する光起電力を有さず、したがって、より大きいキャリヤ密度又はより小さい誘電率から生じる、より小さい空乏幅を有する可能性が高い。
Claims (2)
- 少なくとも2つの有機塩をともに混合して対イオン合金を生成する工程であって、前記対イオン合金の前記有機塩は、同じイオンを有するが、対イオンが異なる工程;及び
第1電極と第2電極との間に対イオン合金を配置して、前記少なくとも2つの異なる有機塩を含むアクティブ層を生成する工程;を含み、
前記アクティブ層は光を収集する光活性デバイスの製造方法。 - 前記対イオンは、ハロゲン化物、アリールボレート、カルボラン、(Λ,R)-(1,1’-ビナフタレン-2,2’ジオラート)(ビス(テトラクロロ-1,2-ベンゼンジオラート)ホスフェート(V))(BINPHAT)、[Δ-トリス(テトラクロロ-1,2-ベンゼンジオラート)ホスフェート(V)](TRISPHAT)、フルオロアンチモネート、フルオロホスフェート、フルオロボレート、これらの誘導体、及びこれらの組み合わせからなる群より選択される、請求項1に記載の方法。
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US20210359237A1 (en) * | 2020-05-15 | 2021-11-18 | Ubiquitous Energy, Inc. | Solar heat gain coefficient improvement by incorporating nir absorbers |
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