JP7117157B2 - 電池装置 - Google Patents
電池装置 Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- JP7117157B2 JP7117157B2 JP2018105977A JP2018105977A JP7117157B2 JP 7117157 B2 JP7117157 B2 JP 7117157B2 JP 2018105977 A JP2018105977 A JP 2018105977A JP 2018105977 A JP2018105977 A JP 2018105977A JP 7117157 B2 JP7117157 B2 JP 7117157B2
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- JP
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- Prior art keywords
- active material
- electrode active
- positive electrode
- battery
- negative electrode
- Prior art date
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- PYGSKMBEVAICCR-UHFFFAOYSA-N hexa-1,5-diene Chemical compound C=CCCC=C PYGSKMBEVAICCR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- XXMIOPMDWAUFGU-UHFFFAOYSA-N hexane-1,6-diol Chemical compound OCCCCCCO XXMIOPMDWAUFGU-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229920006270 hydrocarbon resin Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 230000003301 hydrolyzing effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 150000004679 hydroxides Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- FAHBNUUHRFUEAI-UHFFFAOYSA-M hydroxidooxidoaluminium Chemical compound O[Al]=O FAHBNUUHRFUEAI-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
- WGCNASOHLSPBMP-UHFFFAOYSA-N hydroxyacetaldehyde Natural products OCC=O WGCNASOHLSPBMP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 150000002460 imidazoles Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 230000001771 impaired effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000006872 improvement Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000009616 inductively coupled plasma Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910052500 inorganic mineral Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 238000009434 installation Methods 0.000 description 1
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- 125000003010 ionic group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- NIMLQBUJDJZYEJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N isophorone diisocyanate Chemical compound CC1(C)CC(N=C=O)CC(C)(CN=C=O)C1 NIMLQBUJDJZYEJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229920003049 isoprene rubber Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 125000001449 isopropyl group Chemical group [H]C([H])([H])C([H])(*)C([H])([H])[H] 0.000 description 1
- NLYAJNPCOHFWQQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N kaolin Chemical compound O.O.O=[Al]O[Si](=O)O[Si](=O)O[Al]=O NLYAJNPCOHFWQQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000004310 lactic acid Substances 0.000 description 1
- 235000014655 lactic acid Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 238000003475 lamination Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000006233 lamp black Substances 0.000 description 1
- 235000001510 limonene Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 229940087305 limonene Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 229910001540 lithium hexafluoroarsenate(V) Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910002102 lithium manganese oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- MHCFAGZWMAWTNR-UHFFFAOYSA-M lithium perchlorate Chemical compound [Li+].[O-]Cl(=O)(=O)=O MHCFAGZWMAWTNR-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
- 229910001486 lithium perchlorate Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910001496 lithium tetrafluoroborate Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- UIDWHMKSOZZDAV-UHFFFAOYSA-N lithium tin Chemical compound [Li].[Sn] UIDWHMKSOZZDAV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- ACFSQHQYDZIPRL-UHFFFAOYSA-N lithium;bis(1,1,2,2,2-pentafluoroethylsulfonyl)azanide Chemical compound [Li+].FC(F)(F)C(F)(F)S(=O)(=O)[N-]S(=O)(=O)C(F)(F)C(F)(F)F ACFSQHQYDZIPRL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- VDVLPSWVDYJFRW-UHFFFAOYSA-N lithium;bis(fluorosulfonyl)azanide Chemical compound [Li+].FS(=O)(=O)[N-]S(F)(=O)=O VDVLPSWVDYJFRW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- VLXXBCXTUVRROQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N lithium;oxido-oxo-(oxomanganiooxy)manganese Chemical compound [Li+].[O-][Mn](=O)O[Mn]=O VLXXBCXTUVRROQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000011068 loading method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000005923 long-lasting effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229940018564 m-phenylenediamine Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 239000011976 maleic acid Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000002844 melting Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000008018 melting Effects 0.000 description 1
- HNEGQIOMVPPMNR-NSCUHMNNSA-N mesaconic acid Chemical compound OC(=O)C(/C)=C/C(O)=O HNEGQIOMVPPMNR-NSCUHMNNSA-N 0.000 description 1
- AYLRODJJLADBOB-QMMMGPOBSA-N methyl (2s)-2,6-diisocyanatohexanoate Chemical compound COC(=O)[C@@H](N=C=O)CCCCN=C=O AYLRODJJLADBOB-QMMMGPOBSA-N 0.000 description 1
- NUMHUJZXKZKUBN-UHFFFAOYSA-N methyl 4-ethenylbenzoate Chemical compound COC(=O)C1=CC=C(C=C)C=C1 NUMHUJZXKZKUBN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 150000004702 methyl esters Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- WBYWAXJHAXSJNI-UHFFFAOYSA-N methyl p-hydroxycinnamate Natural products OC(=O)C=CC1=CC=CC=C1 WBYWAXJHAXSJNI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- XJRBAMWJDBPFIM-UHFFFAOYSA-N methyl vinyl ether Chemical compound COC=C XJRBAMWJDBPFIM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- LVHBHZANLOWSRM-UHFFFAOYSA-N methylenebutanedioic acid Natural products OC(=O)CC(=C)C(O)=O LVHBHZANLOWSRM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- HNEGQIOMVPPMNR-UHFFFAOYSA-N methylfumaric acid Natural products OC(=O)C(C)=CC(O)=O HNEGQIOMVPPMNR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000010445 mica Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052618 mica group Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000011707 mineral Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000012046 mixed solvent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052750 molybdenum Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 125000000896 monocarboxylic acid group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
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- 125000006203 morpholinoethyl group Chemical group [H]C([H])(*)C([H])([H])N1C([H])([H])C([H])([H])OC([H])([H])C1([H])[H] 0.000 description 1
- 229910052863 mullite Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229940043348 myristyl alcohol Drugs 0.000 description 1
- MIVGZOMJVVQBAO-UHFFFAOYSA-N n,n-dibenzylprop-2-enamide Chemical compound C=1C=CC=CC=1CN(C(=O)C=C)CC1=CC=CC=C1 MIVGZOMJVVQBAO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229940088644 n,n-dimethylacrylamide Drugs 0.000 description 1
- YLGYACDQVQQZSW-UHFFFAOYSA-N n,n-dimethylprop-2-enamide Chemical compound CN(C)C(=O)C=C YLGYACDQVQQZSW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- PNLUGRYDUHRLOF-UHFFFAOYSA-N n-ethenyl-n-methylacetamide Chemical compound C=CN(C)C(C)=O PNLUGRYDUHRLOF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- GOQYKNQRPGWPLP-UHFFFAOYSA-N n-heptadecyl alcohol Natural products CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCO GOQYKNQRPGWPLP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 125000000740 n-pentyl group Chemical group [H]C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])* 0.000 description 1
- 239000002116 nanohorn Substances 0.000 description 1
- KYTZHLUVELPASH-UHFFFAOYSA-N naphthalene-1,2-dicarboxylic acid Chemical compound C1=CC=CC2=C(C(O)=O)C(C(=O)O)=CC=C21 KYTZHLUVELPASH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- SLCVBVWXLSEKPL-UHFFFAOYSA-N neopentyl glycol Chemical compound OCC(C)(C)CO SLCVBVWXLSEKPL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 125000001971 neopentyl group Chemical group [H]C([*])([H])C(C([H])([H])[H])(C([H])([H])[H])C([H])([H])[H] 0.000 description 1
- 150000004767 nitrides Chemical class 0.000 description 1
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- 239000001301 oxygen Substances 0.000 description 1
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- 238000005192 partition Methods 0.000 description 1
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- VSIIXMUUUJUKCM-UHFFFAOYSA-D pentacalcium;fluoride;triphosphate Chemical compound [F-].[Ca+2].[Ca+2].[Ca+2].[Ca+2].[Ca+2].[O-]P([O-])([O-])=O.[O-]P([O-])([O-])=O.[O-]P([O-])([O-])=O VSIIXMUUUJUKCM-UHFFFAOYSA-D 0.000 description 1
- WXZMFSXDPGVJKK-UHFFFAOYSA-N pentaerythritol Chemical compound OCC(CO)(CO)CO WXZMFSXDPGVJKK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 125000003538 pentan-3-yl group Chemical group [H]C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])(*)C([H])([H])C([H])([H])[H] 0.000 description 1
- GTCCGKPBSJZVRZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N pentane-2,4-diol Chemical compound CC(O)CC(C)O GTCCGKPBSJZVRZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- YWAKXRMUMFPDSH-UHFFFAOYSA-N pentene Chemical compound CCCC=C YWAKXRMUMFPDSH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- WVDDGKGOMKODPV-ZQBYOMGUSA-N phenyl(114C)methanol Chemical compound O[14CH2]C1=CC=CC=C1 WVDDGKGOMKODPV-ZQBYOMGUSA-N 0.000 description 1
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- HJWLCRVIBGQPNF-UHFFFAOYSA-N prop-2-enylbenzene Chemical compound C=CCC1=CC=CC=C1 HJWLCRVIBGQPNF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
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- 230000002194 synthesizing effect Effects 0.000 description 1
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- 235000007586 terpenes Nutrition 0.000 description 1
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- 125000001973 tert-pentyl group Chemical group [H]C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C(*)(C([H])([H])[H])C([H])([H])[H] 0.000 description 1
- 125000001302 tertiary amino group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 150000000000 tetracarboxylic acids Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- UWHCKJMYHZGTIT-UHFFFAOYSA-N tetraethylene glycol Chemical compound OCCOCCOCCOCCO UWHCKJMYHZGTIT-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000002076 thermal analysis method Methods 0.000 description 1
- DVKJHBMWWAPEIU-UHFFFAOYSA-N toluene 2,4-diisocyanate Chemical compound CC1=CC=C(N=C=O)C=C1N=C=O DVKJHBMWWAPEIU-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- RUELTTOHQODFPA-UHFFFAOYSA-N toluene 2,6-diisocyanate Chemical compound CC1=C(N=C=O)C=CC=C1N=C=O RUELTTOHQODFPA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- JOXIMZWYDAKGHI-UHFFFAOYSA-N toluene-4-sulfonic acid Chemical compound CC1=CC=C(S(O)(=O)=O)C=C1 JOXIMZWYDAKGHI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- GTZCVFVGUGFEME-UHFFFAOYSA-N trans-aconitic acid Natural products OC(=O)CC(C(O)=O)=CC(O)=O GTZCVFVGUGFEME-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- LDHQCZJRKDOVOX-UHFFFAOYSA-N trans-crotonic acid Natural products CC=CC(O)=O LDHQCZJRKDOVOX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000005809 transesterification reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000012546 transfer Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000009466 transformation Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000007704 transition Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229910000319 transition metal phosphate Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910000385 transition metal sulfate Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 125000005270 trialkylamine group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- IMFACGCPASFAPR-UHFFFAOYSA-N tributylamine Chemical compound CCCCN(CCCC)CCCC IMFACGCPASFAPR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229940087291 tridecyl alcohol Drugs 0.000 description 1
- ZIBGPFATKBEMQZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N triethylene glycol Chemical compound OCCOCCOCCO ZIBGPFATKBEMQZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- BJAARRARQJZURR-UHFFFAOYSA-N trimethylazanium;hydroxide Chemical compound O.CN(C)C BJAARRARQJZURR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- YFHICDDUDORKJB-UHFFFAOYSA-N trimethylene carbonate Chemical compound O=C1OCCCO1 YFHICDDUDORKJB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- QXJQHYBHAIHNGG-UHFFFAOYSA-N trimethylolethane Chemical compound OCC(C)(CO)CO QXJQHYBHAIHNGG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- KOZCZZVUFDCZGG-UHFFFAOYSA-N vinyl benzoate Chemical compound C=COC(=O)C1=CC=CC=C1 KOZCZZVUFDCZGG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- FUSUHKVFWTUUBE-UHFFFAOYSA-N vinyl methyl ketone Natural products CC(=O)C=C FUSUHKVFWTUUBE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000010792 warming Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000003643 water by type Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052727 yttrium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000010457 zeolite Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000004711 α-olefin Substances 0.000 description 1
- PAPBSGBWRJIAAV-UHFFFAOYSA-N ε-Caprolactone Chemical compound O=C1CCCCCO1 PAPBSGBWRJIAAV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
Images
Classifications
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M10/00—Secondary cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M10/04—Construction or manufacture in general
- H01M10/0468—Compression means for stacks of electrodes and separators
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M10/00—Secondary cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M10/05—Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte
- H01M10/056—Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte characterised by the materials used as electrolytes, e.g. mixed inorganic/organic electrolytes
- H01M10/0564—Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte characterised by the materials used as electrolytes, e.g. mixed inorganic/organic electrolytes the electrolyte being constituted of organic materials only
- H01M10/0566—Liquid materials
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M10/00—Secondary cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M10/05—Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte
- H01M10/058—Construction or manufacture
- H01M10/0585—Construction or manufacture of accumulators having only flat construction elements, i.e. flat positive electrodes, flat negative electrodes and flat separators
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
- H01M4/13—Electrodes for accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte, e.g. for lithium-accumulators; Processes of manufacture thereof
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M10/00—Secondary cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M10/04—Construction or manufacture in general
- H01M10/0486—Frames for plates or membranes
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M2220/00—Batteries for particular applications
- H01M2220/20—Batteries in motive systems, e.g. vehicle, ship, plane
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M2300/00—Electrolytes
- H01M2300/0017—Non-aqueous electrolytes
- H01M2300/0025—Organic electrolyte
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M50/00—Constructional details or processes of manufacture of the non-active parts of electrochemical cells other than fuel cells, e.g. hybrid cells
- H01M50/20—Mountings; Secondary casings or frames; Racks, modules or packs; Suspension devices; Shock absorbers; Transport or carrying devices; Holders
- H01M50/204—Racks, modules or packs for multiple batteries or multiple cells
- H01M50/207—Racks, modules or packs for multiple batteries or multiple cells characterised by their shape
- H01M50/209—Racks, modules or packs for multiple batteries or multiple cells characterised by their shape adapted for prismatic or rectangular cells
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M50/00—Constructional details or processes of manufacture of the non-active parts of electrochemical cells other than fuel cells, e.g. hybrid cells
- H01M50/20—Mountings; Secondary casings or frames; Racks, modules or packs; Suspension devices; Shock absorbers; Transport or carrying devices; Holders
- H01M50/204—Racks, modules or packs for multiple batteries or multiple cells
- H01M50/207—Racks, modules or packs for multiple batteries or multiple cells characterised by their shape
- H01M50/211—Racks, modules or packs for multiple batteries or multiple cells characterised by their shape adapted for pouch cells
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M50/00—Constructional details or processes of manufacture of the non-active parts of electrochemical cells other than fuel cells, e.g. hybrid cells
- H01M50/20—Mountings; Secondary casings or frames; Racks, modules or packs; Suspension devices; Shock absorbers; Transport or carrying devices; Holders
- H01M50/233—Mountings; Secondary casings or frames; Racks, modules or packs; Suspension devices; Shock absorbers; Transport or carrying devices; Holders characterised by physical properties of casings or racks, e.g. dimensions
- H01M50/238—Flexibility or foldability
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M50/00—Constructional details or processes of manufacture of the non-active parts of electrochemical cells other than fuel cells, e.g. hybrid cells
- H01M50/20—Mountings; Secondary casings or frames; Racks, modules or packs; Suspension devices; Shock absorbers; Transport or carrying devices; Holders
- H01M50/233—Mountings; Secondary casings or frames; Racks, modules or packs; Suspension devices; Shock absorbers; Transport or carrying devices; Holders characterised by physical properties of casings or racks, e.g. dimensions
- H01M50/242—Mountings; Secondary casings or frames; Racks, modules or packs; Suspension devices; Shock absorbers; Transport or carrying devices; Holders characterised by physical properties of casings or racks, e.g. dimensions adapted for protecting batteries against vibrations, collision impact or swelling
Landscapes
- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
- Electrochemistry (AREA)
- General Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Manufacturing & Machinery (AREA)
- Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- Condensed Matter Physics & Semiconductors (AREA)
- General Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- Inorganic Chemistry (AREA)
- Materials Engineering (AREA)
- Secondary Cells (AREA)
- Battery Electrode And Active Subsutance (AREA)
Description
図1は、本発明の一実施形態である双極型リチウムイオン二次電池を模式的に表した断面図である。図1に示す双極型リチウムイオン二次電池10は、実際に充放電反応が進行する略矩形の発電要素21が、外装体であるラミネートフィルム29の内部に封止された構造を有する。
集電体は、正極活物質層と接する一方の面から、負極活物質層と接する他方の面へと電子の移動を媒介する機能を有する。集電体を構成する材料に特に制限はないが、例えば、金属が挙げられる。また、集電体は、導電性を有する樹脂層を含むもの(いわゆる「樹脂集電体」)であってもよい。
正極活物質層は、正極活物質および必要に応じて当該正極活物質の表面を被覆する被覆剤を含む。また、正極活物質層は、さらに必要に応じて導電部材、イオン伝導性ポリマー、リチウム塩等を含みうる。
正極活物質としては、例えば、LiMn2O4、LiCoO2、LiNiO2、Li(Ni-Mn-Co)O2およびこれらの遷移金属の一部が他の元素により置換されたもの等のリチウム-遷移金属複合酸化物、リチウム-遷移金属リン酸化合物、リチウム-遷移金属硫酸化合物などが挙げられる。場合によっては、2種以上の正極活物質が併用されてもよい。好ましくは、容量、出力特性の観点から、リチウム-遷移金属複合酸化物が、正極活物質として用いられる。より好ましくはリチウムとニッケルとを含有する複合酸化物が用いられる。さらに好ましくはLi(Ni-Mn-Co)O2およびこれらの遷移金属の一部が他の元素により置換されたもの(以下、単に「NMC複合酸化物」とも称する)、またはリチウム-ニッケル-コバルト-アルミニウム複合酸化物(以下単に、「NCA複合酸化物」とも称する)などが用いられる。NMC複合酸化物は、リチウム原子層と遷移金属(Mn、NiおよびCoが秩序正しく配置)原子層とが酸素原子層を介して交互に積み重なった層状結晶構造を有する。そして、遷移金属Mの1原子あたり1個のLi原子が含まれ、取り出せるLi量が、スピネル系リチウムマンガン酸化物の2倍、つまり供給能力が2倍になり、高い容量を持つことができる。
被覆剤は、被覆用樹脂および導電助剤を含む。被覆剤が正極活物質の表面に存在することで、正極活物質層において、正極活物質表面へのイオン伝導パスおよび電子伝導パスを確保することができる。
被覆用樹脂は、正極活物質の表面に存在し、電解液を吸液して保持する機能を有する。これにより、正極活物質層において、電解質層から正極活物質表面へのイオン伝導パスを形成することができる。
ポリウレタン樹脂は、柔軟性が高く(後述の引張破断伸び率が大きく)、また、ウレタン結合どうしは強い水素結合を形成しうることから、これを被覆用樹脂として用いることで、柔軟性に優れつつも、構造的に安定した被覆剤を構成することが可能となる。
ポリビニル系樹脂は、柔軟性が高い(後述の引張破断伸び率が大きい)ことから、これを被覆用樹脂として用いることで、充放電反応に伴う活物質の体積変化を緩和し、活物質層の膨張を抑制することができる。
上記モノオールとしては、(i)脂肪族モノオール[メタノール、エタノール、n-及びi-プロピルアルコール、n-ブチルアルコール、n-ペンチルアルコール、n-オクチルアルコール、ノニルアルコール、デシルアルコール、ラウリルアルコール、トリデシルアルコール、ミリスチルアルコール、セチルアルコール、ステアリルアルコール等]、(ii)脂環式モノオール[シクロヘキシルアルコール等]、(iii)芳香脂肪族モノオール[ベンジルアルコール等]及びこれらの2種以上の混合物が挙げられる。
(b33)窒素含有ビニル化合物
(b33-1)アミド基含有ビニル化合物
(i)炭素数3~30の(メタ)アクリルアミド化合物、例えばN,N-ジアルキル(炭素数1~6)もしくはジアラルキル(炭素数7~15)(メタ)アクリルアミド[N,N-ジメチルアクリルアミド、N,N-ジベンジルアクリルアミド等]、ジアセトンアクリルアミド
(ii)上記(メタ)アクリルアミド化合物を除く、炭素数4~20のアミド基含有ビニル化合物、例えばN-メチル-N-ビニルアセトアミド、環状アミド(ピロリドン化合物(炭素数6~13、例えば、N-ビニルピロリドン等))
(b33-2)(メタ)アクリレート化合物
(i)ジアルキル(炭素数1~4)アミノアルキル(炭素数1~4)(メタ)アクリレート[N,N-ジメチルアミノエチル(メタ)アクリレート、N,N-ジエチルアミノエチル(メタ)アクリレート、t-ブチルアミノエチル(メタ)アクリレート、モルホリノエチル(メタ)アクリレート等]
(ii)4級アンモニウム基含有(メタ)アクリレート〔3級アミノ基含有(メタ)アクリレート[N,N-ジメチルアミノエチル(メタ)アクリレート、N,N-ジエチルアミノエチル(メタ)アクリレート等]の4級化物(前記の4級化剤を用いて4級化したもの)等〕
(b33-3)複素環含有ビニル化合物
ピリジン化合物(炭素数7~14、例えば2-及び4-ビニルピリジン)、イミダゾール化合物(炭素数5~12、例えばN-ビニルイミダゾール)、ピロール化合物(炭素数6~13、例えばN-ビニルピロール)、ピロリドン化合物(炭素数6~13、例えばN-ビニル-2-ピロリドン)
(b33-4)ニトリル基含有ビニル化合物
炭素数3~15のニトリル基含有ビニル化合物、例えば(メタ)アクリロニトリル、シアノスチレン、シアノアルキル(炭素数1~4)アクリレート
(b33-5)その他ビニル化合物
ニトロ基含有ビニル化合物(炭素数8~16、例えばニトロスチレン)等
(b34)ビニル炭化水素
(b34-1)脂肪族ビニル炭化水素
炭素数2~18又はそれ以上のオレフィン[エチレン、プロピレン、ブテン、イソブチレン、ペンテン、ヘプテン、ジイソブチレン、オクテン、ドデセン、オクタデセンなど]、炭素数4~10又はそれ以上のジエン[ブタジエン、イソプレン、1,4-ペンタジエン、1,5-ヘキサジエン、1,7-オクタジエンなど]等
(b34-2)脂環式ビニル炭化水素
炭素数4~18又はそれ以上の環状不飽和化合物、例えばシクロアルケン(例えばシクロヘキセン)、(ジ)シクロアルカジエン[例えば(ジ)シクロペンタジエン]、テルペン(例えばピネン、リモネン及びインデン)
(b34-3)芳香族ビニル炭化水素
炭素数8~20又はそれ以上の芳香族不飽和化合物、例えばスチレン、α-メチルスチレン、ビニルトルエン、2,4-ジメチルスチレン、エチルスチレン、イソプロピルスチレン、ブチルスチレン、フェニルスチレン、シクロヘキシルスチレン、ベンジルスチレン
(b35)ビニルエステル、ビニルエーテル、ビニルケトン、不飽和ジカルボン酸ジエステル
(b35-1)ビニルエステル
脂肪族ビニルエステル[炭素数4~15、例えば脂肪族カルボン酸(モノ-及びジカルボン酸)のアルケニルエステル(例えば酢酸ビニル、プロピオン酸ビニル、酪酸ビニル、ジアリルアジペート、イソプロペニルアセテート、ビニルメトキシアセテート)]、芳香族ビニルエステル[炭素数9~20、例えば芳香族カルボン酸(モノ-及びジカルボン酸)のアルケニルエステル(例えばビニルベンゾエート、ジアリルフタレート、メチル-4-ビニルベンゾエート)、脂肪族カルボン酸の芳香環含有エステル(例えばアセトキシスチレン)]
(b35-2)ビニルエーテル
脂肪族ビニルエーテル〔炭素数3~15、例えばビニルアルキル(炭素数1~10)エーテル[ビニルメチルエーテル、ビニルブチルエーテル、ビニル2-エチルヘキシルエーテルなど]、ビニルアルコキシ(炭素数1~6)アルキル(炭素数1~4)エーテル[ビニル-2-メトキシエチルエーテル、メトキシブタジエン、3,4-ジヒドロ-1,2-ピラン、2-ブトキシ-2’-ビニロキシジエチルエーテル、ビニル-2-エチルメルカプトエチルエーテル等]、ポリ(2~4)(メタ)アリロキシアルカン(炭素数2~6)[ジアリロキシエタン、トリアリロキシエタン、テトラアリロキシブタン、テトラメタアリロキシエタン等]〕
芳香族ビニルエーテル(炭素数8~20、例えばビニルフェニルエーテル、フェノキシスチレン)
(b35-3)ビニルケトン
脂肪族ビニルケトン(炭素数4~25、例えばビニルメチルケトン、ビニルエチルケトン)
芳香族ビニルケトン(炭素数9~21、例えばビニルフェニルケトン)
(b35-4)不飽和ジカルボン酸ジエステル
炭素数4~34の不飽和ジカルボン酸ジエステル、例えばジアルキルフマレート(2個のアルキル基は、炭素数1~22の、直鎖、分枝鎖もしくは脂環式の基)、ジアルキルマレエート(2個のアルキル基は、炭素数1~22の、直鎖、分枝鎖もしくは脂環式の基)
上記(b3)として例示したもののうち電解液の吸液及び耐電圧の観点から好ましいのは、(b31)、(b32)及び(b33)であり、更に好ましいのは、(b31)のうちのメチル(メタ)アクリレート、エチル(メタ)アクリレート、ブチル(メタ)アクリレートである。
溶媒:オルトジクロロベンゼン
標準物質:ポリスチレン
サンプル濃度:3mg/ml
カラム固定相:PLgel 10μm、MIXED-B 2本直列(ポリマーラボラトリーズ社製)
カラム温度:135℃。
導電助剤は、被覆剤中で電子伝導パスを形成し、正極活物質層の電子移動抵抗を低減することで、電池の高レートでの出力特性向上に寄与しうる。
被覆正極活物質粒子の製造方法は、特に制限されないが、例えば以下の方法が挙げられる。まず正極活物質を万能混合機に入れて10~500rpmで撹拌した状態で、被覆用樹脂および溶媒を含む溶液(被覆用樹脂溶液)を1~90分間かけて滴下混合する。この際の溶媒としては、メタノール、エタノール、イソプロパノールなどのアルコール類が好適に使用できる。その後、さらに導電助剤を添加し、混合する。そして、撹拌したまま50~200℃に昇温し、0.007~0.04MPaまで減圧した後に、10~150分間保持することにより、被覆正極活物質粒子を得ることができる。
本形態において、導電部材は、正極活物質層中で電子伝導パスを形成する機能を有する。特に、導電部材の少なくとも一部が、正極活物質層の電解質層側に接触する第1主面から集電体側に接触する第2主面までを電気的に接続する導電通路を形成していることが好ましい。このような形態を有することで、正極活物質層中の厚さ方向の電子移動抵抗がさらに低減されるため、電池の高レートでの出力特性をより一層向上しうる。なお、導電部材の少なくとも一部が、正極活物質層の電解質層側に接触する第1主面から集電体側に接触する第2主面までを電気的に接続する導電通路を形成しているか否かは、SEMや光学顕微鏡を用いて正極活物質層の断面を観察することにより確認することができる。
イオン伝導性ポリマーとしては、例えば、ポリエチレンオキシド(PEO)系およびポリプロピレンオキシド(PPO)系のポリマーが挙げられる。
リチウム塩(支持塩)としては、LiPF6、LiBF4、LiSbF6、LiAsF6およびLiClO4等の無機酸のリチウム塩、LiN(CF3SO2)2、LiN(C2F5SO2)2およびLiC(CF3SO2)3等の有機酸のリチウム塩等が挙げられる。なかでも、電池出力および充放電サイクル特性の観点から、LiPF6が好ましい。
本発明において、負極活物質層は、負極活物質を含む限りにおいて、その他の形態は特に制限されず、従来公知の知見が適宜参照される。
負極活物質としては、例えば、グラファイト(黒鉛)、ソフトカーボン、ハードカーボン等の炭素材料、リチウム-遷移金属複合酸化物(例えば、Li4Ti5O12)、金属材料(スズ、シリコン)、リチウム合金系負極材料(例えばリチウム-スズ合金、リチウム-シリコン合金、リチウム-アルミニウム合金、リチウム-アルミニウム-マンガン合金等)などが挙げられる。場合によっては、2種以上の負極活物質が併用されてもよい。好ましくは、容量、出力特性の観点から、炭素材料、リチウム-遷移金属複合酸化物、リチウム合金系負極材料が、負極活物質として好ましく用いられる。なお、上記以外の負極活物質が用いられてもよいことは勿論である。また、上述の被覆用樹脂は特に炭素材料に対して付着しやすいという性質を有している。したがって、負極活物質が被覆負極活物質粒子の形態である場合には、構造的に安定した電極材料を提供するという観点からは、負極活物質として炭素材料を用いることが好ましい。
本形態に係る非水電解質二次電池において、正極活物質層と負極活物質層との間には、電解液(液体電解質)が保持されてなるセパレータが介在している。なお、電解液(液体電解質)はセパレータのみならず、正極活物質層および負極活物質層にも含まれうる。
集電板(25、27)を構成する材料は、特に制限されず、リチウムイオン二次電池用の集電板として従来用いられている公知の高導電性材料が用いられうる。集電板の構成材料としては、例えば、アルミニウム、銅、チタン、ニッケル、ステンレス鋼(SUS)、これらの合金等の金属材料が好ましい。軽量、耐食性、高導電性の観点から、より好ましくはアルミニウム、銅であり、特に好ましくはアルミニウムである。なお、正極集電板25と負極集電板27とでは、同一の材料が用いられてもよいし、異なる材料が用いられてもよい。
また、図示は省略するが、集電体11と集電板(25、27)との間を正極リードや負極リードを介して電気的に接続してもよい。正極および負極リードの構成材料としては、公知のリチウムイオン二次電池において用いられる材料が同様に採用されうる。なお、外装から取り出された部分は、周辺機器や配線などに接触して漏電したりして製品(例えば、自動車部品、特に電子機器等)に影響を与えないように、耐熱絶縁性の熱収縮チューブなどにより被覆することが好ましい。
シール部(絶縁層)は、図1に示すような双極型の非水電解質二次電池に特有の構成部材であり、集電体同士の接触や単電池層の端部における短絡を防止する機能を有する。シール部を構成する材料としては、絶縁性、固体電解質の脱落に対するシール性や外部からの水分の透湿に対するシール性(密封性)、電池動作温度下での耐熱性等を有するものであればよい。例えば、アクリル樹脂、ウレタン樹脂、エポキシ樹脂、ポリエチレン樹脂、ポリプロピレン樹脂、ポリイミド樹脂、ゴム(エチレン-プロピレン-ジエンゴム:EPDM)等が用いられうる。また、イソシアネート系接着剤や、アクリル樹脂系接着剤、シアノアクリレート系接着剤などを用いてもよく、ホットメルト接着剤(ウレタン樹脂、ポリアミド樹脂、ポリオレフィン樹脂)などを用いてもよい。なかでも、耐蝕性、耐薬品性、作り易さ(製膜性)、経済性等の観点から、ポリエチレン樹脂やポリプロピレン樹脂が、絶縁層の構成材料として好ましく用いられ、非結晶性ポリプロピレン樹脂を主成分とするエチレン、プロピレン、ブテンを共重合した樹脂を用いることが好ましい。
外装体としては、図1に示すように発電要素を覆うことができる、アルミニウムを含むラミネートフィルム29を用いた袋状のケースが用いられうる。該ラミネートフィルムには、例えば、PP、アルミニウム、ナイロンをこの順に積層してなる3層構造のラミネートフィルム等を用いることができるが、これらに何ら制限されるものではない。加圧部材によって印加される加圧力を発電要素へ容易に伝達することができるという点で、外装体は剛性を有しない材料から構成されることが好ましい。なかでも、高出力化や冷却性能に優れ、EV、HEV用の大型機器用電池に好適に利用することができるという観点から、ラミネートフィルムが好ましく、アルミニウムを含むラミネートフィルムが特に好ましい。
一般的な電気自動車では、一回の充電による走行距離(航続距離)をいかに長くするかが重要な開発目標である。かような点を考慮すると、電池の体積エネルギー密度は157Wh/L以上であることが好ましく、かつ定格容量は20Wh以上であることが好ましい。
組電池は、電池を複数個接続して構成したものである。詳しくは少なくとも2つ以上用いて、直列化あるいは並列化あるいはその両方で構成されるものである。直列、並列化することで容量および電圧を自由に調節することが可能になる。
本形態の電池装置は、長期使用しても放電容量が維持され、サイクル特性が良好である。さらに、エネルギー密度が高い。電気自動車やハイブリッド電気自動車や燃料電池車やハイブリッド燃料電池自動車などの車両用途においては、電気・携帯電子機器用途と比較して、高容量、大型化が求められるとともに、長寿命化が必要となる。したがって、上記非水電解質二次電池は、車両用の電源として、例えば、車両駆動用電源や補助電源に好適に利用することができる。
(実施例1)
<負極活物質被覆用樹脂溶液の作製>
撹拌機、温度計、還流冷却管、滴下ロートおよび窒素ガス導入管を付した4つ口フラスコに、酢酸エチル83部とメタノール17部とを仕込み68℃に昇温した。
難黒鉛化性炭素(ハードカーボン)((株)クレハ・バッテリー・マテリアルズ・ジャパン製 カーボトロン(登録商標)PS(F))88.4部を万能混合機に入れ、室温、150rpmで撹拌した状態で、上記で得られた負極活物質被覆用樹脂溶液(樹脂濃度30質量%)を樹脂固形分として10部になるように60分かけて滴下混合し、さらに30分撹拌した。
ニッケル・アルミ・コバルト酸リチウム(NCA)(BASF戸田バッテリーマテリアルズ合同会社製)140.0部を万能混合機に入れ、室温、15m/sで撹拌した状態で、上記で得られた正極活物質被覆用樹脂溶液(樹脂固形分濃度30質量%)0.48部にジメチルホルムアミド14.6部を追加混合した溶液を3分かけて滴下混合し、さらに5分撹拌した。
エチレンカーボネート(EC)とプロピレンカーボネート(PC)の混合溶媒(体積比率1:1)に、Li[(FSO2)2N](LiFSI)を2mol/Lの割合で溶解させて、電解液を得た。
上記で得た被覆負極活物質から、平均粒子径(D50)20μmのものを616部取り分け、平均粒子径(D50)5μmのものを264部取り分け、これに導電部材としての炭素繊維(大阪ガスケミカル(株)製 ドナカーボ・ミルド S-243:平均繊維長500μm、平均繊維径13μm:電気伝導度200mS/cm)76.5部を添加し、120℃、100mmHgの減圧下で16時間乾燥させ、含有水分の除去を行った。
上記で得た被覆正極活物質1543.5部に導電部材としての炭素繊維(大阪ガスケミカル(株)製 ドナカーボ・ミルド S-243:平均繊維長500μm、平均繊維径13μm:電気伝導度200mS/cm)31.5部を添加し、120℃、100mmHgの減圧下で16時間乾燥させ、含有水分の除去を行った。
2軸押出機にて、ポリプロピレン[商品名「サンアロマー(登録商標)PL500A」、サンアロマー(株)製](B-1)75質量%、アセチレンブラック(AB)(デンカブラック(登録商標))20質量%、樹脂集電体用分散剤(A)として変性ポリオレフィン樹脂(三洋化成工業(株)製ユーメックス(登録商標)1001)5質量%を180℃、100rpm、滞留時間10分の条件で溶融混練して樹脂集電体用材料を得た。得られた樹脂集電体用材料を、押し出し成形することで、厚み90μmの樹脂集電体(20%AB-PP)を得た。
上記で得られた樹脂集電体の一方の面に上記で得られた負極活物質スラリーを塗工して負極活物質層(塗工部のサイズは192mm×236mm)を形成した。次いで、当該負極活物質層の露出面にセパレータ(セルガード社製、#3501、厚さ25μm、サイズ196mm×240mm)を配置した。当該セパレータの表面に上記で得られた正極活物質スラリーを塗工して正極活物質層(塗工部のサイズは188mm×232mm)を形成し、当該正極活物質層の露出面に上記で得られた樹脂集電体を配置した。この操作を繰り返して、96層の単電池層が直列に積層されてなる発電要素を得た。そして、正極側の樹脂集電体の表面にリード付き正極集電板(アルミニウム箔)を配置し、負極側の樹脂集電体の表面にリード付き負極集電体(銅箔)を配置して積層体を作製した。この際、正極の樹脂集電体の周縁部と負極の樹脂集電体の周縁部との間には、図1に示すようにシール部31を配置した。このシール部31には、ポリエチレンナフタレート(PEN)の枠材を用い、ヒートシールフィルを介して形成した。このようにして得られた積層体をリードが外部に導出されるようにラミネートシートからなる電池パックの内部に収容し、真空下で封止して扁平積層型の双極型リチウムイオン二次電池を作製した。
上記で作製した双極型リチウムイオン二次電池の両面に厚み5~15mmの鉄板を配置し、図2および図3に示すように当該鉄板(金属板200に相当)の四隅をボルト300およびナット400を用いて締結して、電池装置を作製した。この際、一方の鉄板と双極型リチウムイオン二次電池のラミネートシートとの間には、フィルム式圧力分布計測システムI-Scan(登録商標)(ニッタ株式会社製)のセンサーシートを配置した。
加圧部材の構成(板の厚みおよび締結力)を変更することで、(T1-T2)/T1×100の値を下記の表1に示す値に変化させたこと以外は、上述した実施例1と同様の手法により、実施例2~6および比較例1~4の電池装置を作製した。
上記で得られた各実施例および各比較例の電池装置について、フィルム式圧力分布計測システムにより、発電要素に印加される荷重の面方向における最小値(最低荷重)の値を測定した。また、工業用X線CT装置を用い、電池装置における発電要素の積層方向における最も厚い部分の厚み(T1)および最も薄い部分の厚み(T2)を測定して、(T1-T2)/T1×100の値を算出した。これらの結果を下記の表1に示す。
25℃の条件下において、電池装置に搭載された電池を0.1Cで上限電圧3.62V(充電深度(SOC:state of charge)が約50%)まで定電流定電圧充電を行った(停止条件:定電圧モードで電流値が0.01C未満)。その後、30秒間、0.1Cの定電流放電を行った。そして、定電流放電過程における放電開始直前のセル電圧(V1)および放電10秒後のセル電圧(V2)を用いて、以下の式に基づいて、DCR(直流抵抗、Direct Current Resistance)を測定した。
S:電極面積
[100サイクル後の容量維持率の測定]
45℃の条件下において、電池装置に搭載された電池を0.5Cの電流で4.2Vまで定電流定電圧(CC-CV)充電した(停止条件:CVモードで電流値が0.1C未満)。
11a 正極側の最外層集電体、
11b 負極側の最外層集電体、
13 正極活物質層、
15 負極活物質層、
17 電解質層、
19 単電池層、
21 発電要素、
23 双極型電極、
25 正極集電板(正極タブ)、
27 負極集電板(負極タブ)、
29 外装体、
31 シール部(絶縁層)、
58 正極タブ、
59 負極タブ、
100 電池装置、
120 セルケース、
122 セルケースの底面、
124 側壁部、
126 セルケースの上面、
128 絶縁フィルム層、
130、132 強電用コネクタ、
142 発電要素の上面、
144 発電要素の下面、
150、152 集電板、
160、162 スペーサー、
Claims (4)
- 前記発電要素の積層方向における加圧力の最小値が200kPa以上である、請求項1または2に記載の電池装置。
- 前記加圧部材が、剛性を有する材料から形成された板および締結部材からなる、請求項1~3のいずれか1項に記載の電池装置。
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