JP7108599B2 - 熱サイクルシステム用組成物および熱サイクルシステム - Google Patents
熱サイクルシステム用組成物および熱サイクルシステム Download PDFInfo
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- JP7108599B2 JP7108599B2 JP2019506289A JP2019506289A JP7108599B2 JP 7108599 B2 JP7108599 B2 JP 7108599B2 JP 2019506289 A JP2019506289 A JP 2019506289A JP 2019506289 A JP2019506289 A JP 2019506289A JP 7108599 B2 JP7108599 B2 JP 7108599B2
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- Prior art keywords
- heat cycle
- refrigerating machine
- cycle system
- composition
- machine oil
- Prior art date
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- QQVIHTHCMHWDBS-UHFFFAOYSA-N isophthalic acid Chemical compound OC(=O)C1=CC=CC(C(O)=O)=C1 QQVIHTHCMHWDBS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
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Description
[3]前記熱サイクル用作動媒体の含有量が、前記熱サイクルシステム組成物の全量に対して40~95質量%である[1]または[2]に記載の熱サイクルシステム用組成物。
[4]前記混合冷凍機油の含有量が、前記熱サイクルシステム組成物の全量に対して5~60質量%である[1]~[3]のいずれかに記載の熱サイクルシステム用組成物。
[5]前記ナフテン系鉱物油の含有量が、前記混合冷凍機油の全量に対して50~90質量%である[1]~[4]のいずれかに記載の熱サイクルシステム用組成物。
[6]前記熱サイクル用作動媒体が、1-クロロ-2,3,3,3-テトラフルオロプロペンを含む[1]~[5]のいずれかに記載の熱サイクルシステム用組成物。
[8]前記熱サイクル用作動媒体の100質量%に対する1-クロロ-2,3,3,3-テトラフルオロプロペンの含有量が10質量%以上である[6]または[7]に記載の熱サイクルシステム用組成物。
[9]前記熱サイクル用作動媒体の100質量%に対する1-クロロ-2,3,3,3-テトラフルオロプロペンの含有量が20~95質量%である[6]~[8]のいずれかに記載の熱サイクルシステム用組成物。
[11]前記熱サイクルシステムが、冷凍・冷蔵機器、空調機器、発電システム、熱輸送装置または二次冷却機である[10]に記載の熱サイクルシステム。
[12]前記熱サイクルシステムが、遠心式冷凍機である[10]に記載の熱サイクルシステム。
[13]前記熱サイクルシステムが、低圧型遠心式冷凍機である[10]に記載の熱サイクルシステム。
本実施形態の熱サイクルシステム用組成物は、HCFOおよびCFOから選ばれる少なくとも1つの化合物を含む熱サイクル用作動媒体と、ナフテン系鉱物油に、パラフィン系鉱物油、アルキルベンゼン、オレフィン重合体、ポリオールエステル系冷凍機油、ポリビニルエーテル系冷凍機油およびポリアルキレングリコール系冷凍機油から選ばれる少なくとも1つの冷凍機油を含む混合冷凍機油と、を含んで構成される。
<熱サイクル用作動媒体>
本実施形態の熱サイクルシステム用組成物は、熱サイクル用作動媒体(以下、単に「作動媒体」ともいう。)として、炭素-炭素二重結合を有し、水素原子、炭素原子、フッ素原子及び塩素原子から構成されるヒドロクロロフルオロオレフィン(HCFO)および炭素-炭素二重結合を有し、炭素原子、フッ素原子及び塩素原子から構成されるクロロフルオロオレフィン(CFO)から選ばれる少なくとも1種を含有する。
なお、上記一般式(a)において、炭素-炭素二重結合の炭素原子と結合するRaのうち少なくとも1つがフッ素原子または塩素原子であることが好ましい。
作動媒体の含有量は、熱サイクルシステム用組成物の全量に対して、40~95質量%が好ましく、50~90質量%がより好ましい。
CFOは、1種を単独で用いてもよく、2種以上を組み合わせて用いてもよい。
HCFOおよびCFOから選ばれる少なくとも1つの化合物の合計量の割合は、作動媒体の100質量%に対して、10質量%以上が好ましく、20~100質量%がより好ましく、20~95質量%がさらに好ましく、40~95質量%が特に好ましく、60~95質量%が最も好ましい。前記下限値以上であれば、地球温暖化への影響が少なく、サイクル性能に優れる。
まず、HCFO-1224ydの含有量は、作動媒体の100質量%に対して、10質量%以上が好ましく、20~100質量%がより好ましく、20~95質量%がさらに好ましく、40~95質量%が特に好ましく、60~95質量%が最も好ましい。
作動媒体が複数の作動媒体を混合したものである場合、共沸組成である場合を除いて相当の温度勾配を有する。作動媒体の温度勾配は、混合成分の種類および混合割合により異なる。
HFCは、1種を単独で用いてもよく、2種以上を組み合わせて用いてもよい。
HFOのGWPはHFCに比べて桁違いに低い。したがって、HCFO-1224ydと組合せるHFOとしては、GWPを考慮するよりも、上記作動媒体としてのサイクル性能を向上させ、かつ温度勾配を適切な範囲にとどめることに特に留意して、適宜選択されることが好ましい。
HFOは、1種を単独で用いてもよく、2種以上を組み合わせて用いてもよい。
本実施形態の熱サイクルシステム用組成物に用いる作動媒体は、上記任意成分以外に、二酸化炭素、炭化水素、等を含有してもよい。その他の任意成分としてはオゾン層への影響が少なく、かつ地球温暖化への影響が小さい成分が好ましい。
本実施形態の熱サイクルシステム用組成物には、上記作動媒体に加え、該作動媒体の潤滑特性を改善可能な混合冷凍機油を含んでなる。本実施形態に使用する混合冷凍機油は、鉱油系冷凍機油であるナフテン系鉱物油を必須成分とし、さらに、他の鉱油系冷凍機油または合成油系冷凍機油を混合した混合冷凍機油である。
ナフテン系鉱物油は、環状飽和炭化水素(ナフテン環)成分を多く含む鉱物油であり、他の鉱物油に比べて電気絶縁性、低吸湿性、耐加水分解性、潤滑性、工程油剤等の不純物に対する溶解性、油戻り性等に特に優れ、本実施形態においてベースとなる基油として用いるものである。
こうした特性を更に良好に発現するために、ナフテン系鉱物油の15℃における密度は0.89g/cm3以上であることが好ましく、より好ましくは0.90g/cm3以上である。この密度が0.89g/cm3未満では潤滑性や油戻り特性に劣るようになる。
ナフテン系鉱物油は、ナフテン系原油を常圧蒸留または減圧蒸留して得られた潤滑油留分を、溶剤脱れき、溶剤抽出、水素化分解、溶剤脱ろう、接触脱ろう、水素化精製、および白土処理などの精製処理を適宜組み合わせて精製したナフテン系鉱物油などが使用できる。
鉱油系冷凍機油としては、ナフテン系鉱物油以外の鉱油系冷凍機油、例えば、パラフィン系鉱物油が挙げられる。
また、合成油系冷凍機油では代表的なものとしてエステル系冷凍機油、エーテル系冷凍機油、ポリグリコール系冷凍機油、炭化水素系冷凍機油等が挙げられる。
エステル系冷凍機油としては、化学的な安定性の面で、二塩基酸と1価アルコールとの二塩基酸エステル系冷凍機油、ポリオールと脂肪酸とのポリオールエステル系冷凍機油、またはポリオールと多価塩基酸と1価アルコール(又は脂肪酸)とのコンプレックスエステル系冷凍機油、ポリオール炭酸エステル系冷凍機油等が基油成分として挙げられる。
二塩基酸エステル系冷凍機油としては、シュウ酸、マロン酸、コハク酸、グルタル酸、アジピン酸、ピメリン酸、スベリン酸、アゼライン酸、セバシン酸、フタル酸、イソフタル酸、テレフタル酸等の二塩基酸、特に、炭素数5~10の二塩基酸(グルタル酸、アジピン酸、ピメリン酸、スベリン酸、アゼライン酸、セバシン酸等)と、直鎖または分岐アルキル基を有する炭素数1~15の一価アルコール(メタノール、エタノール、プロパノール、ブタノール、ペンタノール、ヘキサノール、ヘプタノール、オクタノール、ノナノール、デカノール、ウンデカノール、ドデカノール、トリデカノール、テトラデカノール、ペンタデカノール等)とのエステルが好ましい。この二塩基酸エステル系冷凍機油としては、具体的には、グルタル酸ジトリデシル、アジピン酸ジ(2-エチルヘキシル)、アジピン酸ジイソデシル、アジピン酸ジトリデシル、セバシン酸ジ(3-エチルヘキシル)等が挙げられる。
ポリオールエステル系冷凍機油とは、多価アルコールと脂肪酸(カルボン酸)とから合成されるエステルであり、炭素/酸素モル比が2以上7.5以下、好ましくは3.2以上5.8以下のものである。
コンプレックスエステル系冷凍機油とは、脂肪酸および二塩基酸と、一価アルコールおよびポリオールとのエステルである。脂肪酸、二塩基酸、一価アルコール、ポリオールとしては、上述と同様のものを用いることができる。
ポリオール炭酸エステル系冷凍機油とは、炭酸とポリオールとのエステルである。
エーテル系冷凍機油としては、ポリビニルエーテル系冷凍機油、ポリアルキレングリコール系冷凍機油等が挙げられる。
ポリビニルエーテル系冷凍機油としては、ビニルエーテルモノマーを重合して得られたもの、ビニルエーテルモノマーとオレフィン性二重結合を有する炭化水素モノマーとを共重合して得られたもの、およびポリビニルエーテルと、アルキレングリコールもしくはポリアルキレングリコール、またはそれらのモノエーテルとの共重合体がある。
ビニルエーテルモノマーは、1種を単独で用いてもよく、2種以上を組み合わせて用いてもよい。オレフィン性二重結合を有する炭化水素モノマーとしては、エチレン、プロピレン、各種ブテン、各種ペンテン、各種ヘキセン、各種ヘプテン、各種オクテン、ジイソブチレン、トリイソブチレン、スチレン、α-メチルスチレン、各種アルキル置換スチレン等が挙げられる。オレフィン性二重結合を有する炭化水素モノマーは、1種を単独で用いてもよく、2種以上を組み合わせて用いてもよい。
ビニルエーテル系モノマーとしては、下記一般式(3)の化合物が挙げられる。
本実施形態の熱サイクルシステム用組成物に冷凍機油として用いられる上記一般式(1)で表される構成単位を有するポリビニルエーテル系化合物は、その末端を本開示例に示す方法及び公知の方法により、所望の構造に変換することができる。変換する基としては、飽和の炭化水素,エーテル,アルコール,ケトン,アミド,ニトリルなどを挙げることができる。
本実施形態におけるポリビニルエーテル系冷凍機油は、上記したモノマーをラジカル重合、カチオン重合、放射線重合などによって製造することができる。重合反応終了後、必要に応じて通常の分離・精製方法を施すことにより、目的とする一般式(1)で表される構造単位を有するポリビニルエーテル系化合物が得られる。
ポリアルキレングリコール系冷凍機油としては、炭素数2~4のアルキレンオキシド(エチレンオキシド、プロピレンオキシド等)を、水や水酸化アルカリを開始剤として重合させる方法等により得られたものが挙げられる。また、ポリアルキレングリコールの水酸基をエーテル化したものであってもよい。ポリアルキレングリコール系冷凍機油中のオキシアルキレン単位は、1分子中において同一であってもよく、2種以上のオキシアルキレン単位が含まれていてもよい。1分子中に少なくともオキシプロピレン単位が含まれることが好ましい。
R101-[(OR102)k-OR103]l …(9)
(式中、R101は水素原子、炭素数1~10のアルキル基、炭素数2~10のアシル基又は結合部2~6個を有する炭素数1~10の脂肪族炭化水素基、R102は炭素数2~4のアルキレン基、R103は水素原子、炭素数1~10のアルキル基又は炭素数2~10のアシル基、lは1~6の整数、kはk×lの平均値が6~80となる数を示す。)で表される化合物が挙げられる。
さらにlが2以上の場合には、1分子中の複数のR103は同一であってもよいし、異なっていてもよい。
(式中、hは6~80の数を表す。)
CH3O-(C2H4O)i-(C3H6O)j-CH3 …(11)
(式中、iおよびjはそれぞれ1以上であり且つiとjとの合計が6~80となる数を表す。)
C4H9O-(C3H6O)h-H …(12)
(式中、hは6~80の数を示す。)
CH3O-(C3H6O)h-H …(13)
(式中、hは6~80の数を表す。)
C4H9O-(C2H4O)i-(C3H6O)j-H …(15)
(式中、iおよびjはそれぞれ1以上であり且つiとjとの合計が6~80となる数を表す。)
CH3COO-(C3H6O)h-COCH3 …(16)
(式中、hは6~80の数を表す。)
このポリオキシアルキレングリコール類は、1種を単独で用いてもよく、2種以上を組み合わせて用いてもよい。
炭化水素系合成冷凍機油としては、アルキルベンゼンを用いることができる。
アルキルベンゼンとしては、フッ化水素などの触媒を用いてプロピレンの重合物とベンゼンを原料として合成される分岐アルキルベンゼン、また同触媒を用いてノルマルパラフィンとベンゼンを原料として合成される直鎖アルキルベンゼンが使用できる。アルキル基の炭素数は、潤滑油基油として好適な粘度とする観点から、好ましくは1~30、より好ましくは4~20である。また、アルキルベンゼン1分子が有するアルキル基の数は、アルキル基の炭素数によるが粘度を設定範囲内とするために、好ましくは1~4、より好ましくは1~3である。
オレフィン重合体としては、例えば、デセンやドデセン等の重合物であるポリアルファオレフィンが挙げられ、このようなポリアルファオレフィンは、高い粘度指数と低温流動性を示す。
本発明に用いる混合冷凍機油は、ナフテン系鉱物油に、パラフィン系鉱物油、アルキルベンゼン、オレフィン重合体、ポリオールエステル系冷凍機油、ポリビニルエーテル系冷凍機油およびポリアルキレングリコール系冷凍機油から選ばれる少なくとも1つの冷凍機油を、混合してなる混合冷凍機油であり、特に好ましくは、混合冷凍機油が、ナフテン系鉱物油に、パラフィン系鉱物油、オレフィン重合体およびポリオールエステル系冷凍機油から選ばれる少なくとも1つを混合してなる混合冷凍機油である。このような混合冷凍機油を用いることにより、より一層安定性及び潤滑性に優れた熱サイクル用組成物とすることができる。
本発明に用いる混合冷凍機油は、混合冷凍機油中に、ナフテン系鉱物油が50~90質量%含有しているのが好ましく、これにより、より一層安定性及び潤滑性に優れた熱サイクル用組成物とすることができる。
熱サイクルシステム用組成物は、その他、本実施形態の効果を阻害しない範囲で公知の任意成分を含有できる。このような任意成分としては、例えば、漏れ検出物質が挙げられ、この任意に含有する漏れ検出物質としては、紫外線蛍光染料、臭気ガスや臭いマスキング剤等が挙げられる。
本実施形態の熱サイクルシステムは、本実施形態の熱サイクルシステム用組成物を用いたシステムである。この熱サイクルシステムは、凝縮器で得られる温熱を利用するヒートポンプシステムであってもよく、蒸発器で得られる冷熱を利用する冷凍サイクルシステムであってもよい。
発電システムとして、具体的には、蒸発器において地熱エネルギー、太陽熱、50~200℃程度の中~高温度域廃熱等により作動媒体を加熱し、高温高圧状態の蒸気となった作動媒体を膨張機にて断熱膨張させ、該断熱膨張によって発生する仕事によって発電機を駆動させ、発電を行うシステムが例示される。
(i)蒸発器14から排出された作動媒体蒸気Aを圧縮機11にて圧縮して高温高圧の作動媒体蒸気Bとする(以下、「AB過程」という。)。
(ii)圧縮機11から排出された作動媒体蒸気Bを凝縮器12にて流体Fによって冷却し、液化して低温高圧の作動媒体Cとする。この際、流体Fは加熱されて流体F’となり、凝縮器12から排出される(以下、「BC過程」という。)。
(iii)凝縮器12から排出された作動媒体Cを膨張弁13にて膨張させて低温低圧の作動媒体Dとする(以下、「CD過程」という。)。
(iv)膨張弁13から排出された作動媒体Dを蒸発器14にて負荷流体Eによって加熱して高温低圧の作動媒体蒸気Aとする。この際、負荷流体Eは冷却されて負荷流体E’となり、蒸発器14から排出される(以下、「DA過程」という。)。
Q=hA-hD …(A)
COP=Q/圧縮仕事=(hA-hD)/(hB-hA) …(B)
なお、COPは冷凍サイクルシステムにおける効率を意味しており、COPの値が高いほど少ない入力、例えば圧縮機を運転するために必要とされる電力量、により大きな出力、例えば、Qを得ることができることを表している。
M2/nO・Al2O3・xSiO2・yH2O …(C)
ただし、Mは、Na、K等の1族の元素またはCa等の2族の元素であり、nは、Mの原子価であり、x、yは、結晶構造にて定まる値である。Mを変化させることにより細孔径を調整できる。
乾燥剤の選定においては、細孔径および破壊強度が重要である。
ここで、作動媒体、冷凍機油としては、以下に示すものを使用した。
作動媒体1:HCFO-1224yd(HCFO-1224yd(E):HCFO-1224yd(Z)=15:85(質量比))
混合冷凍機油(基油)を構成する冷凍機油としては、以下に示すものを用いた。これらの冷凍機油の特性について表2にまとめて示した。
冷凍機油A:ナフテン系鉱物油(商品名:SUNISO 5GS、日本サン石油株式会社製品;VG100)
冷凍機油B:ナフテン系鉱物油(商品名:SUNISO 6GS、日本サン石油株式会社製品;VG150)
冷凍機油C:パラフィン系鉱物油(VG100)
冷凍機油D:ポリアルファオレフィン油(VG46)
冷凍機油E:ポリアルファオレフィン油(VG600)
冷凍機油F:ペンタエリスリトールと2-エチルヘキサン酸及び3,5,5-トリメチルヘキサン酸からなる分枝鎖ポリオールエステル油(VG68)
冷凍機油H:トリメチロールプロパンとn-ノナン酸からなる直鎖ポリオールエステル油(VG22)
冷凍機油I:ポリアルキレングリコール油(VG46)
冷凍機油J:ポリアルキレングリコール油(VG68)
冷凍機油K:ポリビニルエーテル油(VG50)
上記作動媒体1と冷凍機油A~Kを用い、作動媒体50gに混合冷凍機油(基油)50gを混合、溶解して熱サイクルシステム用組成物を製造した。したがって、本例における熱サイクルシステム用組成物は、作動媒体50質量%と混合冷凍機油(基油)50質量%とから構成されたものである。各例においては、冷凍機油を表4~6に示した組成となるように所定の割合で混合して混合冷凍機油(基油)とした。ここで、例1~6が実施例、例7~17が比較例である。
混合冷凍機油について、JIS K2283に準じて測定した。
作動媒体1に混合冷凍機油の濃度が5質量%となるように混合冷凍機油を加えた混合物(混合組成物2)の二相分離温度を、JIS K2211に準じて測定した。
撹拌装置、圧力計及びピストン式粘度計を組み込んだ圧力容器内に必要量の冷凍機油を封入、容器内を真空にした後必要量の作動媒体(冷媒)を導入し、測定温度にて撹拌により作動媒体と冷凍機油を均一に混合した状態で粘度計により60℃における粘度を測定した。ここで用いた混合物は、混合冷凍機油に作動媒体1の濃度が10質量%となるように作動媒体1を加えた混合物(混合組成物1)である。容器内の作動媒体と冷凍機油の溶解度は、別途冷凍機油と作動媒体の溶解度と圧力の関係を測定しておいた上で、容器に取り付けた圧力計の数値より算出した。
熱サイクルシステム用組成物の熱化学安定性を、ASHRAE 97 シールドチューブ試験に準じて測定した。
Claims (15)
- 下記一般式(a)で表されるヒドロクロロフルオロオレフィンおよびクロロフルオロオレフィンから選ばれる少なくとも1つの化合物を含む熱サイクル用作動媒体と、
ナフテン系鉱物油と、パラフィン系鉱物油、アルキルベンゼン、オレフィン重合体、ポリオールエステル系冷凍機油、ポリビニルエーテル系冷凍機油およびポリアルキレングリコール系冷凍機油から選ばれる少なくとも1つの冷凍機油と、を含む混合冷凍機油と、
を含む熱サイクルシステム用組成物であって、
前記混合冷凍機油の40℃における動粘度が300mm2/s以下であり、
前記熱サイクル用作動媒体の濃度が10質量%の前記熱サイクル用作動媒体と前記混合冷凍機油との混合物(混合組成物1)の60℃における粘度が10.5mPa・s以上であり、
前記混合冷凍機油の濃度が5質量%の前記熱サイクル用作動媒体と前記混合冷凍機油との混合物(混合組成物2)の二相分離温度が0℃以下であり、
前記ナフテン系鉱物油の含有量が、前記混合冷凍機油の全量に対して40質量%以上である、ことを特徴とする熱サイクルシステム用組成物。
- 前記混合冷凍機油が、ナフテン系鉱物油と、パラフィン系鉱物油、オレフィン重合体およびポリオールエステル系冷凍機油から選ばれる少なくとも1つと、を含む請求項1に記載の熱サイクルシステム用組成物。
- 前記熱サイクル用作動媒体の含有量が、前記熱サイクルシステム組成物の全量に対して40~95質量%である請求項1または2に記載の熱サイクルシステム用組成物。
- 前記混合冷凍機油の含有量が、前記熱サイクルシステム組成物の全量に対して5~60質量%である請求項1~3のいずれか1項に記載の熱サイクルシステム用組成物。
- 前記ナフテン系鉱物油の含有量が、前記混合冷凍機油の全量に対して50~90質量%である請求項1~4のいずれか1項に記載の熱サイクルシステム用組成物。
- 前記熱サイクル用作動媒体が、1-クロロ-2,3,3,3-テトラフルオロプロペンを含む請求項1~5のいずれか1項に記載の熱サイクルシステム用組成物。
- 前記1-クロロ-2,3,3,3-テトラフルオロプロペンにおける(Z)-1-クロロ-2,3,3,3-テトラフルオロプロペンおよび(E)-1-クロロ-2,3,3,3-テトラフルオロプロペンの割合は、(Z)-1-クロロ-2,3,3,3-テトラフルオロプロペン:(E)-1-クロロ-2,3,3,3-テトラフルオロプロペンで示される質量比で、51:49~100:0である請求項6に記載の熱サイクルシステム用組成物。
- 前記熱サイクル用作動媒体の100質量%に対する1-クロロ-2,3,3,3-テトラフルオロプロペンの含有量が10質量%以上である請求項6または7に記載の熱サイクルシステム用組成物。
- 前記熱サイクル用作動媒体の100質量%に対する1-クロロ-2,3,3,3-テトラフルオロプロペンの含有量が20~95質量%である請求項6~8のいずれか1項に記載の熱サイクルシステム用組成物。
- 前記ナフテン系鉱物油の15℃における密度は、0.89g/cm 3 以上である請求項1~9のいずれか1項に記載の熱サイクルシステム用組成物。
- 前記ナフテン系鉱物油のアニリン点は、95℃以下である請求項1~10のいずれか1項に記載の熱サイクルシステム用組成物。
- 請求項1~11のいずれか1項に記載の熱サイクルシステム用組成物を用いた、熱サイクルシステム。
- 前記熱サイクルシステムが、冷凍・冷蔵機器、空調機器、発電システム、熱輸送装置または二次冷却機である請求項12に記載の熱サイクルシステム。
- 前記熱サイクルシステムが、遠心式冷凍機である請求項12に記載の熱サイクルシステム。
- 前記熱サイクルシステムが、低圧型遠心式冷凍機である請求項12に記載の熱サイクルシステム。
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