JP7080965B2 - 三次元構造電極及びそれを含む電気化学素子 - Google Patents
三次元構造電極及びそれを含む電気化学素子 Download PDFInfo
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- JP7080965B2 JP7080965B2 JP2020503724A JP2020503724A JP7080965B2 JP 7080965 B2 JP7080965 B2 JP 7080965B2 JP 2020503724 A JP2020503724 A JP 2020503724A JP 2020503724 A JP2020503724 A JP 2020503724A JP 7080965 B2 JP7080965 B2 JP 7080965B2
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Images
Classifications
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
- H01M4/64—Carriers or collectors
- H01M4/70—Carriers or collectors characterised by shape or form
- H01M4/80—Porous plates, e.g. sintered carriers
- H01M4/806—Nonwoven fibrous fabric containing only fibres
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B82—NANOTECHNOLOGY
- B82Y—SPECIFIC USES OR APPLICATIONS OF NANOSTRUCTURES; MEASUREMENT OR ANALYSIS OF NANOSTRUCTURES; MANUFACTURE OR TREATMENT OF NANOSTRUCTURES
- B82Y30/00—Nanotechnology for materials or surface science, e.g. nanocomposites
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01G—CAPACITORS; CAPACITORS, RECTIFIERS, DETECTORS, SWITCHING DEVICES, LIGHT-SENSITIVE OR TEMPERATURE-SENSITIVE DEVICES OF THE ELECTROLYTIC TYPE
- H01G11/00—Hybrid capacitors, i.e. capacitors having different positive and negative electrodes; Electric double-layer [EDL] capacitors; Processes for the manufacture thereof or of parts thereof
- H01G11/22—Electrodes
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Description
複数の高分子繊維を含む多孔性不織布と、
前記複数の高分子繊維の間に位置し、活物質粒子及び第1伝導性物質を備える活物質複合体と、
前記活物質複合体の外面に位置する第2伝導性物質とを含み、
前記複数の高分子繊維によって相互連結された気孔構造(interconnected porous network)が形成され、
前記相互連結された気孔構造内に前記活物質複合体及び前記第2伝導性物質が均一に充填されて三次元充填構造を形成した、三次元構造電極が提供される。
正極と、負極と、前記正極と負極との間に位置する分離膜と、前記正極、負極及び分離膜に含浸された電解質とを含み、
前記正極及び前記負極の少なくとも一つは、上述した三次元構造電極である、電気化学素子が提供される。
活物質と第1伝導性物質とを複合化して活物質複合体を製造する段階と、
高分子を溶媒に溶解して高分子溶液を製造する段階と、
前記活物質複合体及び第2伝導性物質を分散媒に分散させてコロイド溶液を製造する段階と、
前記高分子溶液及び前記コロイド溶液を同時に紡糸して三次元構造繊維を製造する段階と、
前記三次元構造繊維を圧着する段階とを含む三次元構造電極の製造方法が提供される。
前記高分子溶液及び前記コロイド溶液を同時に紡糸して三次元構造繊維を製造する段階は、複数の高分子繊維を含む多孔性不織布を形成し、前記多孔性不織布に含まれた複数の高分子繊維の間に、前記活物質粒子及び前記伝導性物質を均一に充填して気孔を形成する工程を含み得る。
[実施例1]
(高分子溶液の製造)
まず、多孔性高分子を製造するための高分子としては、ポリアクリロニトリル(PAN)を使用し、それを溶解させる溶媒としては、N,N-ジメチルホルムアミドを使用した。
上記活物質粒子としては、平均直径5μmの過剰リチウム化酸化物(OLO)である0.33Li2MnO3・0.67LiNi0.18Co0.17Mn0.65O2を使用し、第1伝導性物質としては、多重壁カーボンナノチューブ(MWCNT)を使用し、粉砕溶媒としては、脱イオン水を使用した。このとき、上記第1伝導性物質は、活物質粒子100重量部に対して20重量部を使用した。
また、活物質粒子/第1伝導性物質の活物質複合体及び第2伝導性物質を含むコロイド溶液を製造するため、第2伝導性物質としては多重壁カーボンナノチューブ(MWCNT)を使用し、分散媒としては脱イオン水及びイソプロピルアルコールを共溶媒(co-solvant)で使用した。
上記高分子溶液及び上記コロイド溶液を電界紡糸装置(NanoNC社製)に導入した後、上記高分子溶液の噴射速度を5μl/min、上記コロイド溶液の噴射速度を100μl/minにして、約240分間同時に紡糸(デュアルエレクトロスピニング)し、三次元構造繊維である多孔性不織布を製造した。
収得した三次元構造電極を正極として適用してリチウム二次電池を製作した。
上記のように製造した正極、負極及び分離膜を入れてコイン型セルを形成した後、上記非水性電解液を注入してコイン型リチウム二次電池を製造した。
(電極の製造)
実施例1で製造された活物質複合体(0.33Li2MnO3・0.67LiNi0.18Co0.17Mn0.65O2/MWCNT)80重量部、導電材としてカーボンブラック10重量部、バインダー高分子としてポリフッ化ビニリデン(PVdF)10重量部を、溶剤であるN-メチル-2-ピロリドン(NMP)120重量部に添加して正極混合物スラリーを製造した。
このような電極を正極として使用した点を除き、実施例1と同じ方法でリチウム二次電池を製作した。
コロイド溶液を製造するとき、活物質粒子/第1伝導性物質の活物質複合体の代りに活物質粒子のみを使用した点を除き、実施例1と同じ方法で電極及びリチウム二次電池を製造した。
実施例1で製造された活物質複合体(0.33Li2MnO3・0.67LiNi0.18Co0.17Mn0.65O2/MWCNT)の代りに0.33Li2MnO3・0.67LiNi0.18Co0.17Mn0.65O2のみを使用した点を除き、比較例1と同じ方法で電極及びリチウム二次電池を製造した。
[実験例1:実施例1で製造された活物質/第1伝導性物質の活物質複合体の観察]
走査電子顕微鏡(SEM)を用いて、純粋0.33Li2MnO3・0.67LiNi0.18Co0.17Mn0.65O2粒子(図1のa)、0.33Li2MnO3・0.67LiNi0.18Co0.17Mn0.65O2/MWCNT複合体(図1のb及びc)を観察した。実施例1によって製造された0.33Li2MnO3・0.67LiNi0.18Co0.17Mn0.65O2/MWCNT複合体は、純粋0.33Li2MnO3・0.67LiNi0.18Co0.17Mn0.65O2粒子対比10重量%のMWCNTを混合して粉砕して得られ、粉砕溶媒としてはポリビニルピロリドンが添加された脱イオン水を使用した。ポリビニルピロリドンは分散剤の役割をし、粉砕によって0.33Li2MnO3・0.67LiNi0.18Co0.17Mn0.65O2粒子とMWCNTとが均一な複合体を形成した(図1のb)。上記分散剤を使用しない場合は、図1のcのように複合体が形成されなかった。
走査電子顕微鏡(SEM)を用いて実施例1によって製造された電極の断面を観察し、その結果を図4に示した。
実施例1、比較例1、比較例2及び比較例3で製造されたそれぞれの電極の表面抵抗を比べるため、電子伝導度を測定した。
実施例1及び比較例1で製造された電極の繰返し曲げによる抵抗の変化を比べるため、電子伝導度を測定した。
実施例1、比較例1、比較例2及び比較例3によって製作されたそれぞれの電池の性能を測定するため、コイン型セルの放電電流速度を0.2Cから5Cに増加させながら放電容量を観察した。
110:高分子繊維
120:活物質粒子
130:第1伝導性物質
140:第2伝導性物質
200:リチウム二次電池
212:正極
213:負極
210:分離膜
220:電池容器
240:封込部材
Claims (15)
- 複数の高分子繊維を含む多孔性不織布と、
前記複数の高分子繊維の間に位置し、活物質粒子及び第1伝導性物質が粉砕混合されて形成された二次粒子である活物質複合体と、
前記活物質複合体の外面に位置する第2伝導性物質とを含み、
前記複数の高分子繊維によって相互連結された気孔構造が形成され、前記相互連結された気孔構造内に前記活物質複合体及び前記第2伝導性物質が均一に充填されて三次元充填構造を形成し、
前記二次粒子の内部及び表面に前記第1伝導性物質が位置し、前記二次粒子の内部にある前記第1伝導性物質は、前記活物質粒子同士を連結及び固定させる結合剤の役割を果たし、前記二次粒子の表面に位置した前記第1伝導性物質は、隣接する前記活物質複合体の表面に位置した他の前記第1伝導性物質、及び前記第2伝導性物質と連結する、三次元構造電極であって、
前記三次元構造電極が、活物質粒子100重量部を基準にして、5~50重量部の多孔性不織布、1~50重量部の第1伝導性物質、及び0.1~20重量部の第2伝導性物質を含む、三次元構造電極。 - 前記多孔性不織布が、前記複数の高分子繊維が三次元的に不規則且つ連続的に連結された集合体である、請求項1に記載の三次元構造電極。
- 前記三次元構造電極の気孔度が、5~95体積%である、請求項1または2に記載の三次元構造電極。
- 前記複数の高分子繊維の平均直径が、0.001~1000μmである、請求項1~請求項3のうちいずれか一項に記載の三次元構造電極。
- 前記活物質粒子の平均直径が、0.001~30μmである、請求項1~請求項4のうちいずれか一項に記載の三次元構造電極。
- 前記三次元構造電極の厚さが、1~1000μmである、請求項1~請求項5のうちいずれか一項に記載の三次元構造電極。
- 前記活物質複合体及び第2伝導性物質を含む電極物質の面積当り重量が、0.001mg/cm2~1g/cm2である、請求項1~請求項6のうちいずれか一項に記載の三次元構造電極。
- 前記三次元構造電極が、複数個の電極が積層された多層構造である、請求項1~請求項6のうちいずれか一項に記載の三次元構造電極。
- 前記活物質複合体及び第2伝導性物質を含む電極物質の面積当り重量が、0.002g/cm2~10g/cm2である、請求項8に記載の三次元構造電極。
- 前記複数の高分子繊維を構成する高分子が、ポリエチレンテレフタレート、ポリイミド、ポリアミド、ポリスルホン、ポリフッ化ビニリデン、ポリアクリロニトリル、ポリエチレン、ポリプロピレン、ポリエーテルイミド、ポリビニルアルコール、ポリエチレンオキサイド、ポリアクリル酸、ポリビニルピロリドン、アガロース、アルジネート、ポリビニリデンヘキサフルオロプロピレン、ポリウレタン、ポリピロール、ポリ3,4-エチレンジオキシチオフェン、ポリアニリン及びこれらの誘導体からなる群より選択された少なくとも一つである、請求項1~請求項9のうちいずれか一項に記載の三次元構造電極。
- 前記活物質粒子が、炭素系物質、リチウム金属系酸化物、ケイ素、スズ、ゲルマニウム、硫黄、これらの誘導体、及びこれらの混合物を含む群より選択された少なくとも一つであり、
前記リチウム金属系酸化物が、鉄系酸化物、コバルト系酸化物、スズ系酸化物、チタン系酸化物、ニッケル系酸化物、亜鉛系酸化物、マンガン系酸化物、ケイ素酸化物、バナジウム系酸化物、銅系酸化物、及びこれらの組合せを含む群より選択された少なくとも一つである、請求項1~請求項10のうちいずれか一項に記載の三次元構造電極。 - 前記第1伝導性物質及び第2伝導性物質が、それぞれ独立して、カーボンナノチューブ、銀ナノワイヤ、ニッケルナノワイヤ、金ナノワイヤ、グラフェン、グラフェンオキサイド、還元されたグラフェンオキサイド、ポリピロール、ポリ3,4-エチレンジオキシチオフェン、ポリアニリン、これらの誘導体及びこれらの混合物を含む群より選択された少なくとも一つである、請求項1~請求項11のうちいずれか一項に記載の三次元構造電極。
- 前記三次元構造電極が、正極または負極である、請求項1~請求項12のうちいずれか一項に記載の三次元構造電極。
- 正極と、負極と、前記正極と負極との間に位置する分離膜と、前記正極、負極及び分離膜に含浸された電解質とを含み、
前記正極及び前記負極の少なくとも一つは、請求項1~請求項13のうちいずれか一項に記載の三次元構造電極である電気化学素子。 - 前記電気化学素子が、リチウム二次電池、スーパーキャパシタ、リチウム-硫黄電池、ナトリウムイオン電池、リチウム-空気電池、亜鉛-空気電池、アルミニウム-空気電池及びマグネシウムイオン電池を含む群から選択されたいずれか一つである、請求項14に記載の電気化学素子。
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