JP7077315B2 - 高電力密度断熱排気加熱システム - Google Patents
高電力密度断熱排気加熱システム Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- JP7077315B2 JP7077315B2 JP2019522958A JP2019522958A JP7077315B2 JP 7077315 B2 JP7077315 B2 JP 7077315B2 JP 2019522958 A JP2019522958 A JP 2019522958A JP 2019522958 A JP2019522958 A JP 2019522958A JP 7077315 B2 JP7077315 B2 JP 7077315B2
- Authority
- JP
- Japan
- Prior art keywords
- heating element
- heating device
- strip
- support member
- heating
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Active
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Classifications
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F01—MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
- F01N—GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR INTERNAL-COMBUSTION ENGINES
- F01N3/00—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust
- F01N3/08—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for rendering innocuous
- F01N3/10—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for rendering innocuous by thermal or catalytic conversion of noxious components of exhaust
- F01N3/18—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for rendering innocuous by thermal or catalytic conversion of noxious components of exhaust characterised by methods of operation; Control
- F01N3/20—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for rendering innocuous by thermal or catalytic conversion of noxious components of exhaust characterised by methods of operation; Control specially adapted for catalytic conversion
- F01N3/2006—Periodically heating or cooling catalytic reactors, e.g. at cold starting or overheating
- F01N3/2013—Periodically heating or cooling catalytic reactors, e.g. at cold starting or overheating using electric or magnetic heating means
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F01—MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
- F01N—GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR INTERNAL-COMBUSTION ENGINES
- F01N3/00—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust
- F01N3/02—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for cooling, or for removing solid constituents of, exhaust
- F01N3/021—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for cooling, or for removing solid constituents of, exhaust by means of filters
- F01N3/023—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for cooling, or for removing solid constituents of, exhaust by means of filters using means for regenerating the filters, e.g. by burning trapped particles
- F01N3/027—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for cooling, or for removing solid constituents of, exhaust by means of filters using means for regenerating the filters, e.g. by burning trapped particles using electric or magnetic heating means
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F23—COMBUSTION APPARATUS; COMBUSTION PROCESSES
- F23G—CREMATION FURNACES; CONSUMING WASTE PRODUCTS BY COMBUSTION
- F23G7/00—Incinerators or other apparatus for consuming industrial waste, e.g. chemicals
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H05—ELECTRIC TECHNIQUES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- H05B—ELECTRIC HEATING; ELECTRIC LIGHT SOURCES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS FOR ELECTRIC LIGHT SOURCES, IN GENERAL
- H05B3/00—Ohmic-resistance heating
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H05—ELECTRIC TECHNIQUES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- H05B—ELECTRIC HEATING; ELECTRIC LIGHT SOURCES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS FOR ELECTRIC LIGHT SOURCES, IN GENERAL
- H05B3/00—Ohmic-resistance heating
- H05B3/02—Details
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H05—ELECTRIC TECHNIQUES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- H05B—ELECTRIC HEATING; ELECTRIC LIGHT SOURCES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS FOR ELECTRIC LIGHT SOURCES, IN GENERAL
- H05B3/00—Ohmic-resistance heating
- H05B3/02—Details
- H05B3/06—Heater elements structurally combined with coupling elements or holders
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H05—ELECTRIC TECHNIQUES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- H05B—ELECTRIC HEATING; ELECTRIC LIGHT SOURCES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS FOR ELECTRIC LIGHT SOURCES, IN GENERAL
- H05B3/00—Ohmic-resistance heating
- H05B3/40—Heating elements having the shape of rods or tubes
- H05B3/42—Heating elements having the shape of rods or tubes non-flexible
- H05B3/48—Heating elements having the shape of rods or tubes non-flexible heating conductor embedded in insulating material
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F01—MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
- F01N—GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR INTERNAL-COMBUSTION ENGINES
- F01N2240/00—Combination or association of two or more different exhaust treating devices, or of at least one such device with an auxiliary device, not covered by indexing codes F01N2230/00 or F01N2250/00, one of the devices being
- F01N2240/16—Combination or association of two or more different exhaust treating devices, or of at least one such device with an auxiliary device, not covered by indexing codes F01N2230/00 or F01N2250/00, one of the devices being an electric heater, i.e. a resistance heater
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F01—MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
- F01N—GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR INTERNAL-COMBUSTION ENGINES
- F01N2450/00—Methods or apparatus for fitting, inserting or repairing different elements
- F01N2450/22—Methods or apparatus for fitting, inserting or repairing different elements by welding or brazing
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H05—ELECTRIC TECHNIQUES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- H05B—ELECTRIC HEATING; ELECTRIC LIGHT SOURCES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS FOR ELECTRIC LIGHT SOURCES, IN GENERAL
- H05B2203/00—Aspects relating to Ohmic resistive heating covered by group H05B3/00
- H05B2203/014—Heaters using resistive wires or cables not provided for in H05B3/54
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H05—ELECTRIC TECHNIQUES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- H05B—ELECTRIC HEATING; ELECTRIC LIGHT SOURCES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS FOR ELECTRIC LIGHT SOURCES, IN GENERAL
- H05B2203/00—Aspects relating to Ohmic resistive heating covered by group H05B3/00
- H05B2203/022—Heaters specially adapted for heating gaseous material
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02T—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES RELATED TO TRANSPORTATION
- Y02T10/00—Road transport of goods or passengers
- Y02T10/10—Internal combustion engine [ICE] based vehicles
- Y02T10/12—Improving ICE efficiencies
Landscapes
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
- General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
- Combustion & Propulsion (AREA)
- Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
- Toxicology (AREA)
- Environmental & Geological Engineering (AREA)
- Exhaust Gas After Treatment (AREA)
- Resistance Heating (AREA)
Priority Applications (2)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| JP2022081372A JP7395648B2 (ja) | 2016-10-31 | 2022-05-18 | 加熱装置 |
| JP2022081371A JP2022116090A (ja) | 2016-10-31 | 2022-05-18 | 加熱装置 |
Applications Claiming Priority (3)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| US201662415042P | 2016-10-31 | 2016-10-31 | |
| US62/415,042 | 2016-10-31 | ||
| PCT/US2017/020530 WO2018080578A1 (en) | 2016-10-31 | 2017-03-02 | High power density insulated exhaust heating system |
Related Child Applications (2)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| JP2022081372A Division JP7395648B2 (ja) | 2016-10-31 | 2022-05-18 | 加熱装置 |
| JP2022081371A Division JP2022116090A (ja) | 2016-10-31 | 2022-05-18 | 加熱装置 |
Publications (3)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| JP2020501062A JP2020501062A (ja) | 2020-01-16 |
| JP2020501062A5 JP2020501062A5 (enExample) | 2020-04-09 |
| JP7077315B2 true JP7077315B2 (ja) | 2022-05-30 |
Family
ID=58347965
Family Applications (3)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| JP2019522958A Active JP7077315B2 (ja) | 2016-10-31 | 2017-03-02 | 高電力密度断熱排気加熱システム |
| JP2022081372A Active JP7395648B2 (ja) | 2016-10-31 | 2022-05-18 | 加熱装置 |
| JP2022081371A Pending JP2022116090A (ja) | 2016-10-31 | 2022-05-18 | 加熱装置 |
Family Applications After (2)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| JP2022081372A Active JP7395648B2 (ja) | 2016-10-31 | 2022-05-18 | 加熱装置 |
| JP2022081371A Pending JP2022116090A (ja) | 2016-10-31 | 2022-05-18 | 加熱装置 |
Country Status (7)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| US (7) | US10598064B2 (enExample) |
| EP (1) | EP3532714B1 (enExample) |
| JP (3) | JP7077315B2 (enExample) |
| CN (2) | CN110139972B (enExample) |
| CA (1) | CA3042226C (enExample) |
| MX (6) | MX2019005020A (enExample) |
| WO (1) | WO2018080578A1 (enExample) |
Families Citing this family (21)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CN110603373B (zh) * | 2017-06-02 | 2022-04-12 | 沃尔沃卡车集团 | 用于控制NOx控制部件的温度的方法和排气后处理系统 |
| WO2019191528A1 (en) * | 2018-03-29 | 2019-10-03 | Emissol Llc | METHODS AND DEVICES FOR CONTROLLING UREA MIXERS TO REDUCE NOx EMISSION FROM COMBUSTION ENGINES |
| CN112969524B (zh) * | 2018-11-06 | 2022-06-28 | 康明斯排放处理公司 | 用于减少内燃发动机的排气后处理系统的分解反应器中还原剂沉积物形成的系统和方法 |
| DE102019101679A1 (de) * | 2019-01-24 | 2020-07-30 | Eberspächer Exhaust Technology GmbH & Co. KG | Abgasheizelement |
| DE102019107384A1 (de) * | 2019-03-22 | 2020-09-24 | Eberspächer Exhaust Technology GmbH & Co. KG | Abgasheizelement |
| US10961887B2 (en) * | 2019-07-03 | 2021-03-30 | Deere & Company | Integrated reductant mixer and heater apparatus for exhaust treatment systems |
| DE102019129322A1 (de) * | 2019-10-30 | 2021-05-06 | Faurecia Emissions Control Technologies, Germany Gmbh | Elektrische Gasströmungsheizung und Fahrzeug |
| DE102020121414A1 (de) * | 2020-08-14 | 2022-02-17 | Purem GmbH | Abgasheizanordnung |
| DE202020104976U1 (de) * | 2020-08-28 | 2020-10-06 | Hjs Emission Technology Gmbh & Co. Kg | Elektrisches Heizaggregat zum Einschalten in den Abgasstrang einer Brennkraftmaschine sowie damit ausgerüstetes Abgasreinigungsaggregat |
| DE102020132800A1 (de) * | 2020-12-09 | 2022-06-09 | Purem GmbH | Abgasheizeinheit |
| FR3119418A1 (fr) * | 2021-02-04 | 2022-08-05 | Faurecia Systemes D'echappement | Dispositif de chauffage pour gaz d’échappement |
| EP4060169B1 (de) * | 2021-03-15 | 2024-04-03 | Purem GmbH | Abgasheizer |
| DE102021202901B4 (de) * | 2021-03-24 | 2022-10-27 | Vitesco Technologies GmbH | Vorrichtung zur Abgasnachbehandlung und Verfahren zum Herstellen dieser |
| EP4098853A1 (en) * | 2021-06-01 | 2022-12-07 | Volvo Truck Corporation | An exhaust aftertreatment system |
| FR3125846A1 (fr) * | 2021-08-02 | 2023-02-03 | Faurecia Systemes D'echappement | Dispositif de chauffage électrique pour ligne d’échappement |
| DE102021122083A1 (de) * | 2021-08-26 | 2023-03-02 | Purem GmbH | Abgasheizer |
| DE102021122085A1 (de) * | 2021-08-26 | 2023-03-02 | Purem GmbH | Abgasheizer |
| FR3128485A1 (fr) * | 2021-10-25 | 2023-04-28 | Faurecia Systemes D'echappement | Elément chauffant pour ligne d’échappement |
| CN115134953A (zh) * | 2022-06-20 | 2022-09-30 | 无锡威孚力达催化净化器有限责任公司 | 一种电加热器 |
| EP4455463B1 (en) * | 2023-04-24 | 2025-12-03 | Hidria d.o.o. | Heating device |
| CN116576468A (zh) * | 2023-05-19 | 2023-08-11 | 中冶焦耐(大连)工程技术有限公司 | 一种污泥干化焚烧处理设备 |
Citations (1)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| JP2003509620A (ja) | 1999-09-13 | 2003-03-11 | エミテック ゲゼルシヤフト フユア エミツシオンス テクノロギー ミツト ベシユレンクテル ハフツング | 加熱要素付き排気ガス浄化装置 |
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| US2831951A (en) | 1954-07-06 | 1958-04-22 | Watlow Electric Mfg | Cartridge heater and method of making same |
| US3970822A (en) | 1975-03-17 | 1976-07-20 | Watlow Electric Manufacturing Company | Electric cartridge heater |
| JPS6053165B2 (ja) * | 1981-03-16 | 1985-11-25 | 株式会社豊田中央研究所 | 内燃機関排気吐煙の捕集装置 |
| US4505107A (en) * | 1981-10-26 | 1985-03-19 | Nippondenso Co., Ltd. | Exhaust gas cleaning apparatus |
| US4588423A (en) * | 1982-06-30 | 1986-05-13 | Donaldson Company, Inc. | Electrostatic separator |
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| JPH02172538A (ja) * | 1988-12-23 | 1990-07-04 | Matsushita Electric Ind Co Ltd | 排気ガス浄化触媒体 |
| US5101095A (en) * | 1989-03-30 | 1992-03-31 | Donaldson Company, Inc. | Diesel engine gas filter with electrical heater |
| JP2512594Y2 (ja) * | 1989-04-18 | 1996-10-02 | 株式会社キクチ | ラインヒ―タ― |
| JPH03104023U (enExample) * | 1990-02-07 | 1991-10-29 | ||
| KR100187711B1 (ko) * | 1990-03-19 | 1999-06-01 | 베 마우스; 베. 디트리히 | 내연기관의 촉매 변환기의 작동을 감시하기 위한 방법 및 장치,그리고 이러한 방식으로 감시되는 촉매 변환기 |
| JPH04370360A (ja) * | 1991-06-17 | 1992-12-22 | Ngk Spark Plug Co Ltd | 温度センサー付フィンヒーター |
| JPH0559939A (ja) * | 1991-06-19 | 1993-03-09 | Ngk Spark Plug Co Ltd | ヒータ付き触媒式排気浄化装置 |
| DE4129893A1 (de) * | 1991-09-09 | 1993-03-11 | Emitec Emissionstechnologie | Anordnung zur temperaturmessung und/oder heizung und deren verwendung in einem wabenkoerper, insbesondere katalysator-traegerkoerper |
| DE4132439A1 (de) * | 1991-09-28 | 1993-04-01 | Behr Gmbh & Co | Abgaskatalysator |
| US5409669A (en) * | 1993-01-25 | 1995-04-25 | Minnesota Mining And Manufacturing Company | Electrically regenerable diesel particulate filter cartridge and filter |
| JPH08103664A (ja) * | 1994-10-04 | 1996-04-23 | Nippondenso Co Ltd | ハニカム体およびこのハニカム体よりなる触媒担体を有する触媒コンバータ |
| JP2701192B2 (ja) * | 1993-04-23 | 1998-01-21 | 坂口電熱株式会社 | シーズヒータ及びその製造方法 |
| JP3277655B2 (ja) * | 1993-12-21 | 2002-04-22 | トヨタ自動車株式会社 | 電気加熱式触媒装置 |
| JPH08131848A (ja) * | 1994-11-15 | 1996-05-28 | Toyo Radiator Co Ltd | 排気ガス浄化用触媒担持体 |
| JP2903103B2 (ja) * | 1995-01-13 | 1999-06-07 | 株式会社デンソー | 排気ガス浄化装置 |
| JPH08218846A (ja) * | 1995-02-17 | 1996-08-27 | Nippon Soken Inc | 内燃機関の排気浄化装置用電気ヒータ |
| US6540816B2 (en) * | 2001-08-23 | 2003-04-01 | Fleetguard, Inc. | Regenerable filter with localized and efficient heating |
| US20060177358A1 (en) * | 2005-02-07 | 2006-08-10 | Tzong-Yih Lee | Active catalytic converter |
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| EP2190569B1 (en) * | 2007-09-18 | 2015-07-22 | Amo Co., Ltd. | Monolith, catalyst convertor for purifying exhaust gas using the same and method for manufacturing the catalyst |
| DE102009018182A1 (de) * | 2009-04-22 | 2010-10-28 | Emitec Gesellschaft Für Emissionstechnologie Mbh | Mehrstufig beheizbarer Wabenkörper |
| JP5624865B2 (ja) * | 2010-12-06 | 2014-11-12 | 日本特殊陶業株式会社 | 排気ガス加熱装置 |
| JP6060078B2 (ja) * | 2012-03-22 | 2017-01-11 | 日本碍子株式会社 | ヒーター |
| CA2894700C (en) * | 2012-12-18 | 2017-03-14 | Watlow Electric Manufacturing Company | Improved exhaust gas heating apparatus |
| DE102014115923A1 (de) * | 2014-10-31 | 2016-05-04 | Continental Automotive Gmbh | Wabenkörper mit elektrischer Heizvorrichtung |
| DE202015103787U1 (de) * | 2015-07-17 | 2015-08-06 | Türk & Hillinger GmbH | Gaskanal mit beheizter poröser Metallstruktur |
| DE102015111689C5 (de) * | 2015-07-17 | 2022-09-01 | Türk & Hillinger GmbH | Elektrisch beheizbarer Katalysator und Verfahren zu dessen Herstellung |
| DE102019107384A1 (de) * | 2019-03-22 | 2020-09-24 | Eberspächer Exhaust Technology GmbH & Co. KG | Abgasheizelement |
| DE102019121382A1 (de) * | 2019-08-07 | 2021-02-11 | Faurecia Emissions Control Technologies, Germany Gmbh | Abgasbehandlungseinrichtung und Fahrzeug |
| DE102020123376A1 (de) * | 2020-09-08 | 2022-03-10 | Purem GmbH | Abgasheizer |
| US11988127B2 (en) * | 2020-10-26 | 2024-05-21 | Advanced Technology Emission Solutions Inc. | Gas flow treatment unit with turbulence generation |
| DE102020132800A1 (de) * | 2020-12-09 | 2022-06-09 | Purem GmbH | Abgasheizeinheit |
-
2017
- 2017-03-02 CN CN201780067828.0A patent/CN110139972B/zh active Active
- 2017-03-02 JP JP2019522958A patent/JP7077315B2/ja active Active
- 2017-03-02 CA CA3042226A patent/CA3042226C/en active Active
- 2017-03-02 MX MX2019005020A patent/MX2019005020A/es unknown
- 2017-03-02 WO PCT/US2017/020530 patent/WO2018080578A1/en not_active Ceased
- 2017-03-02 EP EP17711476.6A patent/EP3532714B1/en active Active
- 2017-03-02 CN CN202111238268.5A patent/CN113958391B/zh active Active
- 2017-03-02 US US15/448,200 patent/US10598064B2/en active Active
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2019
- 2019-04-29 MX MX2022012732A patent/MX2022012732A/es unknown
- 2019-04-29 MX MX2022012734A patent/MX2022012734A/es unknown
- 2019-04-29 MX MX2022012731A patent/MX2022012731A/es unknown
- 2019-04-29 MX MX2024008106A patent/MX2024008106A/es unknown
- 2019-04-29 MX MX2022012733A patent/MX2022012733A/es unknown
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2020
- 2020-03-02 US US16/806,175 patent/US11131227B2/en active Active
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2021
- 2021-08-25 US US17/411,352 patent/US11408314B2/en active Active
- 2021-11-24 US US17/535,096 patent/US11585252B2/en active Active
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2022
- 2022-05-18 JP JP2022081372A patent/JP7395648B2/ja active Active
- 2022-05-18 JP JP2022081371A patent/JP2022116090A/ja active Pending
- 2022-07-26 US US17/873,227 patent/US11913365B2/en active Active
- 2022-07-26 US US17/873,224 patent/US11686232B2/en active Active
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2024
- 2024-01-19 US US18/417,448 patent/US12286917B2/en active Active
Patent Citations (1)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| JP2003509620A (ja) | 1999-09-13 | 2003-03-11 | エミテック ゲゼルシヤフト フユア エミツシオンス テクノロギー ミツト ベシユレンクテル ハフツング | 加熱要素付き排気ガス浄化装置 |
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