JP6732342B2 - ペロブスカイト膜の形成方法、ペロブスカイト膜及び太陽電池 - Google Patents
ペロブスカイト膜の形成方法、ペロブスカイト膜及び太陽電池 Download PDFInfo
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- JP6732342B2 JP6732342B2 JP2017556756A JP2017556756A JP6732342B2 JP 6732342 B2 JP6732342 B2 JP 6732342B2 JP 2017556756 A JP2017556756 A JP 2017556756A JP 2017556756 A JP2017556756 A JP 2017556756A JP 6732342 B2 JP6732342 B2 JP 6732342B2
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- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 title claims description 44
- 239000007789 gas Substances 0.000 claims description 106
- BAVYZALUXZFZLV-UHFFFAOYSA-N Methylamine Chemical compound NC BAVYZALUXZFZLV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 62
- XMBWDFGMSWQBCA-UHFFFAOYSA-N hydrogen iodide Chemical compound I XMBWDFGMSWQBCA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 47
- 238000006243 chemical reaction Methods 0.000 claims description 40
- 229910000043 hydrogen iodide Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 35
- 239000000758 substrate Substances 0.000 claims description 33
- 229910001507 metal halide Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 32
- -1 metal halide compound Chemical class 0.000 claims description 29
- 150000005309 metal halides Chemical class 0.000 claims description 13
- 230000001939 inductive effect Effects 0.000 claims description 3
- 238000010438 heat treatment Methods 0.000 claims 5
- 239000010408 film Substances 0.000 description 89
- 239000000523 sample Substances 0.000 description 70
- HTUMBQDCCIXGCV-UHFFFAOYSA-N lead oxide Chemical compound [O-2].[Pb+2] HTUMBQDCCIXGCV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 24
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 description 16
- 238000002441 X-ray diffraction Methods 0.000 description 14
- 230000015572 biosynthetic process Effects 0.000 description 14
- 229910052740 iodine Inorganic materials 0.000 description 10
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 description 10
- 239000012528 membrane Substances 0.000 description 9
- 229910020282 Pb(OH) Inorganic materials 0.000 description 8
- 229910052794 bromium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 8
- 238000001473 dynamic force microscopy Methods 0.000 description 8
- 238000005259 measurement Methods 0.000 description 8
- 238000010586 diagram Methods 0.000 description 7
- 239000002184 metal Substances 0.000 description 7
- 229910052751 metal Inorganic materials 0.000 description 7
- 230000003746 surface roughness Effects 0.000 description 7
- 238000004833 X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy Methods 0.000 description 6
- 239000011521 glass Substances 0.000 description 6
- 239000002245 particle Substances 0.000 description 6
- ZMXDDKWLCZADIW-UHFFFAOYSA-N N,N-Dimethylformamide Chemical compound CN(C)C=O ZMXDDKWLCZADIW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 5
- 238000002474 experimental method Methods 0.000 description 5
- 229910052736 halogen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 5
- 239000004065 semiconductor Substances 0.000 description 5
- 238000011282 treatment Methods 0.000 description 5
- 238000000137 annealing Methods 0.000 description 4
- 229910052801 chlorine Inorganic materials 0.000 description 4
- 150000001875 compounds Chemical class 0.000 description 4
- 150000002367 halogens Chemical class 0.000 description 4
- LLWRXQXPJMPHLR-UHFFFAOYSA-N methylazanium;iodide Chemical compound [I-].[NH3+]C LLWRXQXPJMPHLR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 238000004528 spin coating Methods 0.000 description 4
- ZCYVEMRRCGMTRW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 7553-56-2 Chemical compound [I] ZCYVEMRRCGMTRW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- WEVYAHXRMPXWCK-UHFFFAOYSA-N Acetonitrile Chemical compound CC#N WEVYAHXRMPXWCK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 238000004630 atomic force microscopy Methods 0.000 description 3
- 239000002800 charge carrier Substances 0.000 description 3
- 238000007796 conventional method Methods 0.000 description 3
- 150000004820 halides Chemical class 0.000 description 3
- 150000002366 halogen compounds Chemical class 0.000 description 3
- 239000011630 iodine Substances 0.000 description 3
- 230000003647 oxidation Effects 0.000 description 3
- 238000007254 oxidation reaction Methods 0.000 description 3
- 239000000843 powder Substances 0.000 description 3
- XDXWNHPWWKGTKO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 207739-72-8 Chemical compound C1=CC(OC)=CC=C1N(C=1C=C2C3(C4=CC(=CC=C4C2=CC=1)N(C=1C=CC(OC)=CC=1)C=1C=CC(OC)=CC=1)C1=CC(=CC=C1C1=CC=C(C=C13)N(C=1C=CC(OC)=CC=1)C=1C=CC(OC)=CC=1)N(C=1C=CC(OC)=CC=1)C=1C=CC(OC)=CC=1)C1=CC=C(OC)C=C1 XDXWNHPWWKGTKO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- LFQSCWFLJHTTHZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ethanol Chemical compound CCO LFQSCWFLJHTTHZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- PNKUSGQVOMIXLU-UHFFFAOYSA-N Formamidine Chemical compound NC=N PNKUSGQVOMIXLU-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 238000010521 absorption reaction Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000000862 absorption spectrum Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000004458 analytical method Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000000969 carrier Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000005229 chemical vapour deposition Methods 0.000 description 2
- MVPPADPHJFYWMZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N chlorobenzene Chemical compound ClC1=CC=CC=C1 MVPPADPHJFYWMZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 239000000470 constituent Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000013078 crystal Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000005516 engineering process Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000010931 gold Substances 0.000 description 2
- 230000005525 hole transport Effects 0.000 description 2
- 150000002611 lead compounds Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- 229910000464 lead oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 238000002156 mixing Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000011206 morphological examination Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000003287 optical effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 230000005693 optoelectronics Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000010129 solution processing Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000012360 testing method Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000001771 vacuum deposition Methods 0.000 description 2
- ICPSWZFVWAPUKF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1,1'-spirobi[fluorene] Chemical compound C1=CC=C2C=C3C4(C=5C(C6=CC=CC=C6C=5)=CC=C4)C=CC=C3C2=C1 ICPSWZFVWAPUKF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- UUIMDJFBHNDZOW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-tert-butylpyridine Chemical compound CC(C)(C)C1=CC=CC=N1 UUIMDJFBHNDZOW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- MARUHZGHZWCEQU-UHFFFAOYSA-N 5-phenyl-2h-tetrazole Chemical compound C1=CC=CC=C1C1=NNN=N1 MARUHZGHZWCEQU-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- BAVYZALUXZFZLV-UHFFFAOYSA-O Methylammonium ion Chemical compound [NH3+]C BAVYZALUXZFZLV-UHFFFAOYSA-O 0.000 description 1
- 239000006096 absorbing agent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000004063 acid-resistant material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910021417 amorphous silicon Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 230000003321 amplification Effects 0.000 description 1
- 150000001450 anions Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 239000006227 byproduct Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000001427 coherent effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- HVMJUDPAXRRVQO-UHFFFAOYSA-N copper indium Chemical compound [Cu].[In] HVMJUDPAXRRVQO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 230000007547 defect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000000151 deposition Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000008021 deposition Effects 0.000 description 1
- ZZEMEJKDTZOXOI-UHFFFAOYSA-N digallium;selenium(2-) Chemical compound [Ga+3].[Ga+3].[Se-2].[Se-2].[Se-2] ZZEMEJKDTZOXOI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000005611 electricity Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000000605 extraction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000003517 fume Substances 0.000 description 1
- ZZUFCTLCJUWOSV-UHFFFAOYSA-N furosemide Chemical compound C1=C(Cl)C(S(=O)(=O)N)=CC(C(O)=O)=C1NCC1=CC=CO1 ZZUFCTLCJUWOSV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- PCHJSUWPFVWCPO-UHFFFAOYSA-N gold Chemical compound [Au] PCHJSUWPFVWCPO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910052737 gold Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 125000005843 halogen group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 239000003779 heat-resistant material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000005286 illumination Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000007689 inspection Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000002687 intercalation Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000009830 intercalation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000026045 iodination Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000006192 iodination reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910052745 lead Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 230000031700 light absorption Effects 0.000 description 1
- QSZMZKBZAYQGRS-UHFFFAOYSA-N lithium;bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)azanide Chemical class [Li+].FC(F)(F)S(=O)(=O)[N-]S(=O)(=O)C(F)(F)F QSZMZKBZAYQGRS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 230000007774 longterm Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000037230 mobility Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229910021421 monocrystalline silicon Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 238000003199 nucleic acid amplification method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000011369 optimal treatment Methods 0.000 description 1
- 150000002896 organic halogen compounds Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 239000011368 organic material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000005424 photoluminescence Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910021420 polycrystalline silicon Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000002243 precursor Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000002035 prolonged effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000005855 radiation Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000000376 reactant Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000013074 reference sample Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000000717 retained effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229920006395 saturated elastomer Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 238000013341 scale-up Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000000779 smoke Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000007787 solid Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000002904 solvent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000001228 spectrum Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000007619 statistical method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000003756 stirring Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000002207 thermal evaporation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000010409 thin film Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052718 tin Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- XOLBLPGZBRYERU-UHFFFAOYSA-N tin dioxide Chemical compound O=[Sn]=O XOLBLPGZBRYERU-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910001887 tin oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 238000002371 ultraviolet--visible spectrum Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000011179 visual inspection Methods 0.000 description 1
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
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Description
CH3NH2+HI→CH3NH3I 式(1)
PbI2+CH3NH3I→CH3NH3PbI3 式(2)
3PbI2+2CH3NH2+H2O→2CH3NH3PbI3+PbO 式(3)
CH3NH2+H2O→CH3NH3OH 式(4)
3PbI2+2CH3NH3OH→2CH3NH3PbI3+Pb(OH)2 式(5)
MAガス曝露工程108が室温でも進行することができるという事実は、明確にその自発性、すなわち化学量論的ペロブスカイトとPbO及び/又はPb(OH)2との形成が(i)反応物質PbI2、MA及びH2O、並びに(ii)多数のヨウ素空孔(すなわちPbI2+MA→MAPbI2)を含む非化学量論的ペロブスカイトの形成よりも熱力学的に好ましいことを示唆する。さらに、外気中でMAガス曝露工程108を行うことによりCH3NH3PbI3ペロブスカイトを形成することができるという観測結果に基づいて、H2Oの存在は、式(3)における反応に記載されているように、化学量論的CH3NH3PbI3ペロブスカイトを達成する重要な役割を担うと考えられる。反応におけるH2Oの存在の重要性を確認するために、MAガス曝露工程108の対照実験を、0.1ppm未満のH2OレベルであるN2グローブボックスのような乾燥環境内で行った。この対照実験ではペロブスカイト形成は観測されなかった。サンプルがグローブボックスから空気(相対湿度〜50%)に移された場合にのみ、膜は直ちに褐色に変色し始めた。長時間の空気曝露は、膜色のさらなる黒ずみにつながった。サンプルが空気に曝露されたときの色の黒ずみ化の過程は2分後に飽和に達した。
PbO+2HI→PbI2+H2O 式(6)
Pb(OH)2+2HI→PbI2+2H2O 式(7)
図1を参照し、ステップ108において、PbI2膜を室温でMAガスに曝露すると、ここではサンプル1と呼ばれる、40nm〜70nmの範囲で特徴的な粒径及び〜2nmのRMS表面粗さを有する、ペロブスカイト及びPbOx+yH2yを備える膜が得られる。ステップ112において、その後サンプル1をHIガスに曝露すると、サンプル2が得られる。一例の設備では、サンプル1は70℃で加熱されたホットプレート上に設置され、直径5cmのガラスシャーレで覆われる。HI曝露は、シャーレの内部且つサンプル1の膜の近くにHI溶液〜50μLを含む小さなるつぼを設置することによって行われる。HIガスは、シャーレ内部の空間を満たし、式(6)及び式(7)で表される反応によって、サンプル1と反応し、PbOx+yH2yをPbI2に再変換する。種々の実験は、最適なHI曝露時間が2−4分間であることを示唆している。
Claims (11)
- メチルアミン(CH 3 NH 2 )溶液を加熱することで生成された(CH 3 NH 2 )ガスに、金属ハライド化合物を曝露することで、前記金属ハライド化合物と前記メチルアミン(CH3NH2)ガスとの化学反応を誘起する工程を含むペロブスカイト膜の形成方法。
- 前記化学反応を誘起する工程は、
前記金属ハライド化合物を有する金属ハライド膜を基板上に形成し、
前記金属ハライド膜を、前記金属ハライド化合物と前記メチルアミン(CH3NH2)ガスとの化学反応を誘起する前記メチルアミン(CH3NH2)ガスに曝露して第1ペロブスカイト膜を形成する
工程を含む請求項1の方法。 - 金属ハライド化合物を有する金属ハライド膜を基板上に形成し、
前記金属ハライド膜を、前記金属ハライド化合物とメチルアミン(CH 3 NH 2 )ガスとの化学反応を誘起する前記メチルアミン(CH 3 NH 2 )ガスに曝露して第1ペロブスカイト膜を形成し、
前記金属ハライド膜を前記メチルアミン(CH3NH2)ガスに曝露する工程は、
第1容器の内部底面にスピンコートされた金属ハライド化合物を有する基板を取り付け、
メチルアミン(CH3NH2)溶液を含む第2容器を加熱プレート上に設置して、前記メチルアミン(CH3NH2)ガスを生成し、
前記第2容器の開口と対向するように前記スピンコートされた金属ハライド化合物を有する基板表面を向けることによって、前記加熱プレート上に設置された前記メチルアミン(CH3NH2)溶液を含む前記第2容器を覆うように、その内部底面に取り付けられた前記スピンコートされた金属ハライド化合物を有する前記基板を含む前記第1容器を設置する
工程を含むペロブスカイト膜の形成方法。 - 前記第1ペロブスカイト膜をヨウ化水素(HI)ガスに曝露して第2ペロブスカイト膜を形成する
工程を更に含む請求項2の方法。 - 前記金属ハライド化合物はPbI2であり、
前記第1ペロブスカイト膜をヨウ化水素(HI)ガスに曝露する工程は、前記第1ペロブスカイト膜に含まれたPbOx+yH2yのPbI2への変換を誘起するように構成されている、請求項4の方法。 - 金属ハライド化合物を有する金属ハライド膜を基板上に形成し、
前記金属ハライド膜を、前記金属ハライド化合物とメチルアミン(CH 3 NH 2 )ガスとの化学反応を誘起する前記メチルアミン(CH 3 NH 2 )ガスに曝露して第1ペロブスカイト膜を形成し、
前記第1ペロブスカイト膜を1周期以上の間ヨウ化水素(HI)ガス及びメチルアミン(CH3NH2)ガスに連続して曝露し、第3ペロブスカイト膜を形成する
工程を更に含むペロブスカイト膜の形成方法。 - 前記金属ハライド化合物はPbI2であり、
前記第1ペロブスカイト膜を前記ヨウ化水素(HI)ガス及び前記メチルアミン(CH3NH2)ガスに連続して曝露する工程は、前記第1ペロブスカイト膜に含まれたPbOx+yH2yのPbI2への変換を誘起し、連続してPbI2と前記メチルアミン(CH3NH2)ガスとの化学反応を誘起するように構成されている、請求項6の方法。 - 前記第1ペロブスカイト膜をヨウ化水素(HI)ガス及びメチルアミン(CH3NH2)ガスに同時に曝露して第4ペロブスカイト膜を形成する
工程を更に含む請求項2の方法。 - 前記金属ハライド化合物はPbI2であり、
前記第1ペロブスカイト膜を前記ヨウ化水素(HI)ガス及び前記メチルアミン(CH3NH2)ガスに同時に曝露する工程は、前記第1ペロブスカイト膜に含まれたPbOx+yH2yのPbI2への変換を誘起し、同時にPbI2と前記メチルアミン(CH3NH2)ガスとの化学反応を誘起するように構成されている、請求項8の方法。 - 前記基板の大きさは10×10cm2以上である、請求項2の方法。
- 金属ハライド化合物を有する金属ハライド膜を基板上に形成し、
前記金属ハライド膜を、前記金属ハライド化合物とメチルアミン(CH 3 NH 2 )ガスとの化学反応を誘起する前記メチルアミン(CH 3 NH 2 )ガスに曝露して第1ペロブスカイト膜を形成し、
前記第1ペロブスカイト膜をヨウ化水素(HI)ガスに曝露する工程を含み、前記第1ペロブスカイト膜を前記ヨウ化水素(HI)ガスに曝露する工程は、
前記第1ペロブスカイト膜を加熱プレート上に設置し、
前記加熱プレート上の前記第1ペロブスカイト膜を第3容器で覆い、
HI溶液を含む第4容器を前記第3容器の内部且つ前記第1ペロブスカイト膜の近くに設置する
工程を含むペロブスカイト膜の形成方法。
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