JP2018522394A - ペロブスカイト膜の形成方法、ペロブスカイト膜及び太陽電池 - Google Patents
ペロブスカイト膜の形成方法、ペロブスカイト膜及び太陽電池 Download PDFInfo
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- XMBWDFGMSWQBCA-UHFFFAOYSA-N hydrogen iodide Chemical compound I XMBWDFGMSWQBCA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 52
- 238000006243 chemical reaction Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 48
- 239000000758 substrate Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 34
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- CNPURSDMOWDNOQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 4-methoxy-7h-pyrrolo[2,3-d]pyrimidin-2-amine Chemical compound COC1=NC(N)=NC2=C1C=CN2 CNPURSDMOWDNOQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims 4
- 238000010438 heat treatment Methods 0.000 claims 4
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- LFQSCWFLJHTTHZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ethanol Chemical compound CCO LFQSCWFLJHTTHZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
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- ICPSWZFVWAPUKF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1,1'-spirobi[fluorene] Chemical compound C1=CC=C2C=C3C4(C=5C(C6=CC=CC=C6C=5)=CC=C4)C=CC=C3C2=C1 ICPSWZFVWAPUKF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- UUIMDJFBHNDZOW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-tert-butylpyridine Chemical compound CC(C)(C)C1=CC=CC=N1 UUIMDJFBHNDZOW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- MARUHZGHZWCEQU-UHFFFAOYSA-N 5-phenyl-2h-tetrazole Chemical compound C1=CC=CC=C1C1=NNN=N1 MARUHZGHZWCEQU-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- BAVYZALUXZFZLV-UHFFFAOYSA-O Methylammonium ion Chemical compound [NH3+]C BAVYZALUXZFZLV-UHFFFAOYSA-O 0.000 description 1
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- 239000002250 absorbent Substances 0.000 description 1
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- 230000007547 defect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000000151 deposition Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000008021 deposition Effects 0.000 description 1
- ZZEMEJKDTZOXOI-UHFFFAOYSA-N digallium;selenium(2-) Chemical compound [Ga+3].[Ga+3].[Se-2].[Se-2].[Se-2] ZZEMEJKDTZOXOI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000005611 electricity Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000000605 extraction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000003517 fume Substances 0.000 description 1
- PCHJSUWPFVWCPO-UHFFFAOYSA-N gold Chemical group [Au] PCHJSUWPFVWCPO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910052737 gold Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 125000005843 halogen group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 239000003779 heat-resistant material Substances 0.000 description 1
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- 229910052745 lead Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 230000031700 light absorption Effects 0.000 description 1
- QSZMZKBZAYQGRS-UHFFFAOYSA-N lithium;bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)azanide Chemical class [Li+].FC(F)(F)S(=O)(=O)[N-]S(=O)(=O)C(F)(F)F QSZMZKBZAYQGRS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 230000007774 longterm Effects 0.000 description 1
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- 229910052718 tin Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- XOLBLPGZBRYERU-UHFFFAOYSA-N tin dioxide Chemical compound O=[Sn]=O XOLBLPGZBRYERU-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
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- 238000001771 vacuum deposition Methods 0.000 description 1
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Abstract
Description
CH3NH2+HI→CH3NH3I 式(1)
PbI2+CH3NH3I→CH3NH3PbI3 式(2)
3PbI2+2CH3NH2+H2O→2CH3NH3PbI3+PbO 式(3)
CH3NH2+H2O→CH3NH3OH 式(4)
3PbI2+2CH3NH3OH→2CH3NH3PbI3+Pb(OH)2 式(5)
MAガス曝露工程108が室温でも進行することができるという事実は、明確にその自発性、すなわち化学量論的ペロブスカイトとPbO及び/又はPb(OH)2との形成が(i)反応物質PbI2、MA及びH2O、並びに(ii)多数のヨウ素空孔(すなわちPbI2+MA→MAPbI2)を含む非化学量論的ペロブスカイトの形成よりも熱力学的に好ましいことを示唆する。さらに、外気中でMAガス曝露工程108を行うことによりCH3NH3PbI3ペロブスカイトを形成することができるという観測結果に基づいて、H2Oの存在は、式(3)における反応に記載されているように、化学量論的CH3NH3PbI3ペロブスカイトを達成する重要な役割を担うと考えられる。反応におけるH2Oの存在の重要性を確認するために、MAガス曝露工程108の制御実験を、0.1ppm未満のH2OレベルであるN2グローブボックスのような乾燥環境内で行った。この制御実験ではペロブスカイト形成は観測されなかった。サンプルがグローブボックスから空気(相対湿度〜50%)に移された場合にのみ、膜は直ちに褐色に変色し始めた。長時間の空気曝露は、膜色のさらなる黒ずみにつながった。サンプルが空気に曝露されたときの色の黒ずみ化の過程は2分後に飽和に達した。
PbO+2HI→PbI2+H2O 式(6)
Pb(OH)2+2HI→PbI2+2H2O 式(7)
図1を参照し、ステップ108において、PbI2膜を室温でMAガスに曝露すると、ここではサンプル1と呼ばれる、40nm〜70nmの範囲で特徴的な粒径及び〜2nmのRMS表面粗さを有する、ペロブスカイト及びPbOx+yH2yを備える膜が得られる。ステップ112において、その後サンプル1をHIガスに曝露すると、サンプル2が得られる。一例の設備では、サンプル1は70℃で加熱されたホットプレート上に設置され、直径5cmのガラスシャーレで覆われる。HI曝露は、シャーレの内部且つサンプル1の膜の近くにHI溶液〜50μLを含む小さなるつぼを設置することによって行われる。HIガスは、シャーレ内部の空間を満たし、式(6)及び式(7)で表される反応によって、サンプル1と反応し、PbOx+yH2yをPbI2に再変換する。種々の実験は、最適なHI曝露時間が2−4分間であることを示唆している。
Claims (16)
- 金属ハライド化合物とメチルアミン(CH3NH2)ガスとの化学反応を誘起する工程を含むペロブスカイト膜の形成方法。
- 前記金属ハライド化合物を有する金属ハライド膜を基板上に形成し、
前記金属ハライド膜を、前記金属ハライド化合物と前記メチルアミン(CH3NH2)ガスとの化学反応を誘起する前記メチルアミン(CH3NH2)ガスに曝露して第1ペロブスカイト膜を形成する
工程を含む請求項1の方法。 - 前記金属ハライド膜を前記メチルアミン(CH3NH2)ガスに曝露する工程は、
第1容器の内部底面に前記スピンコートされた金属ハライド化合物を有する基板を取り付け、
メチルアミン(CH3NH2)溶液を含む第2容器を加熱プレート上に設置して、前記メチルアミン(CH3NH2)ガスを生成し、
前記第2容器の開口と対向するように前記スピンコートされた金属ハライド化合物を有する基板表面を向けることによって、前記加熱プレート上に設置された前記メチルアミン(CH3NH2)溶液を含む前記第2容器を覆うように、その内部底面に取り付けられた前記スピンコートされた金属ハライド化合物を有する前記基板を含む前記第1容器を設置する
工程を含む請求項2の方法。 - 前記第1ペロブスカイト膜をヨウ化水素(HI)ガスに曝露して第2ペロブスカイト膜を形成する
工程を更に含む請求項2の方法。 - 前記金属ハライド化合物はPbI2であり、
前記第1ペロブスカイト膜をヨウ化水素(HI)ガスに曝露する工程は、前記第1ペロブスカイト膜に含まれたPbOx+yH2yのPbI2への変換を誘起するように構成されている、請求項4の方法。 - 前記第1ペロブスカイト膜を1周期以上の間ヨウ化水素(HI)ガス及びメチルアミン(CH3NH2)ガスに連続して曝露し、第3ペロブスカイト膜を形成する
工程を更に含む請求項2の方法。 - 前記金属ハライド化合物はPbI2であり、
前記第1ペロブスカイト膜を前記ヨウ化水素(HI)ガス及び前記メチルアミン(CH3NH2)ガスに連続して曝露する工程は、前記第1ペロブスカイト膜に含まれたPbOx+yH2yのPbI2への変換を誘起し、連続してPbI2と前記メチルアミン(CH3NH2)ガスとの化学反応を誘起するように構成されている、請求項6の方法。 - 前記第1ペロブスカイト膜をヨウ化水素(HI)ガス及びメチルアミン(CH3NH2)ガスに同時に曝露して第4ペロブスカイト膜を形成する
工程を更に含む請求項2の方法。 - 前記金属ハライド化合物はPbI2であり、
前記第1ペロブスカイト膜を前記ヨウ化水素(HI)ガス及び前記メチルアミン(CH3NH2)ガスに同時に曝露する工程は、前記第1ペロブスカイト膜に含まれたPbOx+yH2yのPbI2への変換を誘起し、同時にPbI2と前記メチルアミン(CH3NH2)ガスとの化学反応を誘起するように構成されている、請求項8の方法。 - 前記基板の大きさは10×10cm2以上である、請求項2の方法。
- 前記第1ペロブスカイト膜をヨウ化水素(HI)ガスに曝露する工程を含み、前記第1ペロブスカイト膜を前記ヨウ化水素(HI)ガスに曝露する工程は、
前記第1ペロブスカイト膜を加熱プレート上に設置し、
前記加熱プレート上の前記第1ペロブスカイト膜を第3容器で覆い、
HI溶液を含む第4容器を前記第3容器の内部且つ前記第1ペロブスカイト膜の近くに設置する
工程を含む請求項2の方法。 - PbI2膜を基板上に形成し、前記PbI2膜を、PbI2とメチルアミン(CH3NH2)ガスとの化学反応を誘起するメチルアミン(CH3NH2)ガスに曝露してペロブスカイト膜を形成する工程を含む方法を用いて製造されたペロブスカイト膜であって、
化学量論的CH3NH3PbI3ペロブスカイトを備え、当該ペロブスカイトは、約2nmのRMS表面粗さ及び40−70nmの範囲の粒径を有する鏡面状の半透明の外観を備える、ペロブスカイト膜。 - PbI2膜を基板上に形成し、前記PbI2膜を、PbI2とメチルアミン(CH3NH2)ガスとの化学反応を誘起するメチルアミン(CH3NH2)ガスに曝露して第1ペロブスカイト膜を形成し、前記第1ペロブスカイト膜を1周期以上の間ヨウ化水素(HI)ガス及びメチルアミン(CH3NH2)ガスに連続して曝露し、ペロブスカイト膜を形成する工程を含む方法を用いて製造されたペロブスカイト膜であって、
前記第1ペロブスカイト膜に含まれたPbOx+yH2yのPbI2への変換及びPbI2と前記メチルアミン(CH3NH2)ガスとの連続の化学反応に基づいて、前記第1ペロブスカイトと比べて少量のPbOx+yH2yを備え、前記ペロブスカイト膜は、約14nmのRMS表面粗さ及び約400nmの粒径を有する、ペロブスカイト膜。 - PbI2膜を基板上に形成し、前記PbI2膜を、PbI2とメチルアミン(CH3NH2)ガスとの化学反応を誘起するメチルアミン(CH3NH2)ガスに曝露して第1ペロブスカイト膜を形成し、前記第1ペロブスカイト膜をヨウ化水素(HI)ガス及びメチルアミン(CH3NH2)ガスに同時に曝露し、ペロブスカイト膜を形成する工程を含む方法を用いて製造されたペロブスカイト膜であって、
前記第1ペロブスカイト膜に含まれたPbOx+yH2yのPbI2への変換及びPbI2とメチルアミン(CH3NH2)ガスとの同時の化学反応に基づいて、前記第1ペロブスカイトと比べて少量のPbOx+yH2yを備え、前記ペロブスカイト膜は、約6nmのRMS表面粗さ及び約200nmの粒径を有する、ペロブスカイト膜。 - 活性層としてペロブスカイト膜を備える太陽電池であって、前記ペロブスカイト膜は金属ハライド化合物とメチルアミン(CH3NH2)ガスとの化学反応を誘起する工程を含む方法を用いて製造されており、前記太陽電池の電力変換効率は7%を超える、太陽電池。
- 前記電力変換効率は15%を超える、請求項15の太陽電池。
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