JP6694543B2 - ヒトの癌におけるpik3ca遺伝子の変異 - Google Patents
ヒトの癌におけるpik3ca遺伝子の変異 Download PDFInfo
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- JP6694543B2 JP6694543B2 JP2019201128A JP2019201128A JP6694543B2 JP 6694543 B2 JP6694543 B2 JP 6694543B2 JP 2019201128 A JP2019201128 A JP 2019201128A JP 2019201128 A JP2019201128 A JP 2019201128A JP 6694543 B2 JP6694543 B2 JP 6694543B2
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Description
本発明は、癌の診断検査法および治療法の分野に関する。
PI3Kは、細胞表面受容体の下流のシグナル伝達因子として機能する脂質キナーゼであり、細胞の成長、増殖、接着、生存、および運動に重要な役割を果たす経路に関与する(1、2)(非特許文献1、2)。PI3Kの活性の上昇は、多くの結腸直腸の腫瘍および他の腫瘍で認められているが(3、4)(非特許文献3、4)、PI3Kの遺伝子内変異は同定されていない。
第1の態様では、患者が癌であることが疑われるヒト組織における癌を評価する方法を提供する。PIK3CAのコード配列における非同義の遺伝子内変異は、癌であることが疑われるヒトの身体試料中に検出される。このようなヒトは、PIK3CAのコード配列中の非同義の遺伝子内変異が身体試料中で見出された場合に、癌である可能性が高いと判断される。
PIK3CA中に変異が集中することから、同遺伝子は、疾患の早期検出のための、または疾患の進行を追跡するための優れたマーカーとなる。変異集中領域を中心に試験を行うことで、大半の変異対立遺伝子が得られる。
実施例1-本実施例は、PIK3CAの遺伝子が、この遺伝子ファミリーにおける主な標的であることを示す
PI3Kが腫瘍形成に遺伝学的に関与するか否かを評価するために、発明者らは、結腸直腸癌における、この遺伝子ファミリーの遺伝子群のDNA配列を直接調べた。
*PI3K遺伝子群は、過去に報告されたクラス(S3、S4)に分けられる。クラスI、クラスII、およびクラスIIIはPI3K触媒サブユニットを含み、クラスIVは、mTOR(target of rapamycin)、ATM(ataxia telangiectasia mutated)、およびDNAPK(DNA-dependent protein kinase)のサブファミリーのメンバーを含む、PI3K様遺伝子、ならびに過去に未同定の2つの遺伝子を含む。
1配列番号:6〜165(フォワードプライマー)
2配列番号:166〜325(リバースプライマー)
3配列番号:326〜485(配列決定用プライマー)
次に、別の199の結腸直腸癌を対象にPIK3CAの全コードエキソンを解析した結果、計74(32%)の腫瘍に変異の存在が明らかとなった(表3および図1の例)。
*変異に起因するヌクレオチドおよびアミノ酸の変化があるエキソン番号。ヌクレオチドの位置は、コード配列中の位置を示す(位置1は、開始コドンの先頭に対応する)。機能ドメインについては、図1のレジェンドに示す。#個々の腫瘍に見出された非同義変異の数。Colon=結腸直腸癌、GBM=膠芽腫、gastric=胃癌、breast=乳癌、lung=肺癌、pancreas=膵臓癌、medulloblastoma=髄芽腫、adenomas=良性の結腸直腸腫瘍。列挙した全ての変異は体細胞変異であるが、対応する正常組織が得られなかった5つの結腸直腸癌および1つの膠芽腫は例外とする。変異は、201例のミスマッチ修復(MMR)能を有する結腸直腸癌の58例で、33例のMMR能を有なさい結腸直腸癌の16例で同定された。PIK3CAに変異を有する一部の腫瘍は、KRASまたはBRAFに変異を含むが、他の腫瘍は含まない。この事実は、これらの遺伝子群が独立した経路で作用することを示唆している。7つの腫瘍は2つの体細胞変異を含んでいた。表に記載された92の非同義変異に加えて、発明者らは3つの同義変異を見出した。
新生物の進行中におけるPIK3CAの変異のタイミングを決定するために、発明者らは、大きさおよび異形成の程度が多様な76の前悪性結腸直腸腫瘍の評価を行った。直径が5 cmを上回り、腺管絨毛状の極めて進行した線種で、PIK3CAの2つの変異(E542KおよびE542V)のみが見出された。この結果は、PIK3CAの異常が、新形成の比較的後期、すなわち腫瘍が浸潤および転移を開始する時期の近くで現われることを示唆している。
次に発明者らは、他の種類の腫瘍における遺伝子変化に関してPIK3CAの評価を行った(表1)。変異は、膠芽腫の15例中4例(27%)で、胃癌の12例中3例(25%)で、乳癌の13例中1例(8%)で、また肺癌の24例中1例(4%)で同定された。膵臓癌の11例と髄芽腫の12例では変異は認められなかった。合計すると89の変異が認められた。そのうち3つの変異はヘテロ接合性であった。
5種類の異なる癌について、PIK3CAにかなりの数の変異が認められたことは、これらの変異が機能的に重要なことを強く示唆する。この結論は、別の2つの独立した証拠によって支持される。第1に、非同義変異と同義変異の比率の解析は、腫瘍の進行中における選択の適切な尺度となる。というのは、サイレントな変化に増殖上の利点がある可能性は低いからである。PIK3CAにおける非同義変異:同義変異の比は89:2であり、偶然による推定値2:1の比をはるかに上回った(P<1x10-4)。第2に、PI3Kの触媒ドメインおよびアクセサリードメインに位置する非同義的変化の出現率は、1 Mbの腫瘍DNAあたり約120であり、癌細胞のゲノム上に観察された非機能的変化のバックグラウンドの変異出現率より100倍以上高い(P<1x10-4)(9)。
96の結腸直腸癌を対象としたPIK3CAの定量的PCR解析では遺伝子増幅の証拠は得られず、遺伝子のコピー数の変化が、この腫瘍における活性化の重要な機構ではないことが示唆された。使用したプライマーを以下に示す:
リアルタイムPI3K hCT1640694 20-1F(イントロン)
;および
リアルタイムPI3K hCT1640694 20-1R
配列番号:1=コード配列のみ(配列番号:2のnt 13〜3201)
配列番号:2=mRNA配列(NM_006218)
配列番号:3=タンパク質配列(NP_006209)
配列番号:4=第9エキソン
配列番号:5=第20エキソン
配列番号:6〜165=フォワードプライマー
配列番号:166〜325=リバースプライマー
配列番号:326〜485=配列決定用プライマー
配列番号:486および487=増幅用プライマー
7.PI3Kの触媒サブユニットは、Celera社の概要ヒトゲノム配列中に存在するInterPro(IPR)PI3Kドメイン(IPR000403)の解析によって同定された。この結果、15のPI3K遺伝子および関連するPI3K遺伝子が同定された。PIK3CD遺伝子のキナーゼドメインは、現時点のヒトゲノム概要配列には記載されていなかったので、本研究の対象から外した。
8.同定されたPI3Kのキナーゼドメインを含む、全ての注釈付きエキソンおよび隣接するイントロンの配列を、Celera社の概要ヒトゲノム配列(URLアドレス:wwwホストサーバ、ドメイン名celera.com)から抽出した。解析した全ての遺伝子のCelera社およびゲンバンクのアクセッション番号を表1に示す。PCRによる増幅および配列決定用のプライマーは、Primer 3プログラム(URLアドレス:httpファイル型式、www-genome.wi.mit.eduホストサーバ、cgi-binドメイン名、プライマーディレクトリ、primer3_www.cgiサブディレクトリ)を使用して設計され、MWG(High Point, NC)またはIDT(Coralville, IA)によって合成された。PCRによる増幅および配列決定は、初期の継代細胞系列、または一次腫瘍に由来する腫瘍のDNAを対象に、384キャピラリ自動配列決定装置(Spectrumedix, State College, PA)を使用して、文献(12)に記載された手順で実施された。配列の読み取り波形データを整列化して解析し、潜在的なゲノム変化を、Mutation Explorerソフトウェアパッケージ(SoftGenetics, State College, PA)を使用して同定した。抽出されたエキソンのうち96%の解析に成功した。PCRによる増幅および配列決定に使用された全てのプライマーの配列を表S1に示す。
Claims (4)
- がんが疑われるヒト又はがんを有するヒトから採取したサンプル中のPIK3CAポリヌクレオチドの変異検出結果を提供する方法であって、
前記変異が、PIK3CAポリヌクレオチドの配列をシーケンサーで解析することにより検出された変異であり、
前記変異が、C112T, G113A, G263A, C311G, G317T, G323C, del332-334, G353A, G365A, C370A, T1035A, G1048C, T1132C, T1258C, G1357C, C1616G, G1624A, A1625G, A1625T, G1633A, A1634G, G1635T, C1636A, A1637C, C1981A, A2102C, G2702T, T2725C, T3022C, A3073G, C3074A, G3129T, C3139T, A3140G, A3140T, およびG3145Aからなる群より選択される少なくとも1の変異である、前記方法。 - p110α阻害剤治療の候補患者を同定する方法であって、
がんを有するヒトから採取したサンプル中のPIK3CAポリヌクレオチドに変異がある場合は、前記治療の候補とすることを特徴とし、
前記変異が、PIK3CAポリヌクレオチドの配列をシーケンサーで解析することにより検出された変異であり、
前記変異が、C112T, G113A, G263A, C311G, G317T, G323C, del332-334, G353A, G365A, C370A, T1035A, G1048C, T1132C, T1258C, G1357C, C1616G, G1624A, A1625G, A1625T, G1633A, A1634G, G1635T, C1636A, A1637C, C1981A, A2102C, G2702T, T2725C, T3022C, A3073G, C3074A, G3129T, C3139T, A3140G, A3140T, およびG3145Aからなる群より選択される少なくとも1の変異である、前記方法。 - 前記変異が、がん患者から取得されたサンプル中に見られる、請求項1または2記載の方法。
- 前記変異が、前記サンプル中のPIK3CAポリヌクレオチドを増幅し、増幅されたPIK3CAポリヌクレオチドの配列をシーケンサーで解析し、解析によって得られた配列と野生型PIK3CA遺伝子配列と比較することにより検出された変異である、請求項1〜3のいずれかに記載の方法。
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