JP6506174B2 - 重水素置換されたフマル酸誘導体 - Google Patents
重水素置換されたフマル酸誘導体 Download PDFInfo
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- JP6506174B2 JP6506174B2 JP2015549826A JP2015549826A JP6506174B2 JP 6506174 B2 JP6506174 B2 JP 6506174B2 JP 2015549826 A JP2015549826 A JP 2015549826A JP 2015549826 A JP2015549826 A JP 2015549826A JP 6506174 B2 JP6506174 B2 JP 6506174B2
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Description
TECFIDERA(商標)は、再発型の多発性硬化症の患者の治療のために、米国食品医薬品局によって最近認可された。TECFIDERA(商標)は、以下の構造を有するフマル酸ジメチル(DMF)を含有している。
化学式(I)の化合物:
上記化学式(I)中、R1およびR2のそれぞれは、独立して、水素;重水素;重水素化メチル基;重水素化エチル基;C1-6脂肪族;フェニル基;飽和もしくは部分的に不飽和の3〜7員の単環式炭素環;窒素、酸素および硫黄から独立して選択される1〜3個のヘテロ原子を有している、飽和もしくは部分的に不飽和の3〜7員の単環式複素環;または、窒素、酸素および硫黄から独立して選択される1〜3個のヘテロ原子を有している、5〜6員のヘテロアリール環であり、且つ
上記化学式(I)の化合物が少なくとも1つの重水素原子を含有しており且つR1およびR2が同時に水素ではないという条件で、R3およびR4のそれぞれは、独立して、水素または重水素である。
図1(a)〜(c)は、DMF並びに実施例1および2の化合物の薬力学的な(PD)反応を表している。
(定義)
特定の用語は、この項において定義付けされる;追加の定義は、本明細書全体にわたって提供される。
化学式(I)の化合物
上記化学式(I)中、R1およびR2のそれぞれは、独立して、水素;重水素;重水素化メチル基;重水素化エチル基;C1-6脂肪族;フェニル基;飽和もしくは部分的に不飽和の3〜7員の単環式炭素環;窒素、酸素および硫黄から独立して選択される1〜3個のヘテロ原子を有している、飽和もしくは部分的に不飽和の3〜7員の単環式複素環;または、窒素、酸素および硫黄から独立して選択される1〜3個のヘテロ原子を有している、5〜6員のヘテロアリール環であり、且つ
上記化学式(I)の化合物が少なくとも1つの重水素原子を含有しており且つR1およびR2が同時に水素ではないという条件で、R3およびR4のそれぞれは、独立して、水素または重水素である。
上記化学式(I)中、R1およびR2のそれぞれは、独立して、水素、重水素、重水素化メチル基、重水素化エチル基、またはC1-6脂肪族であり、且つ
上記化学式(I)の化合物が少なくとも1つの重水素原子を含有しており且つR1およびR2が同時に水素ではないという条件で、R3およびR4のそれぞれは、独立して、水素または重水素である。
化学式(I)の化合物は、例えば、以下のスキームを用いて合成され得る。
本発明は、化学式(I)の化合物または薬学的に許容される賦形剤(例えば、担体)との組合せにおける化学式(I)の化合物を含有している薬学的組成物を提供する。
Nrf2(核因子−エリスロイド2−関連因子2;当該Nrf2の配列については、アクセションNo.AAB32188を参照のこと)は、転写因子であり、酸化的ストレスによる活性化において、低分子タンパク質Mafとヘテロダイマーを形成し、抗酸化物質応答エレメント(ARE)に結合し、そして、Nrf2によって制御される遺伝子の転写を活性化する。Nrf2/ARE経路は、第II相遺伝子誘導の主たる決定因子であり、肝臓の解毒作用および第II相遺伝子発現の活性化を介した化学的予防におけるNrf2/ARE経路の役割が十分に明らかにされている。AREによって制御される遺伝子はまた、内因性の抗酸化システムとしての機能を果たすことによって、酸化還元ホメオスタシスの維持に寄与し得る。現在、Nrf2によって制御される遺伝子の一覧は、解毒作用および抗酸化反応(Kwak et al., J. Biol. Chem., 2003, 278:8135)に関与しているタンパク質および酵素をコードしている、200を超える遺伝子を包含しており、このようなタンパク質および酵素は、例えば、グルタチオンペルオキシダーゼ、グルタチオン−S−トランスフェラーゼ(GST)、ニコチンアミドキノンオキシドレダクターゼ1(NQO1;EC1.6.99.2;DTジアフォラーゼおよびメナジオンレダクターゼとしても知られている)として現在周知のNAD(P)H:キノンオキシドレダクターゼ、NQO2、g−グルタミルシステインシンターゼ(g−GCS)、グルクロノシルトランスフェラーゼ、フェリチン、およびヘムオキシゲナーゼ−1(HO−1)等であり、さらに、Chen & Kunsch, Curr. Pharm. Designs, 2004, 10:879-891における表1;Lee et al., J. Biol. Chem., 2003, 278(14):12029-38、およびKwak(上記参照)に挙げられた酵素タンパク質の内のいずれか1つである。
ROS/RNSは、脳および神経組織において最も損害を与える。ROS/RNSは、フリーラジカルに対して特に感受性が高い、例えばグリア細胞およびニューロン等の有糸分裂後の(すなわち、分裂していない)細胞を攻撃して、神経損傷を引き起こす。酸化的ストレスは、MS、ALS、アルツハイマー病、ハンチントン病、およびパーキンソン病を含む種々の神経変性疾患の発症機序に関与している。概説のために、例えば、van Muiswinkel et al., Curr. Drug Targets CNS Neurol. Disord., 2005, 4:267 281を参照のこと。Nrf2、NQO1(NAD(P)Hデヒドロゲナーゼ、キノン1)の制御下における抗酸化酵素は、アルツハイマー病およびパーキンソン病の患者の脳組織において、実質的に上方調節されることが報告された(Muiswinkel et al., Neurobiol. Aging, 2004, 25:1253)。同様に、ALSの患者の脊髄において(Muiswinkel et al., Curr. Drug Targets CNS. Neurol. Disord., 2005, 4:267 281)、およびMSに罹患している患者の脳における活発且つ慢性的な病変において(van Horssen et al., Free Radical Biol. & Med., 2006, 41:311-311)、NQO1の増加した発現が報告された。これらの観察は、Nrf2経路が、内因性の保護メカニズムとして、神経変性疾患および神経炎症性疾患において活性化されるかもしれないことを示唆している。
本発明は、併用療法による、神経変性疾患を有している対象の治療、予防、または改善をさらに含んでいる。例えば、当該方法は、神経変性疾患を有している対象または神経変性疾患を発現するリスクがある対象に対して、化学式(I)の化合物および1種以上の化学式(I)の他の化合物または1種以上の他の治療剤を、(例えば、経口で)投与する工程を包含している。
本発明によって提供される薬学的組成物は、限定されないが、上記活性成分が治療学的に有効な量で含有されている、すなわち、その意図された目的(神経変性または神経の炎症を軽減することまたは防ぐこと)を達成するために有効な量で含有されている組成物を包含している。特定の用途のために有効な実際の量は、とりわけ、治療される状態によるであろう。
以下の実施例に示したように、特定の例となる実施形態において、化合物は以下の一般的な手順に従って調製される。この一般的な方法は、化学式(I)の特定の化合物の合成を示しているが、以下の一般的な方法および当業者に知られている他の方法は、本明細書に記載したような、すべての化合物、並びにこれらの化合物それぞれのサブクラスおよび種に適用可能であることが理解されるであろう。
一般的な手順:経口の胃管栄養を介して、雄のSDラットに、100mg/Kgまたは特定の相当する用量で、0.5%HPMC懸濁液において化合物を投与した。血漿試料を5分、15分、30分、1時間、2時間、4時間、6時間および12時間の8つの時点で回収した。脳およびCSFの試料を30分、2時間、4時間および6時間の時点で回収した。血液およびCSFの試料回収および脳組織の破砕の間に、2mM PMSFおよび1%酢酸(最終濃度)を添加することによって試料を保存した。化合物の濃度をLC/MS/MSによって決定した。
DMF(50mg/Kg)および実施例1(52.2mg/Kg、DMFの用量の当量)をコーンオイルに懸濁させ、よく攪拌し、経口の胃管栄養を介して3個体の雄のSDラットにカセットの形式において投与した。血漿試料を0.08時間、0.25時間、0.5時間、0.75時間、1時間、2時間、4時間および7時間の時点で回収した。血液試料を2mM PMSFおよび1%酢酸(最終濃度)を含んでいるあらかじめ冷却したバイアル中に回収した。DMFに対する分析物である、MMF(モノエチルフマル酸エステル)および実施例1に対する分析物である、(2H3)メチルフマル酸エステル(実施例2)の濃度を、LC/MS/MSによって決定した。PKパラメータを以下の表にまとめた:
DMF(50mg/Kg)および実施例4(50.7mg/Kg、DMFの用量の当量)をコーンオイルに懸濁させ、よく攪拌し、経口の胃管栄養を介して3個体の雄のSDラットにカセットの形式において投与した。血漿試料を0.08時間、0.25時間、0.5時間、0.75時間、1時間、2時間、4時間および7時間の時点で回収した。血液試料を2mM PMSFおよび1%酢酸(最終濃度)を含んでいるあらかじめ冷却したバイアル中に回収した。DMFに対する分析物である、MMF(モノエチルフマル酸エステル)および実施例4に対する分析物である、メチルフマル(2,3−2H2)酸エステル(実施例5)の濃度を、LC/MS/MSによって決定した。パラメータを以下の表にまとめた:
DMF(50mg/Kg)および実施例8(53mg/Kg、DMFの用量の当量)をコーンオイルに懸濁させ、よく攪拌し、経口の胃管栄養を介して3個体の雄のSDラットにカセットの形式において投与した。血漿試料を0.08時間、0.25時間、0.5時間、0.75時間、1時間、2時間、4時間および7時間の時点で回収した。血液試料を2mM PMSFおよび1%酢酸(最終濃度)を含んでいるあらかじめ冷却したバイアル中に回収した。DMFに対する分析物である、MMF(モノエチルフマル酸エステル)および実施例8に対する分析物である、(2H3)メチルフマル(2,3−2H2)酸エステル(実施例7)の濃度を、LC/MS/MSによって決定した。PKパラメータを以下の表にまとめた:
ヒト癌細胞株DLD−1および乳癌細胞株MCF7の、レポーター安定性細胞株を、抗酸化物質応答エレメント(ARE)(GACAAAGCACCCGT;配列番号1)の8個の連結したコピーの下流にクローニングしたルシフェラーゼcDNAを有しているホタルルシフェラーゼのレポーター構築物を用いてトランスフェクションすることによって生成した。Wang et al. Cancer Res. 2006; 66:10983-94を参照のこと。
DiscoverRx Nrf2-Keap1経路バイオセンサーアッセイを用いて、DMF、実施例1、実施例4および実施例8をプロファイリングした。
PathHunter Pathway細胞株を標準的な手順に従って冷凍ストックから増殖させた。5000個の細胞を、白色の仕切り板の384穴マイクロプレートに、総容量20μLとしてCell Plating Reagent 0(1%FBSを含有する)中に播種し、試験前に一晩インキュベーションした。
アッセイの結果:
試験化合物を、DMFの用量に相当する100mg/kgの用量(投与容量:5ml/kg)で、雄のSDラット(250mgの平均体重、1群あたり6個体の動物、2群)へ、経口の胃管栄養を介して、0.8%HPMCまたはコーンオイルの懸濁液の何れかにおいて投与した。30分後、第1群の動物をCO2による窒息を介して殺処分した。1.0mLの心臓の出血による血液試料を10mgのフッ化ナトリウムを含む冷却したリチウムヘパリンチューブにピペットで入れた。試料を1500Gで15分間、4℃で、30分間以内に遠心分離し、血漿を冷却したチューブに移し、ドライアイス上で直ちに凍結し、分析のための発送まで−70℃でさらに保存した。脳を取り出し;断片の重さを計り、分析まで凍結した。脳および血漿試料を(2H3)メチルフマル酸エステル(MMF)の曝露について分析した。6時間後、第2群の動物をCO2による窒息を介して殺処分した。脳、脾臓、肝臓および空腸を取り出し、急速冷凍し、ドライアイス上に置き、分析まで凍結を維持した。脳、脾臓、肝臓および空腸の断片をNrf2応答性の酵素(NQO−1、Akr1b8およびスルフィレドキシン−1等)の相対的な発現上昇のqPCR解析に供した。図1(a)〜(c)における結果を参照のこと。
Claims (43)
- 化学式(I)の化合物または当該化合物の薬学的に許容される塩:
(a)R1は、独立して、水素;重水素;重水素化メチル基;重水素化エチル基;C1-6脂肪族;フェニル基;飽和もしくは部分的に不飽和の3〜7員の単環式炭素環;窒素、酸素および硫黄からなる群より独立して選択される1〜3個のヘテロ原子を有している、飽和もしくは部分的に不飽和の3〜7員の単環式複素環;または、窒素、酸素および硫黄からなる群より独立して選択される1〜3個のヘテロ原子を有している、5〜6員のヘテロアリール環であり、
(b)R2は、‐CH2D、‐CHD2、または‐CD3であり、
且つ
(c)R3およびR4のそれぞれは、独立して、水素または重水素であり、R3およびR4の少なくとも1つは重水素である。 - R1は、水素または‐CH3であることを特徴とする、請求項1に記載の化合物または当該化合物の薬学的に許容される塩。
- R1は、‐CD3であることを特徴とする、請求項1に記載の化合物または当該化合物の薬学的に許容される塩。
- R3およびR4の両方は、重水素であることを特徴とする、請求項1から3のいずれか1項に記載の化合物または当該化合物の薬学的に許容される塩。
- R1およびR2の両方は、‐CD3であり、且つR3およびR4の両方は、重水素であることを特徴とする、請求項1に記載の化合物または当該化合物の薬学的に許容される塩。
- (2H6)ジメチルフマル(2,3−2H2)酸エステル、メチル(2−モルホリノ−2−オキソエチル)フマル(2,3−2H2)酸エステル、メチル(4−モルホリノ−1−ブチル)フマル(2,3−2H2)酸エステル、2−(ベンゾイルオキシ)エチルメチルフマル(2,3−2H2)酸エステル、2−(ベンゾイルオキシ)エチル(2H3)メチルフマル酸エステル、または(S)−2−((2−アミノ−3−フェニルプロパノイル)オキシ)エチルメチルフマル(2,3−2H2)酸エステルであることを特徴とする、化合物または当該化合物の薬学的に許容される塩。
- 各指定された重水素原子において少なくとも52.5%の重水素取込みを有することを特徴とする、請求項1から6のいずれか1項に記載の化合物または当該化合物の薬学的に許容される塩。
- 以下の(a)および(b)を含有していることを特徴とする薬学的組成物:
(a)化学式(I)の化合物、または当該化合物の薬学的に許容される塩;
R3およびR4のそれぞれは重水素である)、
(b)薬学的に許容される担体または薬学的に許容される賦形剤。 - R2は、‐CH2D、‐CHD2、または‐CD3であることを特徴とする、請求項8に記載の薬学的組成物。
- R1は、水素または‐CH3であることを特徴とする、請求項9に記載の薬学的組成物。
- R1は、‐CD3であることを特徴とする、請求項9に記載の薬学的組成物。
- R1およびR2の両方は、‐CD3であることを特徴とする、請求項8に記載の薬学的組成物。
- R1およびR2の両方は、‐CH3であることを特徴とする、請求項8に記載の薬学的組成物。
- 神経変性疾患を治療、予防または改善する方法に使用するための、化学式(I)の化合物またはその薬学的に許容される塩:
上記化学式(I)中、
(a)R 1 は、水素;重水素;重水素化メチル基;重水素化エチル基;C1-6脂肪族;フェニル基;飽和もしくは部分的に不飽和の3〜7員の単環式炭素環;窒素、酸素および硫黄からなる群より独立して選択される1〜3個のヘテロ原子を有している、飽和もしくは部分的に不飽和の3〜7員の単環式複素環;または、窒素、酸素および硫黄からなる群より独立して選択される1〜3個のヘテロ原子を有している、5〜6員のヘテロアリール環であり、且つ
(b)R 2 は、‐CH 2 D、‐CHD 2 、または‐CD 3 であり、
(c)R3およびR4のそれぞれは、独立して、水素または重水素であり、R3およびR4の少なくとも1つは重水素である。 - 上記神経変性疾患は、多発性硬化症、筋萎縮性側索硬化症、パーキンソン病、ハンチントン病、アルツハイマー病、急性出血性白質脳脊髄炎、ハースト病、急性散在性脳脊髄炎、視神経炎、脊髄病変、急性壊死性脊髄炎、横断性脊髄炎、慢性進行性ミエロパシー、進行性多巣性白質脳症(PML)、放射線ミエロパシー、HTLV−1関連ミエロパシー、単層性独立性脱髄、橋中心髄鞘崩壊症、および白質ジストロフィー、慢性炎症性脱髄性多発性ニューロパシー(CIDP)、並びに急性炎症性脱髄性多発性ニューロパシー(AIDP)からなる群より選択されることを特徴とする、請求項14に記載の神経変性疾患を治療、予防または改善する方法に使用するための、化学式(I)の化合物またはその薬学的に許容される塩。
- 上記神経変性疾患は、多発性硬化症、筋萎縮性側索硬化症、パーキンソン病、ハンチントン病、およびアルツハイマー病からなる群より選択されることを特徴とする、請求項15に記載の神経変性疾患を治療、予防または改善する方法に使用するための、化学式(I)の化合物またはその薬学的に許容される塩。
- 上記神経変性疾患は、多発性硬化症であることを特徴とする、請求項16に記載の神経変性疾患を治療、予防または改善する方法に使用するための、化学式(I)の化合物またはその薬学的に許容される塩。
- 投与が経口であることを特徴とする、請求項14から17のいずれかに記載の神経変性疾患を治療、予防または改善する方法に使用するための、化学式(I)の化合物またはその薬学的に許容される塩。
- 上記有効な量は、単回投与において投与されることを特徴とする、請求項18に記載の神経変性疾患を治療、予防または改善する方法に使用するための、化学式(I)の化合物またはその薬学的に許容される塩。
- 上記有効な量は、2等分の用量、3等分の用量、4等分の用量、または6等分の用量に分けて投与されることを特徴とする、請求項18に記載の神経変性疾患を治療、予防または改善する方法に使用するための、化学式(I)の化合物またはその薬学的に許容される塩。
- 上記方法は、対象に、第1の投与期間にわたって第1の用量を投与し、且つ第2の投与期間にわたって第2の用量を投与することを含むことを特徴とする、請求項14から18のいずれかに記載の神経変性疾患を治療、予防または改善する方法に使用するための、化学式(I)の化合物またはその薬学的に許容される塩。
- 上記第1の投与期間は、少なくとも1週間であることを特徴とする、請求項21に記載の神経変性疾患を治療、予防または改善する方法に使用するための、化学式(I)の化合物またはその薬学的に許容される塩。
- 上記有効な量は、1種以上の非ステロイド性の抗炎症薬との組合せにおいて投与することを特徴とする、請求項14から22のいずれかに記載の神経変性疾患を治療、予防または改善する方法に使用するための、化学式(I)の化合物またはその薬学的に許容される塩。
- R1は、水素または‐CH3であることを特徴とする、請求項14に記載の神経変性疾患を治療、予防または改善する方法に使用するための、化学式(I)の化合物またはその薬学的に許容される塩。
- R1は、‐CD3であることを特徴とする、請求項14に記載の神経変性疾患を治療、予防または改善する方法に使用するための、化学式(I)の化合物またはその薬学的に許容される塩。
- R3およびR4の両方は、重水素であることを特徴とする、請求項14,24または25のいずれかに記載の神経変性疾患を治療、予防または改善する方法に使用するための、化学式(I)の化合物またはその薬学的に許容される塩。
- R1およびR2の両方は、‐CD3であり、且つR3およびR4の両方は、重水素であることを特徴とする、請求項14から23のいずれかに記載の神経変性疾患を治療、予防または改善する方法に使用するための、化学式(I)の化合物またはその薬学的に許容される塩。
- 神経変性疾患を治療、予防または改善する方法に使用するための薬学的組成物:
上記方法は、上記神経変性疾患のための治療を必要とするヒト対象に対して、化合物またはその薬学的に許容される塩の有効な量を投与する工程を包含し、
上記薬学的組成物は、以下の(a)および(b)を含有している:
(a)化学式(I)の化合物またはその薬学的に許容される塩;
R3およびR4のそれぞれは、独立して、水素または重水素であり、R3およびR4の少なくとも1つは重水素である)、
(b)薬学的に許容される担体または薬学的に許容される賦形剤。 - 上記神経変性疾患は、多発性硬化症、筋萎縮性側索硬化症、パーキンソン病、ハンチントン病、アルツハイマー病、急性出血性白質脳脊髄炎、ハースト病、急性散在性脳脊髄炎、視神経炎、脊髄病変、急性壊死性脊髄炎、横断性脊髄炎、慢性進行性ミエロパシー、進行性多巣性白質脳症(PML)、放射線ミエロパシー、HTLV−1関連ミエロパシー、単層性独立性脱髄、橋中心髄鞘崩壊症、および白質ジストロフィー、慢性炎症性脱髄性多発性ニューロパシー(CIDP)、並びに急性炎症性脱髄性多発性ニューロパシー(AIDP)からなる群より選択されることを特徴とする、請求項28に記載の神経変性疾患を治療、予防または改善する方法に使用するための、薬学的組成物。
- 上記神経変性疾患は、多発性硬化症、筋萎縮性側索硬化症、パーキンソン病、ハンチントン病、およびアルツハイマー病からなる群より選択されることを特徴とする、請求項29に記載の神経変性疾患を治療、予防または改善する方法に使用するための、薬学的組成物。
- 上記神経変性疾患は、多発性硬化症であることを特徴とする、請求項30に記載の神経変性疾患を治療、予防または改善する方法に使用するための、薬学的組成物。
- 投与が経口であることを特徴とする、請求項28から31のいずれかに記載の神経変性疾患を治療、予防または改善する方法に使用するための、薬学的組成物。
- 上記有効な量は、単回投与において投与されることを特徴とする、請求項32に記載の神経変性疾患を治療、予防または改善する方法に使用するための、薬学的組成物。
- 上記有効な量は、2等分の用量、3等分の用量、4等分の用量、または6等分の用量に分けて投与されることを特徴とする、請求項32に記載の神経変性疾患を治療、予防または改善する方法に使用するための、薬学的組成物。
- 上記方法は、対象に、第1の投与期間にわたって第1の用量を投与し、且つ第2の投与期間にわたって第2の用量を投与することを含むことを特徴とする、請求項28から32のいずれかに記載の神経変性疾患を治療、予防または改善する方法に使用するための、薬学的組成物。
- 上記第1の投与期間は、少なくとも1週間であることを特徴とする、請求項35に記載の神経変性疾患を治療、予防または改善する方法に使用するための、薬学的組成物。
- 上記有効な量は、1種以上の非ステロイド性の抗炎症薬との組合せにおいて投与することを特徴とする、請求項28から36のいずれかに記載の神経変性疾患を治療、予防または改善する方法に使用するための、薬学的組成物。
- R2は、‐CH2D、‐CHD2、または‐CD3であることを特徴とする、請求項28から37のいずれかに記載の神経変性疾患を治療、予防または改善する方法に使用するための、薬学的組成物。
- R1は、水素または‐CH3であることを特徴とする、請求項38に記載の神経変性疾患を治療、予防または改善する方法に使用するための、薬学的組成物。
- R1は、‐CD3であることを特徴とする、請求項38に記載の神経変性疾患を治療、予防または改善する方法に使用するための、薬学的組成物。
- R3およびR4の両方は、重水素であることを特徴とする、請求項38から40のいずれかに記載の神経変性疾患を治療、予防または改善する方法に使用するための、薬学的組成物。
- R1およびR2の両方は、‐CD3であり、且つR3およびR4の両方は、重水素であることを特徴とする、請求項28から37のいずれかに記載の神経変性疾患を治療、予防または改善する方法に使用するための、薬学的組成物。
- R1およびR2の両方は、‐CH3であり、且つR3およびR4の両方は、重水素であることを特徴とする、請求項28から37のいずれかに記載の神経変性疾患を治療、予防または改善する方法に使用するための、薬学的組成物。
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JP2019077711A (ja) | 2019-05-23 |
CN105142628A (zh) | 2015-12-09 |
US20140194427A1 (en) | 2014-07-10 |
AR094277A1 (es) | 2015-07-22 |
JP2016510317A (ja) | 2016-04-07 |
US20140179779A1 (en) | 2014-06-26 |
ES2733961T3 (es) | 2019-12-03 |
EP2934503A1 (en) | 2015-10-28 |
EP3566701A1 (en) | 2019-11-13 |
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