JP6471181B2 - 水質浄化用の大規模光キャプチャバイオリアクター及び運行方法 - Google Patents
水質浄化用の大規模光キャプチャバイオリアクター及び運行方法 Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- JP6471181B2 JP6471181B2 JP2016571457A JP2016571457A JP6471181B2 JP 6471181 B2 JP6471181 B2 JP 6471181B2 JP 2016571457 A JP2016571457 A JP 2016571457A JP 2016571457 A JP2016571457 A JP 2016571457A JP 6471181 B2 JP6471181 B2 JP 6471181B2
- Authority
- JP
- Japan
- Prior art keywords
- water
- bioreactor
- layer
- scale optical
- optical capture
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Expired - Fee Related
Links
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 title claims description 173
- 238000000746 purification Methods 0.000 title claims description 44
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 title claims description 36
- 230000003287 optical effect Effects 0.000 title claims description 23
- 238000001914 filtration Methods 0.000 claims description 69
- 238000006243 chemical reaction Methods 0.000 claims description 46
- 239000012528 membrane Substances 0.000 claims description 41
- 239000010865 sewage Substances 0.000 claims description 41
- CURLTUGMZLYLDI-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon dioxide Chemical compound O=C=O CURLTUGMZLYLDI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 40
- 241001465754 Metazoa Species 0.000 claims description 28
- VNWKTOKETHGBQD-UHFFFAOYSA-N methane Chemical compound C VNWKTOKETHGBQD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 28
- 238000003973 irrigation Methods 0.000 claims description 22
- 230000002262 irrigation Effects 0.000 claims description 22
- 239000001569 carbon dioxide Substances 0.000 claims description 20
- 229910002092 carbon dioxide Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 20
- 239000007789 gas Substances 0.000 claims description 15
- QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N atomic oxygen Chemical compound [O] QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 14
- 244000005700 microbiome Species 0.000 claims description 14
- 239000001301 oxygen Substances 0.000 claims description 14
- 229910052760 oxygen Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 14
- 230000000813 microbial effect Effects 0.000 claims description 13
- 239000000126 substance Substances 0.000 claims description 11
- 230000029553 photosynthesis Effects 0.000 claims description 9
- 238000010672 photosynthesis Methods 0.000 claims description 9
- 238000011109 contamination Methods 0.000 claims description 8
- 230000008635 plant growth Effects 0.000 claims description 7
- 239000008213 purified water Substances 0.000 claims description 5
- 230000005611 electricity Effects 0.000 claims description 4
- 238000012851 eutrophication Methods 0.000 claims description 4
- 230000002265 prevention Effects 0.000 claims description 4
- 241000196324 Embryophyta Species 0.000 description 62
- 230000008569 process Effects 0.000 description 23
- 238000010248 power generation Methods 0.000 description 12
- 238000005516 engineering process Methods 0.000 description 10
- 238000005265 energy consumption Methods 0.000 description 8
- 239000003651 drinking water Substances 0.000 description 7
- 235000020188 drinking water Nutrition 0.000 description 7
- 230000006870 function Effects 0.000 description 7
- 238000012423 maintenance Methods 0.000 description 7
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 description 7
- 239000000047 product Substances 0.000 description 7
- 239000005416 organic matter Substances 0.000 description 6
- 230000009261 transgenic effect Effects 0.000 description 6
- 238000009360 aquaculture Methods 0.000 description 5
- 244000144974 aquaculture Species 0.000 description 5
- 239000006227 byproduct Substances 0.000 description 5
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 description 5
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 description 5
- 238000000926 separation method Methods 0.000 description 5
- 230000012010 growth Effects 0.000 description 4
- 235000015097 nutrients Nutrition 0.000 description 4
- 239000002028 Biomass Substances 0.000 description 3
- 239000000919 ceramic Substances 0.000 description 3
- 230000008859 change Effects 0.000 description 3
- 239000008187 granular material Substances 0.000 description 3
- 239000007788 liquid Substances 0.000 description 3
- 238000005381 potential energy Methods 0.000 description 3
- 238000004062 sedimentation Methods 0.000 description 3
- 239000010802 sludge Substances 0.000 description 3
- 238000005273 aeration Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000005842 biochemical reaction Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000003054 catalyst Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000010276 construction Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000007423 decrease Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000010586 diagram Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000010840 domestic wastewater Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000003344 environmental pollutant Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000000855 fermentation Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000004151 fermentation Effects 0.000 description 2
- 230000036541 health Effects 0.000 description 2
- 230000004060 metabolic process Effects 0.000 description 2
- 239000000178 monomer Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000002245 particle Substances 0.000 description 2
- 230000000243 photosynthetic effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 231100000719 pollutant Toxicity 0.000 description 2
- -1 polyethylene Polymers 0.000 description 2
- 230000000750 progressive effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 102000004169 proteins and genes Human genes 0.000 description 2
- 108090000623 proteins and genes Proteins 0.000 description 2
- 239000010801 sewage sludge Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000007787 solid Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000000243 solution Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000002351 wastewater Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000004065 wastewater treatment Methods 0.000 description 2
- 241000251468 Actinopterygii Species 0.000 description 1
- 241000252073 Anguilliformes Species 0.000 description 1
- 241000252185 Cobitidae Species 0.000 description 1
- 239000004698 Polyethylene Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000004743 Polypropylene Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000003915 air pollution Methods 0.000 description 1
- XKMRRTOUMJRJIA-UHFFFAOYSA-N ammonia nh3 Chemical compound N.N XKMRRTOUMJRJIA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 230000001580 bacterial effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 235000013405 beer Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 230000000975 bioactive effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000006065 biodegradation reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000008827 biological function Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000010170 biological method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000031018 biological processes and functions Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000003197 catalytic effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000004113 cell culture Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000005660 chlorination reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000004140 cleaning Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000003749 cleanliness Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000007596 consolidation process Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000000356 contaminant Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000007796 conventional method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000002354 daily effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000000354 decomposition reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000000593 degrading effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000011161 development Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000007865 diluting Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000010790 dilution Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000012895 dilution Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000003113 dilution method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 201000010099 disease Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 208000037265 diseases, disorders, signs and symptoms Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 239000003814 drug Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000003203 everyday effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000000605 extraction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000005189 flocculation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000016615 flocculation Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000003306 harvesting Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000012510 hollow fiber Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000003501 hydroponics Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000005286 illumination Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000009776 industrial production Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000011031 large-scale manufacturing process Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000010985 leather Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000007774 longterm Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000009285 membrane fouling Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000001471 micro-filtration Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000002156 mixing Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000012986 modification Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000004048 modification Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000012544 monitoring process Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000007886 mutagenicity Effects 0.000 description 1
- 231100000299 mutagenicity Toxicity 0.000 description 1
- 210000000056 organ Anatomy 0.000 description 1
- 239000003895 organic fertilizer Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000036284 oxygen consumption Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000006213 oxygenation reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000000053 physical method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229920000573 polyethylene Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920000642 polymer Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920001155 polypropylene Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000011148 porous material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000001556 precipitation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000001737 promoting effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000035484 reaction time Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000004064 recycling Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000001223 reverse osmosis Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000009331 sowing Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910001220 stainless steel Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000010935 stainless steel Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000004659 sterilization and disinfection Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000005728 strengthening Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000013589 supplement Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000000108 ultra-filtration Methods 0.000 description 1
Classifications
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01D—SEPARATION
- B01D24/00—Filters comprising loose filtering material, i.e. filtering material without any binder between the individual particles or fibres thereof
- B01D24/34—Filters comprising loose filtering material, i.e. filtering material without any binder between the individual particles or fibres thereof with the filtering material and its pervious support moving
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C02—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
- C02F—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
- C02F3/00—Biological treatment of water, waste water, or sewage
- C02F3/32—Biological treatment of water, waste water, or sewage characterised by the animals or plants used, e.g. algae
- C02F3/327—Biological treatment of water, waste water, or sewage characterised by the animals or plants used, e.g. algae characterised by animals and plants
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01G—HORTICULTURE; CULTIVATION OF VEGETABLES, FLOWERS, RICE, FRUIT, VINES, HOPS OR SEAWEED; FORESTRY; WATERING
- A01G31/00—Soilless cultivation, e.g. hydroponics
- A01G31/02—Special apparatus therefor
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01G—HORTICULTURE; CULTIVATION OF VEGETABLES, FLOWERS, RICE, FRUIT, VINES, HOPS OR SEAWEED; FORESTRY; WATERING
- A01G7/00—Botany in general
- A01G7/02—Treatment of plants with carbon dioxide
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01G—HORTICULTURE; CULTIVATION OF VEGETABLES, FLOWERS, RICE, FRUIT, VINES, HOPS OR SEAWEED; FORESTRY; WATERING
- A01G7/00—Botany in general
- A01G7/04—Electric or magnetic or acoustic treatment of plants for promoting growth
- A01G7/045—Electric or magnetic or acoustic treatment of plants for promoting growth with electric lighting
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01K—ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; AVICULTURE; APICULTURE; PISCICULTURE; FISHING; REARING OR BREEDING ANIMALS, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NEW BREEDS OF ANIMALS
- A01K63/00—Receptacles for live fish, e.g. aquaria; Terraria
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01K—ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; AVICULTURE; APICULTURE; PISCICULTURE; FISHING; REARING OR BREEDING ANIMALS, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NEW BREEDS OF ANIMALS
- A01K63/00—Receptacles for live fish, e.g. aquaria; Terraria
- A01K63/04—Arrangements for treating water specially adapted to receptacles for live fish
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01K—ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; AVICULTURE; APICULTURE; PISCICULTURE; FISHING; REARING OR BREEDING ANIMALS, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NEW BREEDS OF ANIMALS
- A01K63/00—Receptacles for live fish, e.g. aquaria; Terraria
- A01K63/04—Arrangements for treating water specially adapted to receptacles for live fish
- A01K63/045—Filters for aquaria
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C02—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
- C02F—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
- C02F1/00—Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage
- C02F1/30—Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage by irradiation
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C02—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
- C02F—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
- C02F3/00—Biological treatment of water, waste water, or sewage
- C02F3/02—Aerobic processes
- C02F3/06—Aerobic processes using submerged filters
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C02—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
- C02F—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
- C02F3/00—Biological treatment of water, waste water, or sewage
- C02F3/02—Aerobic processes
- C02F3/10—Packings; Fillings; Grids
- C02F3/102—Permeable membranes
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C02—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
- C02F—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
- C02F3/00—Biological treatment of water, waste water, or sewage
- C02F3/32—Biological treatment of water, waste water, or sewage characterised by the animals or plants used, e.g. algae
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C02—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
- C02F—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
- C02F9/00—Multistage treatment of water, waste water or sewage
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01G—HORTICULTURE; CULTIVATION OF VEGETABLES, FLOWERS, RICE, FRUIT, VINES, HOPS OR SEAWEED; FORESTRY; WATERING
- A01G31/00—Soilless cultivation, e.g. hydroponics
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01K—ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; AVICULTURE; APICULTURE; PISCICULTURE; FISHING; REARING OR BREEDING ANIMALS, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NEW BREEDS OF ANIMALS
- A01K61/00—Culture of aquatic animals
- A01K61/10—Culture of aquatic animals of fish
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C02—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
- C02F—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
- C02F1/00—Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage
- C02F1/001—Processes for the treatment of water whereby the filtration technique is of importance
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C02—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
- C02F—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
- C02F2209/00—Controlling or monitoring parameters in water treatment
- C02F2209/001—Upstream control, i.e. monitoring for predictive control
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C02—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
- C02F—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
- C02F2209/00—Controlling or monitoring parameters in water treatment
- C02F2209/40—Liquid flow rate
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C02—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
- C02F—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
- C02F2303/00—Specific treatment goals
- C02F2303/10—Energy recovery
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02P—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES IN THE PRODUCTION OR PROCESSING OF GOODS
- Y02P60/00—Technologies relating to agriculture, livestock or agroalimentary industries
- Y02P60/60—Fishing; Aquaculture; Aquafarming
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02W—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES RELATED TO WASTEWATER TREATMENT OR WASTE MANAGEMENT
- Y02W10/00—Technologies for wastewater treatment
- Y02W10/10—Biological treatment of water, waste water, or sewage
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02W—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES RELATED TO WASTEWATER TREATMENT OR WASTE MANAGEMENT
- Y02W10/00—Technologies for wastewater treatment
- Y02W10/30—Wastewater or sewage treatment systems using renewable energies
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02W—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES RELATED TO WASTEWATER TREATMENT OR WASTE MANAGEMENT
- Y02W10/00—Technologies for wastewater treatment
- Y02W10/30—Wastewater or sewage treatment systems using renewable energies
- Y02W10/37—Wastewater or sewage treatment systems using renewable energies using solar energy
Landscapes
- Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
- Environmental Sciences (AREA)
- Biodiversity & Conservation Biology (AREA)
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Environmental & Geological Engineering (AREA)
- Organic Chemistry (AREA)
- Water Supply & Treatment (AREA)
- Hydrology & Water Resources (AREA)
- Botany (AREA)
- Animal Husbandry (AREA)
- Marine Sciences & Fisheries (AREA)
- Microbiology (AREA)
- Ecology (AREA)
- Forests & Forestry (AREA)
- Biotechnology (AREA)
- Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
- Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
- Toxicology (AREA)
- Zoology (AREA)
- Purification Treatments By Anaerobic Or Anaerobic And Aerobic Bacteria Or Animals (AREA)
- Biological Treatment Of Waste Water (AREA)
- Physical Water Treatments (AREA)
- Farming Of Fish And Shellfish (AREA)
- Hydroponics (AREA)
- Processing Of Solid Wastes (AREA)
- Sewage (AREA)
Description
(1)巨大なエネルギー消費は元から持続可能性を持っていない。
(2)排出基準に応じて排出しても希釈された生態水は既に存在しない。
(3)下水処理に対する高コストは、一般市民の生涯負担になっている。
(4)浄化及び処理は、大面積の土地を占有するため農作物を生産できず、生活空間も狭くなる。
Claims (9)
- 水質浄化用大規模光キャプチャバイオリアクターであって、
密封可能な3次元が構築されている空間と、送水管と、羽根車と、発電機とを備え、前記3次元が構築されている空間内には、複数の平面層が含まれ、各平面層は、密封したものであり、各平面層には、開閉可能な通気口が設置されており、各平面層には、迂回形の用水路が設置されており、各前記用水路には、排水口及び入水口がそれぞれ設置されており、各前記用水路内には、間隔をあけて複数の微生物ろ過膜が取り付けられており、各間隔は、1つのろ過ユニットであり、各前記ろ過ユニットには水面に植えられている植物が存在し、水中には微生物が存在し、前記水面に植えられている植物の上方には、高さが調節可能な植物育成ライトが吊り下げられており、上層の水路の排水口には、羽根車が設置されており、羽根車は発電機に接続されており、羽根車の下方には、下層の用水路の入水口があり、浄化が必要な水は、送水管を介して最上層の水路の入水口に連接されていることを特徴とする水質浄化用大規模光キャプチャバイオリアクター。 - 二酸化炭素の供給パイプをさらに備え、前記二酸化炭素の供給パイプは、3次元が構築されている空間の内部と連通していることを特徴とする請求項1に記載の水質浄化用大規模光キャプチャバイオリアクター。
- 上下平面層の間には、下向き式排水溝が設置されており、排水溝の上端は水路の排水口に連接され、羽根車は排水溝の下端に設置されていることを特徴とする請求項1に記載の水質浄化用大規模光キャプチャバイオリアクター。
- ポンプをさらに備え、前記ポンプは、前記送水管を介して汚水調節プール及び最上層の入水口にそれぞれ連接されており、前記浄化が必要な水の汚染濃度を前記汚水調節プールに適切なレベルまで希釈することを特徴とする請求項3に記載の水質浄化用大規模光キャプチャバイオリアクター。
- 前記ろ過ユニットの水面下には、水生動物が存在することを特徴とする請求項1に記載の水質浄化用大規模光キャプチャバイオリアクター。
- 前記排水溝は、上が広く下が狭い構造であることを特徴とする請求項3に記載の水質浄化用大規模光キャプチャバイオリアクター。
- 地面層には、複数のメタンガス発生タンク及びメタンガス発電機セットが設置されていることを特徴とする請求項1に記載の水質浄化用大規模光キャプチャバイオリアクター。
- バイオリアクターの地下層は、漏洩防止処理が行われた汚水調節プールであり、汚水は、汚水調節プールに入る前、グリッドを通して物理ろ過が行われることを特徴とする請求項1に記載の水質浄化用大規模光キャプチャバイオリアクター。
- 請求項1に記載の水質浄化用大規模光キャプチャバイオリアクターの動作方法であって、
浄化が必要な水の汚染濃度を汚水調節プールに適切なレベルまで希釈し、ポンプによって汚水調節プールから送水管によって3次元が構築されている空間内の最上層の水路の入水口に送られ、迂回して流れる水路に入ってゆっくり流れ始め、浄化が必要な水は、該層の各ろ過ユニットを流れて漸進的な生物ろ過が行われ、水は該層における最後のろ過ユニットの排水口を流れて排水溝の上端に流れ、排水溝の下端を通って羽根車を押し動かして回転させ、羽根車は発電機を連動して発電させ、発電機は植物育成ライトに電源を供給し、水は羽根車を通って酸素が増加された後、次の一層の水路の入水口に入り、これを繰り返すことにより、水が最底層の水路から流れ出した際に、既に浄化された水となり、
各ろ過ユニットの中で、水面に植えられている植物は、植物育成ライトの照射下で光合成を行い、水中の富栄養化の原因物質及び空気中の二酸化炭素の一部を吸収し、微生物は水中の富栄養化の原因物質の一部を利用して生物反応を行い、水生動物は水面に植えられている植物の一部の根系及び水中の浮遊物質を食用し、水質を浄化すると同時に、収穫できる植物及び水生動物が得られることを特徴とする水質浄化用大規模光キャプチャバイオリアクターの動作方法。
Applications Claiming Priority (3)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
CN201410072754.8A CN104030518B (zh) | 2014-02-28 | 2014-02-28 | 一种水净化的超大规模光捕生物反应器及运行方法 |
CN201410072754.8 | 2014-02-28 | ||
PCT/CN2015/073453 WO2015127904A1 (zh) | 2014-02-28 | 2015-02-28 | 一种水净化的超大规模光捕生物反应器及运行方法 |
Publications (2)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
---|---|
JP2017507780A JP2017507780A (ja) | 2017-03-23 |
JP6471181B2 true JP6471181B2 (ja) | 2019-02-13 |
Family
ID=51461549
Family Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
JP2016571457A Expired - Fee Related JP6471181B2 (ja) | 2014-02-28 | 2015-02-28 | 水質浄化用の大規模光キャプチャバイオリアクター及び運行方法 |
Country Status (17)
Country | Link |
---|---|
US (1) | US10160681B2 (ja) |
EP (1) | EP3112321B1 (ja) |
JP (1) | JP6471181B2 (ja) |
KR (1) | KR102034822B1 (ja) |
CN (1) | CN104030518B (ja) |
AU (1) | AU2015222533B2 (ja) |
BR (1) | BR112016019826B1 (ja) |
CA (1) | CA2940861C (ja) |
DK (1) | DK3112321T3 (ja) |
ES (1) | ES2765458T3 (ja) |
HU (1) | HUE047015T2 (ja) |
IL (1) | IL247498B (ja) |
MY (1) | MY186743A (ja) |
PL (1) | PL3112321T3 (ja) |
PT (1) | PT3112321T (ja) |
RU (1) | RU2684080C2 (ja) |
WO (1) | WO2015127904A1 (ja) |
Families Citing this family (31)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
CN104030518B (zh) * | 2014-02-28 | 2016-03-02 | 天下光捕(武汉)生态科技有限公司 | 一种水净化的超大规模光捕生物反应器及运行方法 |
US10602727B2 (en) * | 2015-02-19 | 2020-03-31 | FOREVER OCEANS CORPORATlON | Automated aquaculture harvesting system |
CN105805847B (zh) * | 2016-03-08 | 2018-10-19 | 天下光捕(武汉)生态科技有限公司 | 一种生态循环的空气净化装置 |
CN107446584B (zh) * | 2016-05-30 | 2021-06-25 | 青岛理工大学 | 一种基于沼渣的六价铬场地原位及异位耦合解毒方法 |
WO2018035808A1 (zh) * | 2016-08-25 | 2018-03-01 | 沐耕山(苏州)生物能源设备有限公司 | 水生微生物养殖系统 |
CN106614219A (zh) * | 2016-09-30 | 2017-05-10 | 深圳前海弘稼科技有限公司 | 一种鱼植共生系统 |
WO2018064997A2 (de) * | 2016-10-06 | 2018-04-12 | Lance Elmar | Stromlos arbeitende abwasserbehandlungsanlage |
CN106830519B (zh) * | 2017-02-13 | 2019-07-26 | 浙江佰年水务有限公司 | 排污口预处理管道 |
CN108821437B (zh) * | 2018-05-28 | 2021-08-24 | 浙江工业大学 | 一种用于治理富营养水体的生态塔及应用 |
JP2022506087A (ja) * | 2018-10-25 | 2022-01-17 | スプリングワークス ファーム メイン インコーポレーテッド | 植物成長を向上させるシステム及び方法 |
KR102011245B1 (ko) * | 2019-03-08 | 2019-08-14 | 전라남도 | 수산식물 바이오 가로수 장치 |
CN109879440A (zh) * | 2019-03-20 | 2019-06-14 | 范天瑜 | 一种人工构建水生植物落群修复污染水体的系统 |
CN110002684A (zh) * | 2019-04-26 | 2019-07-12 | 深圳市环境科学研究院 | 一种人工湿地处理系统及处理方法 |
CN110482704A (zh) * | 2019-08-20 | 2019-11-22 | 中国热带农业科学院热带生物技术研究所 | 一种多层浮萍科植物污水净化装置和污水净化方法 |
CN111018241A (zh) * | 2019-12-10 | 2020-04-17 | 上海市净化技术装备成套有限公司 | 一种农村生活污水处理系统装置 |
CN111492965A (zh) * | 2020-06-09 | 2020-08-07 | 湖南省园艺研究所 | 一种温室节约型育苗系统 |
CN111777277B (zh) * | 2020-07-13 | 2023-04-18 | 福建省蓝深环保技术股份有限公司 | 一种生活污水处理装置及其施工工艺 |
CN113044956B (zh) * | 2020-10-16 | 2021-11-02 | 同济大学 | 一种针对高盐废水的层叠式生物净化装置及其净化方法 |
CN112106720A (zh) * | 2020-10-19 | 2020-12-22 | 四川省农业科学院水产研究所(四川省水产研究所) | 一种智能生态循环水养殖池、控制方法及应用 |
CN112154906A (zh) * | 2020-10-29 | 2021-01-01 | 黄河水利委员会黄河水利科学研究院 | 一种农业非点源污水净化的分根区滴灌系统及其应用 |
CN112889709B (zh) * | 2021-03-09 | 2022-11-18 | 浙江省海洋水产研究所 | 一种利用离子交换技术降低海水酸度的珊瑚培养装置 |
RU2763132C1 (ru) * | 2021-03-13 | 2021-12-27 | Сергей Яковлевич Чернин | Система мониторинга концентрации загрязняющих веществ, в том числе нефтепродуктов, в сточных водах и управления работой очистных сооружений предприятий |
IL307815A (en) * | 2021-04-21 | 2023-12-01 | Soli Organic Inc | Control systems and methods for managing local growth environments |
CN113560309A (zh) * | 2021-06-07 | 2021-10-29 | 天下光捕(武汉)生态科技有限公司 | 生活污水净化和生活垃圾提炼的一体化装置和运行方法 |
CN113845229A (zh) * | 2021-09-30 | 2021-12-28 | 颜步云 | 一种用于农业尾水处理的生态净化系统及其应用 |
CN114009329B (zh) * | 2021-11-02 | 2023-01-03 | 杭州园林设计院股份有限公司 | 一种水生植物种植架及组合驳岸 |
CN114212893A (zh) * | 2021-12-20 | 2022-03-22 | 北京首创生态环保集团股份有限公司 | 一种无动力模块化膜传氧食物链水体净化装置 |
US11937581B2 (en) | 2022-08-01 | 2024-03-26 | Peco Foods, Inc. | Lighting system for poultry houses |
CN117084200B (zh) * | 2023-08-22 | 2024-01-19 | 盐城工业职业技术学院 | 应用大数据分析的水产养殖投药控制系统 |
CN117530209B (zh) * | 2023-11-23 | 2024-06-07 | 华中农业大学 | 大水面囤鱼吊水系统及其暂养方法 |
CN117645391B (zh) * | 2024-01-22 | 2024-05-07 | 石家庄市源生园环保有限公司 | 水解码污水处理系统 |
Family Cites Families (46)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
JPS5329164U (ja) * | 1976-08-20 | 1978-03-13 | ||
JPS58199099A (ja) | 1982-05-17 | 1983-11-19 | Toshiba Corp | 水溝水処理装置 |
JPS62125898A (ja) | 1985-11-25 | 1987-06-08 | Takenaka Komuten Co Ltd | 水生植物による富栄養化排水等の処理装置 |
DE3819508A1 (de) | 1988-06-08 | 1989-12-21 | Technica Entwicklung | Verfahren zum beheben von durch stickstoff-ueberschuss bedingten gewebeerweichungen von kulturpflanzen |
US5137625A (en) | 1990-12-28 | 1992-08-11 | Wolverton Billy C | Aquatic plant/microbial water purification system |
US5799612A (en) * | 1997-04-04 | 1998-09-01 | Page; Darren L. | Compact and efficient photosynthetic water filters |
JP3069847B2 (ja) * | 1997-05-29 | 2000-07-24 | 徹 日野 | 魚介類養殖と植物栽培を同時に行なう養殖、栽培装置 |
JPH11333482A (ja) | 1998-05-25 | 1999-12-07 | Human Net Kk | 水の浄化方法及び水の浄化システムとその浄化システムに使用する導水路 |
JP2000037144A (ja) * | 1998-07-23 | 2000-02-08 | Haruo Fujimoto | 食用植物の水耕栽培兼水質浄化及び生態礁となるイカダ |
US6190553B1 (en) * | 1998-12-01 | 2001-02-20 | Sangeul Lee | Purification system for disposal of polluted or waste water using water plants |
RU2179158C1 (ru) * | 2001-01-17 | 2002-02-10 | Шапиро Валерий Абрамович | Способ и устройство для очистки воздушных выбросов и сточных вод животноводческих комплексов с использованием растений |
JP2003023887A (ja) * | 2001-07-19 | 2003-01-28 | Kubota Corp | 循環型施設栽培方法 |
CN2515198Y (zh) * | 2001-12-18 | 2002-10-09 | 章永泰 | 带照明的浮床式污水净化装置 |
CN2526316Y (zh) * | 2002-02-05 | 2002-12-18 | 章永泰 | 浮动式水下植物照明装置 |
US20050064577A1 (en) | 2002-05-13 | 2005-03-24 | Isaac Berzin | Hydrogen production with photosynthetic organisms and from biomass derived therefrom |
JP4136877B2 (ja) * | 2003-02-26 | 2008-08-20 | 株式会社加藤建設 | 浮島型水質浄化処理装置 |
US7176024B2 (en) | 2003-05-30 | 2007-02-13 | Biolex, Inc. | Bioreactor for growing biological materials supported on a liquid surface |
JP3742827B2 (ja) * | 2003-07-23 | 2006-02-08 | 艮一 小松 | イオンガーデンによる環境浄化システム |
KR100707365B1 (ko) | 2004-08-20 | 2007-04-13 | 배흥섭 | 호소 수질 정화 시스템 및 이를 이용한 정화방법 |
CN2741971Y (zh) * | 2004-11-05 | 2005-11-23 | 武汉大学 | 一种污染水体净化装置 |
WO2007025145A2 (en) | 2005-08-25 | 2007-03-01 | Solix Biofuels, Inc. | Method, apparatus and system for biodiesel production from algae |
US8415142B2 (en) * | 2006-06-14 | 2013-04-09 | Malcolm Glen Kertz | Method and apparatus for CO2 sequestration |
BRPI0714051A2 (pt) | 2006-07-10 | 2012-12-11 | Greenfuel Technologies Corp | sistema de fotobiorreatores e métodos para tratamento de gás enriquecido com co2 e produção de biomassa |
US7776211B2 (en) | 2006-09-18 | 2010-08-17 | Algaewheel, Inc. | System and method for biological wastewater treatment and for using the byproduct thereof |
KR100787149B1 (ko) * | 2006-12-08 | 2007-12-21 | 주식회사 아썸 | 수처리를 위한 인공습지 |
DE102007017933B4 (de) | 2007-04-13 | 2014-05-08 | Maria Rogmans | Verfahren und Anlage zur ökologisch verträglichen Entsorgung von gasförmigen CO2 |
CN100526232C (zh) * | 2007-07-20 | 2009-08-12 | 黄荣胜 | 淀粉、酒精废水综合利用的方法及设备 |
JP5005479B2 (ja) * | 2007-09-03 | 2012-08-22 | Dowaエレクトロニクス株式会社 | 水の浄化方法 |
RU2359924C1 (ru) * | 2007-10-31 | 2009-06-27 | Алексей Васильевич Друцкий | Способ обезвреживания сточных вод и устройство для его осуществления |
TW200930285A (en) | 2007-11-20 | 2009-07-16 | Koninkl Philips Electronics Nv | Bioreactor apparatus, bioreactor system, and method for growing light energy dependant biological species |
US20100003741A1 (en) * | 2008-07-01 | 2010-01-07 | Fromson Howard A | Integrated power plant, sewage treatment, and aquatic biomass fuel production system |
JP2012504942A (ja) | 2008-10-09 | 2012-03-01 | マリア ログマンス | 光合成を利用して排ガス、特にco2を処理する方法及び装置 |
EP2408294A4 (en) * | 2009-03-20 | 2012-06-20 | Algal Scient Corp | SYSTEM AND METHOD FOR THE TREATMENT OF WASTEWATER BY BREEDING PHOTOTAKTIC HETEROTROPHIC MICROORGANISMS |
CN101671080B (zh) * | 2009-03-31 | 2011-07-27 | 上海海洋大学 | 太阳能引导植物净化水体的装置 |
JP2011094522A (ja) | 2009-10-29 | 2011-05-12 | Koichi Totsugi | 小規模発電装置 |
CN103025861A (zh) * | 2010-06-14 | 2013-04-03 | 美国科乐生物能源有限公司 | 光生物反应器系统 |
CN102287741A (zh) * | 2011-05-09 | 2011-12-21 | 张博 | 具有双能源的节能型led水族灯装置 |
CN102161531A (zh) * | 2011-06-02 | 2011-08-24 | 南京师范大学 | 一种富营养化水体净化装置 |
JP2014000057A (ja) | 2012-06-21 | 2014-01-09 | Sorekkusu Kk | 植物栽培システム |
CN202958271U (zh) * | 2012-11-02 | 2013-06-05 | 中国建筑股份有限公司 | 多功能室内除污植物墙 |
CN103011412A (zh) * | 2012-12-12 | 2013-04-03 | 天下光捕(武汉)生态科技有限公司 | 一种旋转式水生态修复装置及应用 |
CN103395930A (zh) | 2013-07-31 | 2013-11-20 | 武汉大学 | 一种生态护坡式污水土地渗滤系统及其渗滤方法 |
CN104030518B (zh) * | 2014-02-28 | 2016-03-02 | 天下光捕(武汉)生态科技有限公司 | 一种水净化的超大规模光捕生物反应器及运行方法 |
US20160095301A1 (en) * | 2014-10-03 | 2016-04-07 | Mariner Farms, Llc | Closed loop fish and plant farming structure and method |
US10201122B2 (en) * | 2015-01-23 | 2019-02-12 | Kevin W. Higgins | Large-scale helical farming apparatus |
WO2016154360A1 (en) * | 2015-03-24 | 2016-09-29 | Smarter Planet Enterprises Corporation | Portable agrarian biosystem |
-
2014
- 2014-02-28 CN CN201410072754.8A patent/CN104030518B/zh active Active
-
2015
- 2015-02-28 HU HUE15755707A patent/HUE047015T2/hu unknown
- 2015-02-28 AU AU2015222533A patent/AU2015222533B2/en not_active Ceased
- 2015-02-28 EP EP15755707.5A patent/EP3112321B1/en active Active
- 2015-02-28 KR KR1020167025697A patent/KR102034822B1/ko active IP Right Grant
- 2015-02-28 BR BR112016019826-3A patent/BR112016019826B1/pt active IP Right Grant
- 2015-02-28 DK DK15755707.5T patent/DK3112321T3/da active
- 2015-02-28 MY MYPI2016001573A patent/MY186743A/en unknown
- 2015-02-28 PT PT157557075T patent/PT3112321T/pt unknown
- 2015-02-28 RU RU2016138336A patent/RU2684080C2/ru not_active Application Discontinuation
- 2015-02-28 US US15/247,949 patent/US10160681B2/en active Active
- 2015-02-28 WO PCT/CN2015/073453 patent/WO2015127904A1/zh active Application Filing
- 2015-02-28 PL PL15755707T patent/PL3112321T3/pl unknown
- 2015-02-28 JP JP2016571457A patent/JP6471181B2/ja not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 2015-02-28 CA CA2940861A patent/CA2940861C/en active Active
- 2015-02-28 ES ES15755707T patent/ES2765458T3/es active Active
-
2016
- 2016-08-25 IL IL247498A patent/IL247498B/en active IP Right Grant
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
EP3112321B1 (en) | 2019-12-04 |
RU2016138336A3 (ja) | 2018-04-02 |
DK3112321T3 (da) | 2020-01-27 |
IL247498A0 (en) | 2016-11-30 |
CN104030518B (zh) | 2016-03-02 |
BR112016019826B1 (pt) | 2021-11-23 |
ES2765458T3 (es) | 2020-06-09 |
RU2016138336A (ru) | 2018-04-02 |
CA2940861C (en) | 2020-06-09 |
US10160681B2 (en) | 2018-12-25 |
KR20160123375A (ko) | 2016-10-25 |
PT3112321T (pt) | 2020-01-20 |
BR112016019826A2 (pt) | 2017-08-15 |
AU2015222533B2 (en) | 2017-06-29 |
CA2940861A1 (en) | 2015-09-03 |
KR102034822B1 (ko) | 2019-10-21 |
CN104030518A (zh) | 2014-09-10 |
US20180037482A1 (en) | 2018-02-08 |
JP2017507780A (ja) | 2017-03-23 |
PL3112321T3 (pl) | 2020-06-01 |
AU2015222533A1 (en) | 2016-09-22 |
WO2015127904A1 (zh) | 2015-09-03 |
MY186743A (en) | 2021-08-16 |
IL247498B (en) | 2020-10-29 |
EP3112321A1 (en) | 2017-01-04 |
EP3112321A4 (en) | 2017-09-20 |
RU2684080C2 (ru) | 2019-04-03 |
HUE047015T2 (hu) | 2020-04-28 |
Similar Documents
Publication | Publication Date | Title |
---|---|---|
JP6471181B2 (ja) | 水質浄化用の大規模光キャプチャバイオリアクター及び運行方法 | |
CN108975615B (zh) | 一种沼液生态处理养殖系统 | |
CN109160669B (zh) | 沼液光处理养殖系统的作业方法 | |
CN101914430B (zh) | 一种微藻养殖装置及方法 | |
CN102742536A (zh) | 生态型海水名贵鱼类工厂化循环水养殖系统 | |
WO2014190571A1 (zh) | 一种结合水产养殖及无土农业种植的系统 | |
CN107018945A (zh) | 一种双循环亲虾培育的水处理系统及培育方法 | |
CN104756916A (zh) | 一种自维护回流式冷水性鲑鳟鱼类育苗系统 | |
CN104761102A (zh) | 一种养殖尾水回用的综合反应净化处理方法 | |
CN106430820A (zh) | 一种高氨氮养猪沼液的生物处理装置及其工艺 | |
TW201500004A (zh) | 多重立體式生態循環養殖系統 | |
CN215559753U (zh) | 用于处理水产养殖尾水的人工湿地系统及循环水养殖系统 | |
CN208717116U (zh) | 一种农村可持续发展生活污水处理系统 | |
CN109502914A (zh) | 一种利用小球藻处理沼液的污水处理系统 | |
CN209583888U (zh) | 一种海淡水工厂化养殖系统循环水处理系统 | |
CN112897802A (zh) | 一种鱼植共生四级水处理系统 | |
CN208545259U (zh) | 一种无污染养殖系统 | |
CN107265755A (zh) | 密闭循环水产养殖的水处理系统与方法 | |
CN209740919U (zh) | 一种高密度水产养殖粪便循环利用装置 | |
CN109231685A (zh) | 一种环保节能型海淡水工厂化养殖系统循环水处理系统与方法 | |
CN205018088U (zh) | 一种生态环保的循环养殖系统 | |
AU2021107473A4 (en) | Fish culture tank integrated with a novel water recirculating system | |
CN102491519B (zh) | 一种景观水污染控制方法 | |
CN106085834B (zh) | 一种沼液生物净化养殖系统及其作业方法 | |
CN113412810A (zh) | 一种帆布养殖池水体净化循环利用装置 |
Legal Events
Date | Code | Title | Description |
---|---|---|---|
A977 | Report on retrieval |
Free format text: JAPANESE INTERMEDIATE CODE: A971007 Effective date: 20170823 |
|
A131 | Notification of reasons for refusal |
Free format text: JAPANESE INTERMEDIATE CODE: A131 Effective date: 20170926 |
|
A521 | Request for written amendment filed |
Free format text: JAPANESE INTERMEDIATE CODE: A523 Effective date: 20171220 |
|
A131 | Notification of reasons for refusal |
Free format text: JAPANESE INTERMEDIATE CODE: A131 Effective date: 20180529 |
|
A521 | Request for written amendment filed |
Free format text: JAPANESE INTERMEDIATE CODE: A523 Effective date: 20180828 |
|
A131 | Notification of reasons for refusal |
Free format text: JAPANESE INTERMEDIATE CODE: A131 Effective date: 20180912 |
|
A521 | Request for written amendment filed |
Free format text: JAPANESE INTERMEDIATE CODE: A523 Effective date: 20181210 |
|
TRDD | Decision of grant or rejection written | ||
A01 | Written decision to grant a patent or to grant a registration (utility model) |
Free format text: JAPANESE INTERMEDIATE CODE: A01 Effective date: 20190109 |
|
A61 | First payment of annual fees (during grant procedure) |
Free format text: JAPANESE INTERMEDIATE CODE: A61 Effective date: 20190121 |
|
R150 | Certificate of patent or registration of utility model |
Ref document number: 6471181 Country of ref document: JP Free format text: JAPANESE INTERMEDIATE CODE: R150 |
|
R250 | Receipt of annual fees |
Free format text: JAPANESE INTERMEDIATE CODE: R250 |
|
LAPS | Cancellation because of no payment of annual fees |