JP6371286B2 - 子癇前症の予防及び治療方法 - Google Patents
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Description
子癇前症(妊娠性タンパク尿高血圧(gestational proteinuric hypertension);PE)は、妊娠全体の3〜5%で現れる[1]。これは、米国では、妊娠と関連する妊産婦死亡原因の第2位であり、発展途上国では、妊産婦死亡の主因である。PEは、世界中の妊産婦死亡全体のおよそ15%を占め、これは年間推定60,000例の妊産婦死亡と変換され、すなわち、子癇前症の合併症が原因で10分毎に一人の女性が死亡している[1, 2]。
PE研究は進んでいるにも関わらず、子癇前症に対する治療は、胎児の出産以外に依然として存在しない。抗高血圧薬を使用しても、通常、PEの症状は緩和されない。子癇前症の管理は、在胎期間及び病気の重症度に依存する。しかしながら、全ての場合において、出産が、選択される唯一の治療である。軽度のPEを有する患者は、待機的(expectantly)に管理され得る。いくつかの場合では、出産を考慮して、胎児肺成熟を促進するためにステロイド注射を投与しながら、発作の発生を防ぐために硫酸マグネシウムを静脈内デリバリーすることによりPEを一時的に安定化できる。これらのケースでは、入院が必要とされ、胎児の状態が厳密にモニタリングされる。しかしながら、臓器機能不全、胎児の危険、又はHELLP症候群(肝酵素の上昇、血小板数の減少、及び溶血)を示す、より重度のPE、又は子癇の場合には、在胎期間に関わらず、即時の出産が示唆される[1, 3, 9, 10]。
ヒト子癇前症に利用可能なモデルには以下が含まれる:
・複数の種において子宮胎盤灌流圧の有意(およそ50%)な低下をもたらし、それにより子癇前症を模倣する子宮を提供する、腹部大動脈のクランピング、又は動脈の閉塞及び/若しくは結束(banding)[11]。
・境界域高血圧BPH/2マウスの同胞交配に由来する近交系BPH-5マウスは、出産から2日以内に消失し、タンパク尿の増加を伴う、妊娠後期の血圧上昇(コントロールC57BL-6における105 mmHgと比較して、130〜160 mmHg)を示す。外因性VEGF及び抗酸化剤は血圧を低下させ、胎児の生存を増加させる[7, 12]。
・SHHF/Mcc-fa(cp)(自然発生高血圧及び心不全)ラットは、妊娠と関連する自然発生高血圧、胎内発育遅延の子孫及び改変された胎盤遺伝子発現を示す[13]。
・PEに関する遺伝子組み換えマウスモデルは以下を含む:複数のサイクリン/サイクリン依存性キナーゼ複合体の強力な阻害剤であるp57Kip2の遺伝子ノックアウトを有するマウス;eNOS欠損マウス;及びエストロゲン異化の律速酵素であるカテコール-O-メチルトランスフェラーゼ(COMT)欠損マウス[14]。
PEの病因は、血管系の異常な調節、及び血管新生と関連するサイトカインの異常な全身性プロファイル、主として、抗血管新生タンパク質の上昇を含む。
本発明の原理及び実施は、図面及び以下の説明を参照してより理解されるだろう。
本発明の実施態様は、子癇前症又は妊娠誘発高血圧又は子癇の治療又は予防を必要とする対象において、子癇前症又は妊娠誘発高血圧又は子癇を治療又は予防する方法であって、治療上又は予防上有効量の接着性間質細胞を該対象に投与することを含む、方法に関する。「接着性間質細胞」は、標準培養条件において、接着性材料(例えばプラスチック)への接着により単離及び/又は維持され得る間質細胞である。すなわち、「接着性間質細胞」とは、in vitroにて足場依存的である細胞、すなわち、in vitroにて増殖するために表面又は他の細胞への接着を必要とする細胞の均一又は不均一な集団をいう。接着性間質細胞は、少なくとも1つの「間質細胞表現型」を含んでよい。本明細書で使用する場合、「間質細胞表現型」とは、骨髄由来の間質(すなわち、間葉)細胞に典型的な構造的又は機能的な表現型をいう。従って、例えば、該細胞は、紡錘形を有してよい。或いは又は加えて、該細胞は、間質細胞に典型的なマーカー又はマーカー群(例えば表面マーカー)を発現してよい。
脂肪組織からの単離接着性細胞は、該組織を消化酵素、例えば、コラゲナーゼ、トリプシン及び/又はディスパーゼ;及び/又は有効濃度のヒアルロニダーゼ若しくはDNAse;及びエチレンジアミン四酢酸(EDTA)で、10分間〜3時間の期間、25〜50℃の温度で処理することにより得られてよい。次いで、該細胞を、20ミクロン〜1 mmのナイロン又はチーズクロスメッシュフィルターに通過させてよい。次いで、該細胞を、培地中直接的な分画遠心法、又はFicoll若しくはPercoll若しくは他の微粒子勾配にわたる分画遠心法に供する。細胞を、1分間〜1時間の期間、4〜50℃の温度で100〜3000×gの速度で遠心分離する(米国特許第7,078,230号を参照)。
かかるバイオリアクターの例として、プラグフローバイオリアクター、連続撹拌槽型バイオリアクター、定常床(stationary-bed)バイオリアクター、CelliGen Plus(登録商標)バイオリアクターシステム(New Brunswick Scientific(NBS))又はBIOFLO 310バイオリアクターシステム(New Brunswick Scientific(NBS))が挙げられるが、これらに限定されない。例えば、Celligenバイオリアクターは、制御された条件(例えば、pH、温度及び酸素レベル)下、コンスタントに細胞増殖培地を灌流して、接着性細胞を3D拡大することが可能である。さらに細胞培養は、グルコース、ラクテート、グルタミン、グルタメート及びアンモニウムの濃度レベルについて直接モニタリングすることができる。接着性細胞のグルコース消費速度及びラクテート生成速度により、細胞増殖速度を測定すること、及び回収時期を決定することが可能である。
細胞は、制御されない分化及び老化を避けながら、細胞の少なくとも約10%が増殖中であるときに回収することができる。
いくつかの実施態様において、接着性間質細胞は局所投与される。更なる実施態様において、該細胞は全身投与される。
治療される状態の重篤度及び応答性に依存して、投薬は単回投与であることも複数回投与であることも可能であり、治療の経過は、数日から数週間まで、或いは疾患状態の縮小が達成されるまで続く。投与される組成物の量は、当然のことながら、治療されている個体、苦痛の重篤度、投与様式、主治医の判断などによって決まるだろう。投薬量及び投与のタイミングは、個体の変化する状態の慎重かつ継続的なモニタリングに対応するだろう。
いくつかの実施態様において、接着性間質細胞治療を受ける対象は早発型PE(妊娠約20〜約34週)を有する。PEを早期に発症する場合、予後は、急速な進行、複数の合併症、及び不良な周産期の転帰を含む。さらに、妊娠24週未満の妊娠期間について、待機治療(expectant treatment)は、高い母体罹患率及び最小の周産期有益性と関連する[15, 16]。いくつかの実施態様において、対象は、診断後すぐに細胞治療を受ける。
ラット、マウス及びヒトにおいて、妊娠の間のRNA受容体の活性化は、炎症、内皮機能障害及び胎盤機能不全、並びに高血圧を引き起こすことから、dsRNA又はssRNAのいずれかの形態のRNAは、PEの発症に主要な役割を果たす[23〜25]。ウイルスにより発現され、かつ損傷/死滅細胞から放出されるdsRNA及びssRNAは、高度に保存された特異的RNA受容体(dsRNAに対してはToll様受容体3[TLR3];ssRNAに対してはToll様受容体7[TLR7])を活性化し、炎症促進性免疫応答を導く。Toll様受容体は、他の自然免疫系受容体と同様に、高度に保存されており、炎症促進性シグナル伝達経路を引き起こし、適応免疫系を活性化させることにより、死滅又は損傷細胞から放出される病原体関連分子パターン(PAMPs)及び内因性リガンドに応答する。ラット及びマウスにおいて、アゴニストポリイノシン-ポリシチジン酸(poly(I:C))によるTLR3の活性化は、妊娠及び非妊娠動物の両方において全身性炎症を引き起こし、妊娠動物においては、高血圧、タンパク尿及び内皮機能障害を引き起こす[23〜25]。マウスにおいて、妊娠の間のTLR7の活性化はまた、妊娠依存性の高血圧、内皮機能障害、脾腫、及び胎児死亡発生率の増加を引き起こす[25]。ヒトにおけるPEとのこの症状の類似性を考慮すると、これらの結果は、過剰なTLR3及びTLR7活性化が、ヒトにおいてPEの症状を引き起こすことを示唆しており[25]、マウスにおけるTLR3及びTLR7活性化が、ヒトにおけるPE研究に対する有用なモデルであることを示す。
TLR誘導性のPEマウスは、タンパク尿を呈し、これはヒトにおけるPEの臨床的決定因子である。実施例1に記載するように、妊娠C57Bl/6JマウスにおいてPEを誘導し、該マウスをPLX細胞又はPLAビヒクルで処置した。妊娠18日目にマウスを安楽死させ、この時点で尿を集め、尿タンパク質を測定した。測定したタンパク質値を尿クレアチニンレベルに対して正規化した。14日目におけるPLX細胞での処置は、PPIC及びPRマウスにおいては、尿タンパク質/クレアチニン比を平常値へと戻したが、Pマウスにおいては何ら影響を及ぼさなかった(図2;P=妊娠、PPIC=妊娠+poly(I:C)、及びPR=妊娠+R837;P+PLA及びP+PLXについてはn=4、他の4グループについてはn=6;データは、平均+SEMとして示す;アスタリスクは、<0.05のp値(vs. P+PLA)を示す)。従って、PLX細胞での処置は、PPIC及びPRマウスにおいてタンパク尿を改善した。
PEを有するヒトは、内皮機能障害、又は血管拡張刺激に応答して血管が弛緩する能力の低下を特徴的に示す。TLR誘導性のPEマウスもまた内皮機能障害を示し、これは、内皮依存性拡張物質アセチルコリンに対する弛緩反応は有意に低下するが、内皮依存性拡張物質ニトロプルシドナトリウムに対する弛緩反応は正常であることにより証明される。実施例1に記載するように、妊娠C57Bl/6JマウスにおいてPEを誘導し、該マウスをPLX細胞又はPLAビヒクルで処置した。安楽死後、妊娠18日目に大動脈を集め、37℃まで加熱し95%O2/5%CO2でバブリングした生理食塩水を含むDMT 210ミオグラフにおいてピン上にマウントした。PLX細胞での処置は、PPIC及びPRマウスにおいて、アセチルコリンに対する大動脈内皮依存性弛緩反応を回復させたが(図3A)、ニトロプルシドナトリウムに対する内皮非依存性弛緩反応に対しては何ら影響を及ぼさなかった(図3B;図3について:P=妊娠、PPIC=妊娠+poly(I:C)、及びPR=妊娠+R837;nは括弧内に示す;データは、平均+SEMとして示す;アスタリスクは、<0.05のp値(vs. P+PLA)を示す)。従って、PPIC及びPRマウスのPLX細胞処置は、アセチルコリン媒介性の大動脈弛緩反応を増加させ、これにより、PEマウスにおける内皮機能障害の改善が示される。
胎児発達に対するPLX細胞処置の影響を、PLX処置PEマウスからの一腹当たりの産仔数(the number of pups per litter)及び各同腹仔における胎児死亡発生率を決定することにより評価した。実施例1に記載するように、妊娠C57Bl/6JマウスにおいてPEを誘導し、該マウスをPLX細胞又はPLAビヒクルで処置した。一腹当たりの産仔数、及び一腹当たりの胎児死亡発生率は、各マウスのアイデンティティを知らない2人の調査員により、安楽死の間、18日目に評価した。6グループのマウスのいずれにおいても、一腹当たりの産仔数及び胎児死亡発生率にいずれの有意差も明らかとならなかった(図4;P=妊娠、PPIC=妊娠+poly(I:C)、及びPR=妊娠+R837;P+PLA及びP+PLXについてはn=4;他の4グループについてはn=6;データは、平均+SEMとして示す)。これは、PLX細胞での処置が、胎児に害を及ぼさないことを示す。
PEを有する女性は、典型的には、脾腫又は脾臓の肥大を経験し、これは能動的な免疫応答を表す。PLX細胞で処置したPEマウスにおける妊娠の間の免疫系の状態を評価するために、実施例1に記載するように、妊娠C57Bl/6JマウスにおいてPEを誘導し、該マウスをPLX細胞又はPLAビヒクルで処置した。妊娠18日目にマウスを安楽死させ、脾臓重量を測定し、体重に対して正規化した。PLX細胞での処置は、Pマウスにおいて脾臓サイズを増加させず、これにより、PLX細胞の免疫原性の欠如が実証された(図5)。PPIC及びPRマウスは脾腫を呈する(図5)。PLX細胞での処置により、R837を注射したPEマウス(PRマウス)では、体重に対する脾臓重量の比率は平常値へと戻ったが、poly(I:C)を注射した(PPIC)マウスでは、体重に対する脾臓重量の比率はこの処置により劇的には低下しなかった(図5;P=妊娠、PPIC=妊娠+poly(I:C)、及びPR=妊娠+R837;P+PLA及びP+PLXについてはn=4、他の4グループについてはn=6;データは、平均+SEMとして示す;アスタリスクは、<0.05のp値(vs. P+PLA)を示す)。
免疫細胞サブセットの変化が、PEの発症、及びPLX細胞処置により媒介されるPE症状の減少と関連するかどうかについても検証した。実施例1に記載するように、妊娠C57Bl/6JマウスにおいてPEを誘導し、該マウスをPLX細胞又はPLAビヒクルで処置した。妊娠18日目にマウスを安楽死させ、抗炎症性で寛容原性の免疫細胞である制御性T細胞(Tregs;CD4+/FoxP3+)、及び炎症促進性の免疫細胞であるγδ T細胞(CD3+/γδ+)のレベルをフローサイトメトリーにより測定した。図6Aが実証するように、Tregsの脾臓レベルは、Pマウスと比較して、PPIC及びPRマウスでは低下した。PLX細胞での処置は、PPICマウスにおいては、Tregsのレベルを回復させたが、PRマウスではしなかった(図6A)。さらに、γδ T細胞の脾臓レベルは、脾臓重量に対して正規化した場合、PPIC及びPRマウスにおいて上昇した(図6B)。PLX細胞での処置は、PRマウスでは、γδ T細胞レベルを正常値まで低下させたが、PPICマウスではしなかった(図6B)(図6について:P=妊娠、PPIC=妊娠+poly(I:C)、及びPR=妊娠+R837;全てのグループについてn=2〜4;データは、平均+SEMとして示す)。
PLX細胞誘導性の脾腫及びγδ T細胞の減少と一致して、正常な妊娠にとって重要である、抗炎症性サイトカインIL-4の血漿レベルの回復、及び炎症促進性サイトカインIL-6の血漿レベルの正常化が、PPIC及びPRマウスにおいて観察された(図7)。P、PPIC及びPRマウスを、妊娠14日目にて、PLAビヒクル又はPLX細胞(全部で106細胞)のいずれかを右肢にi.m.注射することにより処置した。安楽死の間、18日目に全血を集め、血漿を単離し、ELISAによりIL-4及びIL-6について分析した。PPIC及びPRマウスは、有意なIL-4レベルの低下及びIL-6レベルの増加を示し、これらはいずれもPLX細胞での処置により平常値へと戻った。P=妊娠、PPIC=妊娠+poly I:C(TLR3アゴニスト)、及びPR=妊娠+R837(TLR7アゴニスト)。データは、平均+SEMとして示す。*p<0.05 vs. P+PLA(one-way ANOVAによる)。
次に、胎盤の損傷がPPIC及びPRマウスにおいて引き起こされるかどうか、PLX細胞での処置が何らかの影響を及ぼすかどうかを決定するために、イムノブロットにより低酸素マーカーHIF1αの胎盤レベルを検証した。HIF1αタンパク質レベルは、PPIC及びPRマウス由来の胎盤で有意に増加し、これはPLX細胞での処置により予防された(図8)。
H&E染色及び光学顕微鏡検査法を用いて、組織学により胎盤の損傷についても検証した。PPIC及びPRマウスの胎盤血管系の周辺の細胞において、フィブリン沈着を表すエオシン陽性細胞が観察され、これは、PLXで処置したマウス由来の胎盤では観察されなかった(図9)。
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Claims (25)
- 有効量の2以上の層からなる胎盤接着性間質細胞を含む子癇前症又は子癇における高血圧及び/又は内皮機能障害の改善剤。
- 有効量の、三次元培養から得られた胎盤接着性間質細胞を含む、子癇前症又は子癇における高血圧及び/又は内皮機能障害の改善剤。
- 対象が早発型子癇前症を有する、請求項1又は2に記載の剤。
- 対象が、妊娠約20週〜約34週の期間にある、請求項3に記載の剤。
- 対象が遅発型子癇前症を有する、請求項1又は2に記載の剤。
- 対象が、妊娠約34週〜約38週又はそれ以上の期間にある、請求項5に記載の剤。
- 対象が、妊娠に対する炎症反応の増加を有する、請求項1又は2に記載の剤。
- 対象が、一等親血縁者における子癇前症、以前の妊娠時の子癇前症歴、胎盤成長因子(PlGF)の血清濃度の低下、可溶性fms様チロシンキナーゼ-1(sFlt-1)の血清濃度の増加、可溶性エンドグリンの血清濃度の増加、心血管疾患に対する危険因子、既存の無症状の内皮機能障害、慢性高血圧、糖尿病、脂質異常症、母体肥満、インスリン抵抗性、妊娠早期の高血圧、腎疾患、メタボリックシンドローム、凝固能亢進状態、若い母体年齢、高齢の母体年齢、不十分な胎盤形成、胎盤質量の増加、多胎妊娠、胞状奇胎、及び以前のパートナーとの以前の子癇前症の妊娠で父親であった人による出生前の父親、から選択される子癇前症に対する危険因子を1以上有する、請求項1、2及び7のいずれか1項に記載の剤。
- 子癇前症又は子癇が、妊娠前に接着性間質細胞を投与することにより予防される、請求項1又は2に記載の剤。
- 子癇前症又は子癇が、妊娠の間の任意の時期に接着性間質細胞を投与することにより予防される、請求項1又は2に記載の剤。
- 子癇前症又は子癇が、妊娠約16週〜約20週の期間に胎盤間質細胞を投与することにより予防される、請求項1又は2に記載の剤。
- 接着性間質細胞が全身投与される、請求項1又は2に記載の剤。
- 接着性間質細胞が局所投与される、請求項1又は2に記載の剤。
- 接着性間質細胞が筋肉内投与される、請求項1又は2に記載の剤。
- 接着性間質細胞が皮下投与される、請求項1又は2に記載の剤。
- 接着性間質細胞が、CD73、CD90、CD29及びCD105からなる群から選択されるポジティブマーカーの発現を含む、請求項1又は2に記載の剤。
- 接着性間質細胞が、CD3、CD4、CD45、CD80、HLA-DR、CD11b、CD14、CD19、CD34及びCD79からなる群から選択されるネガティブマーカーの発現を含む、請求項1又は2に記載の剤。
- 接着性間質細胞がSCFを分泌する、請求項1又は2に記載の剤。
- 接着性細胞の少なくとも10%が増殖性細胞である、請求項1又は2に記載の剤。
- 接着性間質細胞が、母親又は胎児に対して自家性である、請求項1又は2に記載の剤。
- 接着性間質細胞が、母親及び/又は胎児に対して同種異系である、請求項1又は2に記載の剤。
- 子癇前症又は子癇における高血圧及び/又は内皮機能障害の改善のために使用する旨を表示したラベルを含む包装材料が、請求項1〜21のいずれか1項に記載の剤を包装してなる、子癇前症又は子癇における高血圧及び/又は内皮機能障害の改善用製造品。
- 子癇前症又は子癇における高血圧及び/又は内皮機能障害の改善剤を製造する方法であって、
(1)三次元(3D)培養条件下で胎盤接着性間質細胞を培養する工程、及び
(2)工程(1)によって得られた有効量の胎盤接着性間質細胞を含む製剤を調製する工程、
を含む、方法。 - 前記工程(1)が3Dバイオリアクター中で前記接着性間質細胞を培養することを含む、請求項23に記載の方法。
- 前記工程(1)が灌流下で前記接着性間質細胞を培養することを含む、請求項23に記載の方法。
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ITTO20111183A1 (it) * | 2011-12-21 | 2013-06-22 | Univ Degli Studi Torino | Mezzo condizionato ottenuto da cellule staminali mesenchimali placentari e suo uso nel trattamento terapeutico della preeclampsia |
US9512393B2 (en) | 2012-09-06 | 2016-12-06 | Pluristem Ltd. | Devices and methods for culture of cells |
JP6506693B2 (ja) | 2012-10-31 | 2019-04-24 | プルリステム リミテッド | 生物由来材料を解凍するための方法および装置 |
US10351910B2 (en) | 2013-02-20 | 2019-07-16 | Pluristem Ltd | Gene and protein expression properties of adherent stromal cells cultured in 3D |
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US20150216907A1 (en) | 2015-08-06 |
CA2882687A1 (en) | 2014-03-13 |
HK1212239A1 (en) | 2016-06-10 |
SG10201700435XA (en) | 2017-02-27 |
KR101921787B1 (ko) | 2018-11-23 |
IL237528B (en) | 2019-11-28 |
EP2892542A1 (en) | 2015-07-15 |
JP2015532656A (ja) | 2015-11-12 |
AU2013311289B2 (en) | 2017-11-16 |
CN104768559B (zh) | 2019-01-22 |
KR20150047503A (ko) | 2015-05-04 |
EP2892542B1 (en) | 2018-04-04 |
CN104768559A (zh) | 2015-07-08 |
IL237528A0 (en) | 2015-04-30 |
US9950014B2 (en) | 2018-04-24 |
HK1211242A1 (en) | 2016-05-20 |
AU2013311289A1 (en) | 2015-03-05 |
SG11201501065QA (en) | 2015-03-30 |
WO2014037863A1 (en) | 2014-03-13 |
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