JP6296985B2 - うつ病及び神経障害性疼痛の治療における(2r,6r)−ヒドロキシノルケタミン、(s)−デヒドロノルケタミン及び他の(r,s)−ケタミンの立体異性デヒドロ及びヒドロキシル化代謝生成物の使用 - Google Patents
うつ病及び神経障害性疼痛の治療における(2r,6r)−ヒドロキシノルケタミン、(s)−デヒドロノルケタミン及び他の(r,s)−ケタミンの立体異性デヒドロ及びヒドロキシル化代謝生成物の使用 Download PDFInfo
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- JP6296985B2 JP6296985B2 JP2014535975A JP2014535975A JP6296985B2 JP 6296985 B2 JP6296985 B2 JP 6296985B2 JP 2014535975 A JP2014535975 A JP 2014535975A JP 2014535975 A JP2014535975 A JP 2014535975A JP 6296985 B2 JP6296985 B2 JP 6296985B2
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- C07C237/20—Carboxylic acid amides, the carbon skeleton of the acid part being further substituted by amino groups having the carbon atoms of the carboxamide groups bound to acyclic carbon atoms of the carbon skeleton the carbon skeleton containing six-membered aromatic rings
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- C07D295/04—Heterocyclic compounds containing polymethylene-imine rings with at least five ring members, 3-azabicyclo [3.2.2] nonane, piperazine, morpholine or thiomorpholine rings, having only hydrogen atoms directly attached to the ring carbon atoms with substituted hydrocarbon radicals attached to ring nitrogen atoms
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Description
本出願は、2011年10月14日付出願の米国仮特許出願第61/547,336号の優先権を主張し、その全体を参照により本願に援用する。
国立老化研究所及び国立精神衛生研究所の所内研究プログラムが本開示のテーマに資金を提供した。米国政府は本出願に一定の権利を有する。
式(I)
で示される化合物又は薬学的に許容されるその塩を薬学的に許容される添加剤と共に含有してなる医薬組成物を提供する。式(I)において、可変記号、例えば、R1〜R4は以下に記載する定義を有する。
(1)該患者がケタミン無反応者であることを確認すること、及び
(2)(2R,6R)−ヒドロキシノルケタミンなどの単離したヒドロキシノルケタミンジアステレオマ又は単離した(R)−もしくは(S)−デヒドロノルケタミンの有効量を患者に投与する方法を包含する。
本明細書に開示の化合物は標準の命名法に従って記載する。別に定義しない限り、本明細書にて使用する技術用語及び科学用語はすべて、本開示が属する分野の当業者が一般に理解する意味と同じ意味を有する。
<化合物の構造>
(2R,6R)−ヒドロキシノルケタミンの構造は、リョン及びベイリイ(Leung and Baillie)(J.Med.Chem.,(1986)29:2396−2399)が示している。
理論により拘束されるものではないが、出願人は式(I)で示される特定の化合物が、セリンラセマーゼの阻害を介して作用すると信じている。ニコチン性アセチルコリン受容体(nAChR)が鎮痛における標的として有効であると認められていることから、出願人は2種類のnAChRサブタイプ、α7及びα3β4nAChRに対するDHNKの活性を検討した。全細胞系のパッチクランプ法を用いて、α7及びα3β4ニューロンアセチルコリンエステラーゼ受容体(nAChR)に対するケタミン、ノルケタミン、DHNK及びHNK代謝生成物の機能的活性を検討した。α3β4nAChRに対するこれら化合物の活性は、α3β4nAChRを発現するHEK293細胞において、ニコチン刺激性86Rb+流出アッセイ法により検討した。DHNKはα7nAChRの強力な阻害剤であると確認された(IC50=0.05μM)が、一方、ケタミンとノルケタミンは不活性であると判定された。DHNKはα3β4nAChRに対して不活性であるが、ケタミンは弱い非競合的阻害剤(IC50=10μM)である。
式(I)で示される化合物を含有する医薬組成物に加えて、“発明の概要”の項で定義したように、本開示は、(2R,6R)−ヒドロキシノルケタミンなどのヒドロキシノルケタミンジアステレオマ類のプロドラッグを包含する(ここでの可変記号、例えば、R1〜R6は次の定義を有する)。本開示は結果として安定な化合物を生じる可変記号の定義の任意の組み合わせを有する式(I)で示される化合物を包含する。
式(I)
(式中では以下の条件が満たされる。)
本開示は下記式(I)の下位式の化合物類及び塩類を包含する。
式(II) 式(III) 式(IV)
式(III)のR1はHではない。
式(V) 式(VI)
さらに包含されるのは、式(I)のプロドラッグ化合物及び塩であって、可変記号R1〜R4は下記の定義を有するものである。
である。
本明細書に開示された化合物は原体の化学物質としても投与し得るが、好ましくは医薬組成物として投与する。従って、本開示は式(I)で示される化合物又は薬学的に許容される塩と、少なくとも1種の薬学的に許容される担体とを含んでなる医薬組成物を提供する。該医薬組成物は唯一の活性物質として式(I)で示される化合物又は塩を含み得るが、好ましくは少なくとも1種の追加の活性物質を含む。特定の実施形態において、該医薬組成物は、単位剤形において、式(I)で示される化合物を約0.1mgから約1000mg、約1mgから約500mg、又は約10mgから約200mg含み、また選択肢として追加の活性物質を約0.1mgから約2000mg、約10mgから約1000mg、約100mgから約800mg、又は約200mgから約600mg含む経口剤形である。
(R,S)−ケタミンの麻酔域下量を用いての研究は、この薬物が複合局所疼痛症候群(CRPS)に罹患する患者の治療などの神経障害性及び慢性疼痛の治療に有効であることを証明した。5日間の連続点滴により(R,S)−ケタミンを投与したCRPS患者から得られた血漿サンプルを分析すると、一次薬物の(R,S)−ケタミンは、治療応答の主な原因ではないことが明らかとなった。本開示は、患者のケタミンに対する治療応答の原因となる活性物質が(2R,6R;2S,6S)−ヒドロキシノルケタミンと(R,S)−デヒドロノルケタミン(ケタミンの代謝生成物)であることを証明する。これらの代謝生成物はシトクロムP450(CYP類)、例えば、CYP2A6、CYP2B6、CYP2C9、CYP2D6、及びCYP3A5などとして同定された多数の肝臓酵素により産生される。CYP類は多型的であり、このことはそれらがすべてのヒトで等しく活性となるものではないことを意味する。従って、おそらく、ケタミンが治療した患者の約30%で治療応答を誘発しなかったのは、同定されたCYP類の1種類以上の活性が患者間で相違するため、(2R,6R,2S,6S)−ヒドロキシノルケタミン及び/又は(S)−デヒドロノルケタミンの産生が一様ではないせいである。
(抗うつ薬)
エシタロプラム(escitalopram)、フルオキセチン(fluoxetine)、パロキセチン(paroxetine)、デュロキセチン(duloxetine)、セルトラリン(sertraline)、シタロプラム(citalopram)、ブプロピオン(bupuropion)、ベンラファキシン(venlafaxine)、デュロキセチン(duloxetine)、ナルトレキソン(naltrexone)、ミルタザピン(mirtazapine)、ベンラファキシン(venlafaxine)、アトモキセチン(atomoxetine)、ブプロピオン(bupropion)、ドキセピン(doxepin)、アミトリプチリン(amitriptyline)、クロミプラミン(clomipramine)、ノルトリプチリン(nortriptyline)、ブスピロン(buspirone)、アリピプラゾール(aripiprazole)、クロザピン(clozapine)、ロキサピン(loxapine)、オランザピン(olanzapine)、ケチアピン(quetiapine)、リスペリドン(risperidone)、ジプラシドン(ziprasidone)、カルバマゼピン(carbamazepine)、ガバペンチン(gabapentine)、ラモトリジン(lamotrigine)、フェニトイン(phenytoin)、プレガバリン(pregabalin)、ドネペジル(donepezil)、ガランタミン(galantamine)、メマンチン(memantine)、リバスチグミン(rivastigmine)、トラミプロセート(tramiprosate)、又はその薬学的に活性な塩もしくはプロドラッグ、又は前記の組み合わせ。
(統合失調症薬)
アリピプラゾール(aripiprazole)、ルラシドン(lurasidone)、アセナピン(asenapine)、クロザピン(clozapine)、ジプラシドン(ziprasidone)、リスペリドン(risperidone)、ケチアピン(quetiapine)、ステラジン(stelazine)、オランザピン(olanzapine)、ロキサピン(loxapine)、フルペンチオキソール(flupentioxol)、ペルフェナジン(perphenazine)、ハロペリドール(haloperidol)、クロルプロマジン(chlorpromazine)、フルフェナジン(fluphenazine)、プロリキシン(prolixin)、パリペリドン(paliperidone)。
(アルツハイマー痴呆症薬)
ドネペジル(donepezil)、リバスチグミン(rivastigmine)、ガランタミン(galantamine)、メマンチン(memantine)。
(ALS薬)
リルゾール(riluzole)。
(疼痛薬)
アセトアミノフェン、アスピリン、NSAIDS、例えば、ジクロフェナック、ジフルニサール、エトドラック、フェノプロフェン、フルルビプロフェン、イブプロフェン、インドメタシン、ケトプロフェン、ケトロラック、メクロフェナメート、メフェナム酸、メロキシカム、ナブメトン、ナプロキセン、オキサプロジン、フェニルブタゾン、ピロキシカム、スリンダック、トルメチン、オピオイド、Cox−2阻害剤、例えば、セルコキシブ、及び麻薬性疼痛薬、例えば、ブプレノルフィン、ブトルファノール、コデイン、ヒドロコドン、ヒドロモルホン、レボルファノール、メペリジン、メタドン、モルヒネ、ナルブフィン、オキシコドン、オキシモルホン、ペンタゾシン、プロポキシフェン、中枢性鎮痛薬トラマドール。
<ノルケタミンのリジン結合体の合成>
<6-ヒドロキシノルケタミンのエステル結合体の合成>
<(+/−)−(2S,6R/2R,6S)−6−ヒドロキシノルケタミンの合成>
氷酢酸(50mL)中のラセミ体(+/−)−ノルケタミン(遊離塩基)(10.0g、35.8mmol)のサンプルを三臭化ピリジニウム(16.4g、51.3mmol)で処理した。得られる混合物をマイクロ波により130℃に1時間加熱した。減圧下に溶媒を除去し、粗製物質をCHCl3に溶かして飽和のNaHCO3で洗浄し、乾燥(Na2SO4)、減圧下に蒸発させてジアステレオマの粗生成物混合物(Z+E、3:1)を12.4gとして得た。このものをシリカゲルのクロマトグラフィに付し、CH2Cl2/MeOH/Et3Nの濃度を99.9/0/0.1から98.9/1/0.1に変化させて溶出し、純分離異性体、(+/−)−(E)−6−ブロモノルケタミン(1.22g)(9%収率)及び(+/−)−(Z)−6−ブロモノルケタミン(6.6g)(49%収率)を得た。
無水エタノール(20mL)中のラセミ体(+/−)−(Z)−6−ブロモノルケタミン(2.71g、8.96mmol)のサンプルを1Mギ酸アンモニウム(pH6.8)(20mL)で処理した。得られる溶液をAr下に10日間撹拌し、微量の生成物のみを形成した。減圧下に溶媒を除去し、粗生成物混合物をDMSO(10mL)に溶かし、分取HPLCに注入することで精製した。勾配HPLC:ウォーターズ・サンファイア・プレップC18(10ミクロン)、150×30mm;5mMギ酸アンモニウムの水/アセトニトリル(90/10)で5分間、次いで(90/10)から(10/90)まで10分間、次いで維持;10mL/分、270nm;Rt9.5分。生成物画分を合体し、減圧下に蒸発させて(+/−)−(2S,6R/2R,6S)−6−ヒドロキシノルケタミン(25mg)(1%収率)を得た。
<さらなる精製ヒドロキシノルケタミン及びデヒドロノルケタミンの形態>
(S)−5,6−デヒドロキシノルケタミン
<セリン・ラセマーゼ阻害アッセイ>
(材料)
D−セリン(D−Ser)、L−セリン(L−Ser)、D−アラニン(D−Ala)、L−アラニン(L−Ala)、D−アルギニン(D−Arg)、L−アルギニン(L−Arg)、グリシン(Gly)、D−ロイシン(D−Leu)、L−ロイシン(L−Leu)、D−イソロイシン(D−Iso)、L−イソロイシン(L−Iso)、D−グルタミン酸(D−Glu)、L−グルタミン酸(L−Glu)、D−アスパラギン酸(D−Asp)、L−アスパラギン酸(L−Asp)、L−リジン(L−Lys)、β−シクロデキストリン(β−CD)、2−ヒドロキシプロピル−β−シクロデキストリン(HP−β−CD)、メタノール、アセトニトリル(ACN)、及びイソチオシアン酸フルオレセインはシグマ・アルドリッチ(セントルイス、ミズーリ、米国)より入手した。脱イオン水はミリQシステム(ミリポア、ビレリカ、マサチューセッツ、米国)から得た。使用した他の化学物質はすべて分析等級のものとした。
本研究用に選択した細胞株は、ラットの副腎髄質由来PC−12褐色細胞腫、ヒト由来の1321N1星状膠細胞腫、ラット由来のC6膠芽細胞腫、及びヒト由来のHepG2肝細胞癌であった。細胞株はすべてATCC(マナッサス、バージニア、米国)から入手した。PC12細胞は、10%馬血清(加熱不活化)、5%FBS、1%ピルビン酸ナトリウム溶液、1%HEPES緩衝液及び1%ペニシリン/ストレプトマイシン溶液を補足したL−Gln含有RPMI7−1640中で維持した。1321N1及びC6細胞は、10%FBS及び1%ペニシリン/ストレプトマイシン溶液を補足したL−Gln含有DMEM中に維持した。HepG2細胞は、1%L−Gln、10%FBS、1%ピルビン酸ナトリウム溶液及び1%ペニシリン/ストレプトマイシン溶液を補足したE−MEM中に維持した。
装置:CE分離はレーザ誘導蛍光検出計を備えたP/ACE−MDQシステム(ベックマン・インスツルメント、フラートン、カリフォルニア、米国)により実施した。レーザ誘発蛍光検出は励起488nm及び発光520nmで実施した。非被覆溶融シリカキャピラリーは50μm内径及び有効長50cmのものを用い、泳動緩衝液はホウ酸緩衝液[80mM、pH9.3]中で調製した0.5mM−HP−β−CD溶液から構成する。キャピラリーは各分析の前に、0.1NのNaOH、0.1NのH3PO4、H2O及び泳動緩衝液を連続的にそれぞれ4分間流すことにより調整した。サンプルは1秒間0.5p.s.i.の圧力で注入し、分離電圧を0〜44分の間15kV、次いで45〜60分の間22kVの傾斜電圧として分離した。60分目に電圧を0kVに下げ、カラムを0.1NのNaOHで4分間洗い、次いで0.1Nリン酸で4分間洗浄した。総泳動時間は68分であった。定量は内部標準としてFITC−D−Argを用い、FITC−D−Serについて計算した面積比を用いて実施した。内部標準の濃度は5μMとした。
細胞を100×20mmの組織培養プレートに播種し、加湿した5%CO2/空気下に、>70%コンフルエントとなるまで、37℃に維持した。当初の培地を連続濃度の試験化合物を含有する培地と交換し、そのプレートをさらに36時間培養した。0から100nMの化合物濃度、例えば、10nM、20nmM、50nM、75nM及び100nMを用いた。
細胞は、エチレングリコール四酢酸及びエチレンジアミン四酢酸(ボストン・バイオプロダクツ、アッシュランド、マサチューセッツ、米国)を含有するRIPA緩衝液で溶解した。溶解緩衝液は、フッ化4−(2−アミノエチル)ベンゼンスルホニル、ペプスタチンA、E−64、ベスタチン、ロイペプチン、及びアプロチニン(シグマ・アルドリッチ)から構成されるプロテアーゼ阻害剤カクテルを含有していた。タンパク質濃度は、ピアスバイオテクノロジー・インク(ロックフォード、イリノイ、米国)から入手したビシンコニン酸(BCA)試薬を用いて定量した。SDS−ポリアクリルアミドゲル電気泳動により還元条件下に、4〜12%プレキャストゲル上でタンパク質(20μg/ウェル)を分離し、フッ化ポリビニリデン(PVDF)膜(インビトロジエン)に電気泳動的に転写した。ウエスタンブロットは標準法に従って実施した。該標準法は5%脱脂乳でブロックし、対象の抗体と培養し、次いで西洋わさびペルオキシダーゼ酵素結合した二次抗体と培養することで実施した。免疫反応バンドの可視化はECLプラス・ウエスタンブロッティング・デテクションシステム(GEヘルスケア、ニュージャージー、米国)により実施した。バンドの定量はイメージソフトウエアによる容量濃度計測とβ−アクチンに対する正規化により実施した。
パーソナルコンピューター上で作動するグラフパッド・プリズム4(グラフパッド・ソフトウエア・インク、ラホヤ、カリフォルニア、米国)を使用して、EC50及びIC50値計算などの全ての統計データ分析を実施した。
<アセチルコリン受容体により誘起される電流に対する化合物の影響>
ニコチン性アセチルコリン受容体(nAChR)が鎮痛の標的として有効であることが認められていることから、我々は2つのnAChRサブタイプ、α7及びα3β4nAChRに対するDHNK(デヒドロキシノルケタミン)の活性を検討した。全細胞構成におけるパッチクランプを用いて、KXα7R1において280マイクロモルのアセチルコリンにより誘起される電流に対するケタミン、ノルケタミン、及びDHNKとHNK代謝生成物の機能的活性を試験した。データは−80mVで得て、ACh単独で誘起される電流の振幅に対して正規化した(n=4)。
Claims (15)
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- 該化合物が次式
- 該化合物が次式
- 該組成物が、経口投与用、静脈内投与用、又は筋肉内注射用に製剤化されたものであることを特徴とする、請求項1に記載の医薬組成物。
- 該組成物が溶液であり、0.05mg/mlから0.5mg/mlの濃度で該組成物を含有するものであることを特徴とする、請求項1に記載の医薬組成物。
- 該組成物が、0.2mgから500mgの該化合物を含有する経口投与形態として製剤化されたものであることを特徴とする、請求項1に記載の医薬組成物。
- 双極性うつ病、大うつ病性障害、統合失調症、アルツハイマー痴呆、筋委縮性側索硬化症、複合局所疼痛症候群(CRPS)、慢性疼痛、又は神経障害性疼痛の治療のための組成物であって、前記組成物は、
(2S,6S)−ヒドロキシノルケタミン、(2R,6R)−ヒドロキシノルケタミン、(2S,6R)−ヒドロキシノルケタミン、(2R,6S)−ヒドロキシノルケタミン、又は前記の任意の組み合わせである化合物又は薬学的に許容されるその塩の有効量と、薬学的に許容される担体とを含有する、又は、前記化合物又は薬学的に許容されるその塩の有効量と、薬学的に許容される賦形剤とを含有することを特徴とする、組成物。 - 該化合物が(2R,6R)−ヒドロキシノルケタミンであることを特徴とする、請求項7に記載の組成物。
- 双極性うつ病又は大うつ病性障害を治療するための請求項7または8に記載の組成物であって、該化合物の有効量が抑うつ症状を低下させるために有効な量であり、その場合の抑うつ症状の低下が、
抑うつ症状尺度で定まる症状の50%以上の低下達成、或は
HRSD17で7に等しいかもしくはそれ以下、又は
QID−SR16で5に等しいかもしくはそれ以下、又は
MADRSで10に等しいかもしくはそれ以下の、スコア達成である、
ことを特徴とする組成物。 - 有効量が疼痛症状を低下させるために有効な量であり、その場合の疼痛症状の低下が、疼痛尺度で疼痛症状の50%以上の低下達成である、
ことを特徴とする請求項7から9のいずれか1項に記載の組成物。 - 該疼痛尺度が疼痛の質の評価尺度(PQAS)であることを特徴とする、請求項10に記載の組成物。
- 該化合物が追加の活性物質を含むことを特徴とする、請求項7から11のいずれか1項に記載の組成物。
- 双極性うつ病、大うつ病性障害、統合失調症、アルツハイマー痴呆、筋委縮性側索硬化症、複合局所疼痛症候群(CRPS)、慢性疼痛、又は神経障害性疼痛の治療のための組成物であって、単離した(2S,6S)−ヒドロキシノルケタミン、単離した(2R,6R)−ヒドロキシノルケタミン、単離した(2S,6R)−ヒドロキシノルケタミン、単離した(2R,6S)−ヒドロキシノルケタミン、又は前記の任意の組み合わせの有効量を含む、組成物。
- 双極性うつ病、大うつ病性障害、統合失調症、アルツハイマー痴呆、筋委縮性側索硬化症、複合局所疼痛症候群(CRPS)、慢性疼痛、又は神経障害性疼痛に対する、ケタミン不応答の患者の治療のための組成物であって、
単離した(2S,6S)−ヒドロキシノルケタミン、単離した(2R,6R)−ヒドロキシノルケタミン、単離した(2S,6R)−ヒドロキシノルケタミン、単離した(2R,6S)−ヒドロキシノルケタミン、又は前記の任意の組み合わせの有効量を含むことを特徴とする組成物。 - 該単離した(2S,6S)−ヒドロキシノルケタミン、単離した(2R,6R)−ヒドロキシノルケタミン、単離した(2S,6R)−ヒドロキシノルケタミン、単離した(2R,6S)−ヒドロキシノルケタミン、又は前記の任意の組み合わせを追加の活性物質と共に含むことを特徴とする、請求項13又は14に記載の組成物。
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TWI844074B (zh) | 2021-08-13 | 2024-06-01 | 凱瑞康寧生技股份有限公司 | 氯胺酮衍生物之醫藥組成物及口服劑型 |
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EP0623343A1 (en) * | 1993-05-07 | 1994-11-09 | Genentech, Inc. | Ketamine analogues for the treatment of thrombocytopenia |
JPH11511466A (ja) * | 1995-08-30 | 1999-10-05 | スチュアート エル ウェグ | 苦痛を管理しおよび薬物依存性を軽減するための、ケタミンの投与 |
EP2027854A1 (en) * | 2002-11-18 | 2009-02-25 | Yaupon Therapeutics, Inc. | Analgesic uses of norketamine and ketamine/norketamine prodrugs |
EP2012762A4 (en) | 2006-03-22 | 2010-03-10 | Sinai School Medicine | INTRANASAL ADMINISTRATION OF KETAMINE FOR THE TREATMENT OF DEPRESSION |
US8241575B2 (en) * | 2008-01-28 | 2012-08-14 | The Johns Hopkins University | Molecularly imprinted polymer sensor device |
US8710070B2 (en) * | 2008-03-27 | 2014-04-29 | University Of Kentucky Research Foundation | Opioid-ketamine and norketamine codrug combinations for pain management |
WO2013056229A1 (en) | 2011-10-14 | 2013-04-18 | The United States Of America, As Represented By The Secretary, Department Of Health And Human Services | The use of (2r, 6r)-hydroxynorketamine, (s)-dehydronorketamine and other stereoisomeric dehydro and hydroxylated metabolites of (r,s)- ketamine in the treatment of depression and neuropathic pain |
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CN104395283A (zh) | 2015-03-04 |
WO2013056229A1 (en) | 2013-04-18 |
CA2851619A1 (en) | 2013-04-18 |
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JP2015501302A (ja) | 2015-01-15 |
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AU2012323845B9 (en) | 2017-06-29 |
AU2012323845A1 (en) | 2014-04-24 |
AU2012323845B2 (en) | 2017-06-08 |
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