JP6224003B2 - 光電変換素子 - Google Patents
光電変換素子 Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- JP6224003B2 JP6224003B2 JP2014552042A JP2014552042A JP6224003B2 JP 6224003 B2 JP6224003 B2 JP 6224003B2 JP 2014552042 A JP2014552042 A JP 2014552042A JP 2014552042 A JP2014552042 A JP 2014552042A JP 6224003 B2 JP6224003 B2 JP 6224003B2
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- JP
- Japan
- Prior art keywords
- photoelectric conversion
- dye
- group
- layer
- pyrazole
- Prior art date
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- 238000006243 chemical reaction Methods 0.000 title claims description 142
- 239000004065 semiconductor Substances 0.000 claims description 94
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 claims description 65
- 239000003792 electrolyte Substances 0.000 claims description 53
- ZMZDMBWJUHKJPS-UHFFFAOYSA-M thiocyanate group Chemical group [S-]C#N ZMZDMBWJUHKJPS-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 claims description 45
- 150000001875 compounds Chemical class 0.000 claims description 41
- WTKZEGDFNFYCGP-UHFFFAOYSA-N Pyrazole Chemical compound C=1C=NNC=1 WTKZEGDFNFYCGP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 34
- 150000003217 pyrazoles Chemical class 0.000 claims description 34
- 150000004696 coordination complex Chemical class 0.000 claims description 31
- 125000004435 hydrogen atom Chemical group [H]* 0.000 claims description 15
- 239000000049 pigment Substances 0.000 claims description 8
- 125000004429 atom Chemical group 0.000 claims description 5
- 125000000484 butyl group Chemical group [H]C([*])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])[H] 0.000 claims description 4
- 125000001495 ethyl group Chemical group [H]C([H])([H])C([H])([H])* 0.000 claims description 4
- 125000002496 methyl group Chemical group [H]C([H])([H])* 0.000 claims description 4
- 125000001436 propyl group Chemical group [H]C([*])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])[H] 0.000 claims description 4
- 125000003226 pyrazolyl group Chemical group 0.000 claims description 4
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- -1 nitrogen-containing heterocyclic compound Chemical class 0.000 description 17
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- 229910006404 SnO 2 Inorganic materials 0.000 description 6
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- NLXLAEXVIDQMFP-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ammonia chloride Chemical compound [NH4+].[Cl-] NLXLAEXVIDQMFP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
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- 206010037660 Pyrexia Diseases 0.000 description 3
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- HEMHJVSKTPXQMS-UHFFFAOYSA-M Sodium hydroxide Chemical compound [OH-].[Na+] HEMHJVSKTPXQMS-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 3
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- 238000002441 X-ray diffraction Methods 0.000 description 3
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- UAOMVDZJSHZZME-UHFFFAOYSA-N diisopropylamine Chemical compound CC(C)NC(C)C UAOMVDZJSHZZME-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
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- NRCMAYZCPIVABH-UHFFFAOYSA-N Quinacridone Chemical compound N1C2=CC=CC=C2C(=O)C2=C1C=C1C(=O)C3=CC=CC=C3NC1=C2 NRCMAYZCPIVABH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- VYPSYNLAJGMNEJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Silicium dioxide Chemical compound O=[Si]=O VYPSYNLAJGMNEJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- BQCADISMDOOEFD-UHFFFAOYSA-N Silver Chemical compound [Ag] BQCADISMDOOEFD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- CDBYLPFSWZWCQE-UHFFFAOYSA-L Sodium Carbonate Chemical compound [Na+].[Na+].[O-]C([O-])=O CDBYLPFSWZWCQE-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 1
- STSCVKRWJPWALQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N TRIFLUOROACETIC ACID ETHYL ESTER Chemical compound CCOC(=O)C(F)(F)F STSCVKRWJPWALQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910052771 Terbium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- YTPLMLYBLZKORZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Thiophene Chemical group C=1C=CSC=1 YTPLMLYBLZKORZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000005083 Zinc sulfide Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000000862 absorption spectrum Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000003213 activating effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 150000001298 alcohols Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 229910052783 alkali metal Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 150000001340 alkali metals Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 125000003545 alkoxy group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- XAGFODPZIPBFFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N aluminium Chemical compound [Al] XAGFODPZIPBFFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 125000003277 amino group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 150000003927 aminopyridines Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- SOIFLUNRINLCBN-UHFFFAOYSA-N ammonium thiocyanate Chemical compound [NH4+].[S-]C#N SOIFLUNRINLCBN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910052787 antimony Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910052785 arsenic Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 125000003118 aryl group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 239000012298 atmosphere Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000000987 azo dye Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000004888 barrier function Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000009835 boiling Methods 0.000 description 1
- GDTBXPJZTBHREO-UHFFFAOYSA-N bromine Substances BrBr GDTBXPJZTBHREO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910052793 cadmium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910052980 cadmium sulfide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- WGEFECGEFUFIQW-UHFFFAOYSA-L calcium dibromide Chemical compound [Ca+2].[Br-].[Br-] WGEFECGEFUFIQW-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 1
- 229940046413 calcium iodide Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 229910001640 calcium iodide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 125000004432 carbon atom Chemical group C* 0.000 description 1
- 150000004649 carbonic acid derivatives Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 239000001913 cellulose Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229920002678 cellulose Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229910000420 cerium oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 238000005229 chemical vapour deposition Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910052801 chlorine Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000011248 coating agent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000000576 coating method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000002131 composite material Substances 0.000 description 1
- GBRBMTNGQBKBQE-UHFFFAOYSA-L copper;diiodide Chemical compound I[Cu]I GBRBMTNGQBKBQE-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 1
- BQVVSSAWECGTRN-UHFFFAOYSA-L copper;dithiocyanate Chemical compound [Cu+2].[S-]C#N.[S-]C#N BQVVSSAWECGTRN-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 1
- LCUOIYYHNRBAFS-UHFFFAOYSA-N copper;sulfanylideneindium Chemical compound [Cu].[In]=S LCUOIYYHNRBAFS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910021419 crystalline silicon Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 125000004122 cyclic group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 230000003247 decreasing effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229940043279 diisopropylamine Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 238000004070 electrodeposition Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000002001 electrolyte material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 125000004185 ester group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 230000005281 excited state Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000011049 filling Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000010419 fine particle Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000005357 flat glass Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000005329 float glass Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000011737 fluorine Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000002803 fossil fuel Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000005350 fused silica glass Substances 0.000 description 1
- PCHJSUWPFVWCPO-UHFFFAOYSA-N gold Chemical compound [Au] PCHJSUWPFVWCPO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910052737 gold Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000010931 gold Substances 0.000 description 1
- ZJYYHGLJYGJLLN-UHFFFAOYSA-N guanidinium thiocyanate Chemical compound SC#N.NC(N)=N ZJYYHGLJYGJLLN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910052735 hafnium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229920006015 heat resistant resin Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 230000005525 hole transport Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000002209 hydrophobic effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 125000000687 hydroquinonyl group Chemical class C1(O)=C(C=C(O)C=C1)* 0.000 description 1
- 125000002887 hydroxy group Chemical group [H]O* 0.000 description 1
- 125000002768 hydroxyalkyl group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 150000002460 imidazoles Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 238000007654 immersion Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000006872 improvement Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229910052738 indium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- RHZWSUVWRRXEJF-UHFFFAOYSA-N indium tin Chemical compound [In].[Sn] RHZWSUVWRRXEJF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 150000002500 ions Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 229910052741 iridium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910052742 iron Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910052745 lead Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910052981 lead sulfide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229940056932 lead sulfide Drugs 0.000 description 1
- AMXOYNBUYSYVKV-UHFFFAOYSA-M lithium bromide Chemical compound [Li+].[Br-] AMXOYNBUYSYVKV-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
- HSZCZNFXUDYRKD-UHFFFAOYSA-M lithium iodide Chemical compound [Li+].[I-] HSZCZNFXUDYRKD-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
- 229910052748 manganese Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- DZVCFNFOPIZQKX-LTHRDKTGSA-M merocyanine Chemical compound [Na+].O=C1N(CCCC)C(=O)N(CCCC)C(=O)C1=C\C=C\C=C/1N(CCCS([O-])(=O)=O)C2=CC=CC=C2O\1 DZVCFNFOPIZQKX-LTHRDKTGSA-M 0.000 description 1
- 229910001509 metal bromide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910001511 metal iodide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910044991 metal oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 150000004706 metal oxides Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 238000002488 metal-organic chemical vapour deposition Methods 0.000 description 1
- YXBZNMSPFZDRFZ-UHFFFAOYSA-M methanol;tetrabutylazanium;hydroxide Chemical compound [OH-].OC.CCCC[N+](CCCC)(CCCC)CCCC YXBZNMSPFZDRFZ-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
- XELZGAJCZANUQH-UHFFFAOYSA-N methyl 1-acetylthieno[3,2-c]pyrazole-5-carboxylate Chemical compound CC(=O)N1N=CC2=C1C=C(C(=O)OC)S2 XELZGAJCZANUQH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000012046 mixed solvent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000002156 mixing Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000012986 modification Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000004048 modification Effects 0.000 description 1
- LKKPNUDVOYAOBB-UHFFFAOYSA-N naphthalocyanine Chemical compound N1C(N=C2C3=CC4=CC=CC=C4C=C3C(N=C3C4=CC5=CC=CC=C5C=C4C(=N4)N3)=N2)=C(C=C2C(C=CC=C2)=C2)C2=C1N=C1C2=CC3=CC=CC=C3C=C2C4=N1 LKKPNUDVOYAOBB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910052758 niobium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000010955 niobium Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910000484 niobium oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- URLJKFSTXLNXLG-UHFFFAOYSA-N niobium(5+);oxygen(2-) Chemical compound [O-2].[O-2].[O-2].[O-2].[O-2].[Nb+5].[Nb+5] URLJKFSTXLNXLG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- QGLKJKCYBOYXKC-UHFFFAOYSA-N nonaoxidotritungsten Chemical compound O=[W]1(=O)O[W](=O)(=O)O[W](=O)(=O)O1 QGLKJKCYBOYXKC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- BMMGVYCKOGBVEV-UHFFFAOYSA-N oxo(oxoceriooxy)cerium Chemical compound [Ce]=O.O=[Ce]=O BMMGVYCKOGBVEV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- SOQBVABWOPYFQZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N oxygen(2-);titanium(4+) Chemical class [O-2].[O-2].[Ti+4] SOQBVABWOPYFQZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910052763 palladium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 230000002093 peripheral effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 150000002979 perylenes Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 229920006287 phenoxy resin Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000013034 phenoxy resin Substances 0.000 description 1
- 125000001997 phenyl group Chemical group [H]C1=C([H])C([H])=C(*)C([H])=C1[H] 0.000 description 1
- 125000005499 phosphonyl group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 239000001007 phthalocyanine dye Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000005240 physical vapour deposition Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229920003227 poly(N-vinyl carbazole) Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000004417 polycarbonate Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229920000515 polycarbonate Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920000642 polymer Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920000128 polypyrrole Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 150000004032 porphyrins Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 238000010248 power generation Methods 0.000 description 1
- JUJWROOIHBZHMG-UHFFFAOYSA-O pyridinium Chemical compound C1=CC=[NH+]C=C1 JUJWROOIHBZHMG-UHFFFAOYSA-O 0.000 description 1
- ZDYVRSLAEXCVBX-UHFFFAOYSA-N pyridinium p-toluenesulfonate Chemical compound C1=CC=[NH+]C=C1.CC1=CC=C(S([O-])(=O)=O)C=C1 ZDYVRSLAEXCVBX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 125000001453 quaternary ammonium group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 239000001008 quinone-imine dye Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000001953 recrystallisation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000010992 reflux Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000027756 respiratory electron transport chain Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229910052702 rhenium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 150000003839 salts Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 229920006395 saturated elastomer Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229910052709 silver Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000004332 silver Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000002356 single layer Substances 0.000 description 1
- 235000017557 sodium bicarbonate Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 229910000030 sodium bicarbonate Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- QDRKDTQENPPHOJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N sodium ethoxide Chemical compound [Na+].CC[O-] QDRKDTQENPPHOJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- FVAUCKIRQBBSSJ-UHFFFAOYSA-M sodium iodide Chemical compound [Na+].[I-] FVAUCKIRQBBSSJ-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
- VGTPCRGMBIAPIM-UHFFFAOYSA-M sodium thiocyanate Chemical compound [Na+].[S-]C#N VGTPCRGMBIAPIM-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
- XHFLOLLMZOTPSM-UHFFFAOYSA-M sodium;hydrogen carbonate;hydrate Chemical compound [OH-].[Na+].OC(O)=O XHFLOLLMZOTPSM-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
- HUAUNKAZQWMVFY-UHFFFAOYSA-M sodium;oxocalcium;hydroxide Chemical compound [OH-].[Na+].[Ca]=O HUAUNKAZQWMVFY-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
- 238000003980 solgel method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000007787 solid Substances 0.000 description 1
- 125000006850 spacer group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 230000003595 spectral effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000005728 strengthening Methods 0.000 description 1
- VEALVRVVWBQVSL-UHFFFAOYSA-N strontium titanate Chemical compound [Sr+2].[O-][Ti]([O-])=O VEALVRVVWBQVSL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 125000000542 sulfonic acid group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 230000003746 surface roughness Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229910052715 tantalum Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910052713 technetium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910052714 tellurium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 150000005621 tetraalkylammonium salts Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- DZLFLBLQUQXARW-UHFFFAOYSA-N tetrabutylammonium Chemical compound CCCC[N+](CCCC)(CCCC)CCCC DZLFLBLQUQXARW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000002230 thermal chemical vapour deposition Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000005979 thermal decomposition reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229920001187 thermosetting polymer Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 125000003396 thiol group Chemical group [H]S* 0.000 description 1
- 229910052718 tin Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- JOXIMZWYDAKGHI-UHFFFAOYSA-N toluene-4-sulfonic acid Chemical compound CC1=CC=C(S(O)(=O)=O)C=C1 JOXIMZWYDAKGHI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000012546 transfer Methods 0.000 description 1
- ITMCEJHCFYSIIV-UHFFFAOYSA-N triflic acid Chemical compound OS(=O)(=O)C(F)(F)F ITMCEJHCFYSIIV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- ODHXBMXNKOYIBV-UHFFFAOYSA-N triphenylamine Chemical compound C1=CC=CC=C1N(C=1C=CC=CC=1)C1=CC=CC=C1 ODHXBMXNKOYIBV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- AAAQKTZKLRYKHR-UHFFFAOYSA-N triphenylmethane Chemical compound C1=CC=CC=C1C(C=1C=CC=CC=1)C1=CC=CC=C1 AAAQKTZKLRYKHR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910001930 tungsten oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910052720 vanadium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000001018 xanthene dye Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052725 zinc Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000011701 zinc Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000011787 zinc oxide Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052984 zinc sulfide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- DRDVZXDWVBGGMH-UHFFFAOYSA-N zinc;sulfide Chemical compound [S-2].[Zn+2] DRDVZXDWVBGGMH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910052726 zirconium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
Images
Classifications
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C07D—HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
- C07D213/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing six-membered rings, not condensed with other rings, with one nitrogen atom as the only ring hetero atom and three or more double bonds between ring members or between ring members and non-ring members
- C07D213/02—Heterocyclic compounds containing six-membered rings, not condensed with other rings, with one nitrogen atom as the only ring hetero atom and three or more double bonds between ring members or between ring members and non-ring members having three double bonds between ring members or between ring members and non-ring members
- C07D213/04—Heterocyclic compounds containing six-membered rings, not condensed with other rings, with one nitrogen atom as the only ring hetero atom and three or more double bonds between ring members or between ring members and non-ring members having three double bonds between ring members or between ring members and non-ring members having no bond between the ring nitrogen atom and a non-ring member or having only hydrogen or carbon atoms directly attached to the ring nitrogen atom
- C07D213/60—Heterocyclic compounds containing six-membered rings, not condensed with other rings, with one nitrogen atom as the only ring hetero atom and three or more double bonds between ring members or between ring members and non-ring members having three double bonds between ring members or between ring members and non-ring members having no bond between the ring nitrogen atom and a non-ring member or having only hydrogen or carbon atoms directly attached to the ring nitrogen atom with hetero atoms or with carbon atoms having three bonds to hetero atoms with at the most one bond to halogen, e.g. ester or nitrile radicals, directly attached to ring carbon atoms
- C07D213/78—Carbon atoms having three bonds to hetero atoms, with at the most one bond to halogen, e.g. ester or nitrile radicals
- C07D213/79—Acids; Esters
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01G—CAPACITORS; CAPACITORS, RECTIFIERS, DETECTORS, SWITCHING DEVICES, LIGHT-SENSITIVE OR TEMPERATURE-SENSITIVE DEVICES OF THE ELECTROLYTIC TYPE
- H01G9/00—Electrolytic capacitors, rectifiers, detectors, switching devices, light-sensitive or temperature-sensitive devices; Processes of their manufacture
- H01G9/20—Light-sensitive devices
- H01G9/2059—Light-sensitive devices comprising an organic dye as the active light absorbing material, e.g. adsorbed on an electrode or dissolved in solution
- H01G9/2063—Light-sensitive devices comprising an organic dye as the active light absorbing material, e.g. adsorbed on an electrode or dissolved in solution comprising a mixture of two or more dyes
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C07D—HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
- C07D409/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing two or more hetero rings, at least one ring having sulfur atoms as the only ring hetero atoms
- C07D409/14—Heterocyclic compounds containing two or more hetero rings, at least one ring having sulfur atoms as the only ring hetero atoms containing three or more hetero rings
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C07F—ACYCLIC, CARBOCYCLIC OR HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS CONTAINING ELEMENTS OTHER THAN CARBON, HYDROGEN, HALOGEN, OXYGEN, NITROGEN, SULFUR, SELENIUM OR TELLURIUM
- C07F15/00—Compounds containing elements of Groups 8, 9, 10 or 18 of the Periodic Table
- C07F15/0006—Compounds containing elements of Groups 8, 9, 10 or 18 of the Periodic Table compounds of the platinum group
- C07F15/0046—Ruthenium compounds
- C07F15/0053—Ruthenium compounds without a metal-carbon linkage
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C09—DYES; PAINTS; POLISHES; NATURAL RESINS; ADHESIVES; COMPOSITIONS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; APPLICATIONS OF MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- C09B—ORGANIC DYES OR CLOSELY-RELATED COMPOUNDS FOR PRODUCING DYES, e.g. PIGMENTS; MORDANTS; LAKES
- C09B23/00—Methine or polymethine dyes, e.g. cyanine dyes
- C09B23/10—The polymethine chain containing an even number of >CH- groups
- C09B23/105—The polymethine chain containing an even number of >CH- groups two >CH- groups
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C09—DYES; PAINTS; POLISHES; NATURAL RESINS; ADHESIVES; COMPOSITIONS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; APPLICATIONS OF MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- C09B—ORGANIC DYES OR CLOSELY-RELATED COMPOUNDS FOR PRODUCING DYES, e.g. PIGMENTS; MORDANTS; LAKES
- C09B49/00—Sulfur dyes
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C09—DYES; PAINTS; POLISHES; NATURAL RESINS; ADHESIVES; COMPOSITIONS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; APPLICATIONS OF MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- C09B—ORGANIC DYES OR CLOSELY-RELATED COMPOUNDS FOR PRODUCING DYES, e.g. PIGMENTS; MORDANTS; LAKES
- C09B57/00—Other synthetic dyes of known constitution
- C09B57/10—Metal complexes of organic compounds not being dyes in uncomplexed form
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01G—CAPACITORS; CAPACITORS, RECTIFIERS, DETECTORS, SWITCHING DEVICES, LIGHT-SENSITIVE OR TEMPERATURE-SENSITIVE DEVICES OF THE ELECTROLYTIC TYPE
- H01G9/00—Electrolytic capacitors, rectifiers, detectors, switching devices, light-sensitive or temperature-sensitive devices; Processes of their manufacture
- H01G9/20—Light-sensitive devices
- H01G9/2004—Light-sensitive devices characterised by the electrolyte, e.g. comprising an organic electrolyte
- H01G9/2013—Light-sensitive devices characterised by the electrolyte, e.g. comprising an organic electrolyte the electrolyte comprising ionic liquids, e.g. alkyl imidazolium iodide
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01G—CAPACITORS; CAPACITORS, RECTIFIERS, DETECTORS, SWITCHING DEVICES, LIGHT-SENSITIVE OR TEMPERATURE-SENSITIVE DEVICES OF THE ELECTROLYTIC TYPE
- H01G9/00—Electrolytic capacitors, rectifiers, detectors, switching devices, light-sensitive or temperature-sensitive devices; Processes of their manufacture
- H01G9/20—Light-sensitive devices
- H01G9/2059—Light-sensitive devices comprising an organic dye as the active light absorbing material, e.g. adsorbed on an electrode or dissolved in solution
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M14/00—Electrochemical current or voltage generators not provided for in groups H01M6/00 - H01M12/00; Manufacture thereof
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H10—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES; ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- H10K—ORGANIC ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES
- H10K85/00—Organic materials used in the body or electrodes of devices covered by this subclass
- H10K85/30—Coordination compounds
- H10K85/341—Transition metal complexes, e.g. Ru(II)polypyridine complexes
- H10K85/344—Transition metal complexes, e.g. Ru(II)polypyridine complexes comprising ruthenium
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H10—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES; ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- H10K—ORGANIC ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES
- H10K85/00—Organic materials used in the body or electrodes of devices covered by this subclass
- H10K85/60—Organic compounds having low molecular weight
- H10K85/649—Aromatic compounds comprising a hetero atom
- H10K85/657—Polycyclic condensed heteroaromatic hydrocarbons
- H10K85/6572—Polycyclic condensed heteroaromatic hydrocarbons comprising only nitrogen in the heteroaromatic polycondensed ring system, e.g. phenanthroline or carbazole
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01G—CAPACITORS; CAPACITORS, RECTIFIERS, DETECTORS, SWITCHING DEVICES, LIGHT-SENSITIVE OR TEMPERATURE-SENSITIVE DEVICES OF THE ELECTROLYTIC TYPE
- H01G9/00—Electrolytic capacitors, rectifiers, detectors, switching devices, light-sensitive or temperature-sensitive devices; Processes of their manufacture
- H01G9/20—Light-sensitive devices
- H01G9/2004—Light-sensitive devices characterised by the electrolyte, e.g. comprising an organic electrolyte
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01G—CAPACITORS; CAPACITORS, RECTIFIERS, DETECTORS, SWITCHING DEVICES, LIGHT-SENSITIVE OR TEMPERATURE-SENSITIVE DEVICES OF THE ELECTROLYTIC TYPE
- H01G9/00—Electrolytic capacitors, rectifiers, detectors, switching devices, light-sensitive or temperature-sensitive devices; Processes of their manufacture
- H01G9/20—Light-sensitive devices
- H01G9/2027—Light-sensitive devices comprising an oxide semiconductor electrode
- H01G9/2031—Light-sensitive devices comprising an oxide semiconductor electrode comprising titanium oxide, e.g. TiO2
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
- Y02E10/00—Energy generation through renewable energy sources
- Y02E10/50—Photovoltaic [PV] energy
- Y02E10/542—Dye sensitized solar cells
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- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Organic Chemistry (AREA)
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Power Engineering (AREA)
- Materials Engineering (AREA)
- Electrochemistry (AREA)
- Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
- Microelectronics & Electronic Packaging (AREA)
- General Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Crystallography & Structural Chemistry (AREA)
- Inorganic Chemistry (AREA)
- Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- Spectroscopy & Molecular Physics (AREA)
- Hybrid Cells (AREA)
- Photovoltaic Devices (AREA)
Description
図1は、本発明に係る光電変換素子の構成の一例を示す断面図である。図1に示す光電変換素子10では、支持基板1上に導電層2と光電変換層3と対極8とが順に設けられており、光電変換層3と対極8との間には電解質が充填されて電荷輸送層4が形成されている。光電変換層3と電荷輸送層4とは封止部9により封止されていることが好ましい。
支持基板1を構成する材料は、一般に光電変換素子の支持基板に使用可能な材料であり且つ本発明の効果を発揮し得る材料であれば、特に限定されない。しかし、光電変換素子の受光面となる部分では光透過性が必要となるため、支持基板1は光透過性を有する材料からなることが好ましい。支持基板1は、たとえば、ソーダガラス、溶融石英ガラス、または結晶石英ガラスなどからなるガラス基板であっても良いし、耐熱性樹脂材料からなる可撓性フィルムであっても良い。ただし、支持基板1は、受光面として使用される場合であっても、少なくとも後述の色素に実効的な感度を有する波長の光を実質的に透過する(当該光の透過率がたとえば80%以上、好ましくは90%以上)ものであれば良く、必ずしも全ての波長領域の光に対して透過性を有する必要はない。
導電層2を構成する材料は、一般に光電変換素子の導電層に使用可能な材料であり且つ本発明の効果を発揮し得る材料であれば、特に限定されない。しかし、導電層2は、光電変換素子10の受光面となるため、光透過性を必要とし、よって光透過性を有する材料からなることが好ましい。導電層2は、たとえば、インジウム錫複合酸化物(ITO)、フッ素がドープされた酸化錫(FTO)または酸化亜鉛(ZnO)などからなることが好ましい。ただし、導電層2は、支持基板1と同じく、少なくとも後述の色素に実効的な感度を有する波長の光を実質的に透過する(当該光の透過率がたとえば80%以上、好ましくは90%以上)ものであれば良く、必ずしも全ての波長領域の光に対して透過性を有する必要はない。
光電変換層3は、半導体材料からなる多孔性半導体層を有する。多孔性半導体層には、1つのチオシアネート基を有する化合物からなる色素およびチオシアネート基を有さない化合物からなる色素のうちの少なくとも1つが吸着されており、好ましくは電解質が充填されている。
多孔性半導体層の形態としては、半導体材料からなるバルク状、粒子状の半導体材料を含む層、または、多数の微細孔が形成された半導体材料からなる膜状などが挙げられるが、多数の微細孔が形成された半導体材料からなる膜状であることが好ましい。これにより、色素の吸着量および電解質の充填量などを十分に確保することができる。
本発明で用いられる色素は、光増感色素として機能し、1つのチオシアネート基を有する化合物からなる色素およびチオシアネート基を有さない化合物からなる色素の少なくとも1つである。
電解質は、光電変換層3と対極8との間に充填されている。別の言い方をすると、電解質が充填されてなる電荷輸送層4が光電変換層3と対極8との間に存在している。電解質は、光電変換層3の多孔性半導体層にも充填されていることが好ましい。
対極8では、第2の導電層6と触媒層5とが第2の支持基板7上に順に形成されていることが好ましく、触媒層5は、光電変換層3と対向していることが好ましい。第2の支持基板7の構成は上記支持基板1と同様であることが好ましく、第2の導電層6の構成は上記導電層2と同様であることが好ましい。なお、第2の導電層6が触媒層5としても機能する場合には、たとえば第2の導電層6が電解質の酸化還元反応を活性化させる働きも有する場合には、対極8は触媒層5および第2の導電層6のうちのどちらか一方を有していれば良い。
封止部9は、透明電極基板11と対極8とを保持する機能、電荷輸送層4の漏えい防止機能、落下物または応力(衝撃)を吸収する機能、および、長期にわたる使用時において透明電極基板11および対極8のそれぞれに作用するたわみなどを吸収する機能を有する。
図1に示す光電変換素子の製造方法を説明する。
(i) スクリーン印刷法またはインクジェット法などによって半導体材料からなる微粒子を含むペーストを導電層2上に塗布した後に焼成する
(ii) CVD法またはMOCVD法などによって、所望の原料ガスを用いて多孔性半導体層を導電層2上に形成する
(iii) 固体原料を用いたPVD法(たとえば蒸着法またはスパッタリング法)などによって、多孔性半導体層を導電層2上に形成する
(iv) ゾル−ゲル法または電気化学的な酸化還元反応を利用した方法などによって、多孔性半導体層を導電層2上に形成する。
本発明に係る太陽電池モジュールでは、本発明に係る光電変換素子(たとえば図1に示す光電変換素子)が直列に接続されている。これにより、熱による性能低下が抑制され且つ光電変換効率が向上した太陽電池モジュールを提供することができる。
(光電変換層の形成)
ドクターブレード法により、市販の酸化チタンペースト(Solaronix社製、商品名Ti−Nanoxide D/SP、平均粒径13nm)を、ガラス板(日本板硝子社製、このガラス板にはフッ素ドープのSnO2膜(透明導電膜)が形成されている)に塗布した。次に、300℃で30分間予備乾燥してから、500℃で40分間焼成した。これらの一連の工程を2回行なって、厚さが12μmの酸化チタン膜(多孔性半導体層)を得た。
(7−1) 化合物d−1−2の調製
化合物d−1−1(2−アセチル−4−メチルピリジン)25gをTHF(テトラヒドロフラン)200mlに溶解し、窒素雰囲気下で0℃で攪拌しながらナトリウムエトキシド18.9gを添加し、15分間、攪拌した。その後、トリフルオロ酢酸エチル28.9gを滴下し、外設70℃で20時間、攪拌した。室温に戻した後、塩化アンモニウム水溶液を滴下してから分液し、有機層を濃縮し、粗精製物d−1−2(72.6g)を得た。
72.6gの化合物d−1−2をエタノール220mlに溶解し、窒素雰囲気下で室温で攪拌しながらヒドラジン1水和物5.6mlを添加し、外設90℃で12時間加熱した。その後、濃塩酸5mlを添加し、1時間攪拌した。濃縮後、重曹水150mlと酢酸エチル150mlとで抽出・分液後、有機層を濃縮した。アセトニトリルで再結晶し、化合物d−1−3(31.5g)を得た。
ジイソプロピルアミン4.1gとテトラヒドロフラン30mlとを窒素雰囲気下で−40℃で攪拌しながら1.6Mのn−ブチルリチウムヘキサン溶液を23.1ml滴下した後、2時間、攪拌した。その後、化合物d−1−3(4.0g)を添加し、0℃で80分攪拌した後、化合物d−1−4(3.45g)をテトラヒドロフラン15mlに溶解した溶液を滴下した。その後、0℃で80分攪拌し、室温で5時間攪拌した。その後、塩化アンモニウム溶液を添加し、酢酸エチルで抽出・分液した。有機層を濃縮し、シリカゲルカラムクロマトグラフィーで精製後、化合物d−1−5(5.7g)を得た。
化合物d−1−5(5.0g)とPPTS(ピリジニウムパラトルエンスルホン酸)5.9gとをトルエン50mlに加え、窒素雰囲気下で5時間、加熱還流を行った。濃縮後、飽和重曹水と塩化メチレンとで分液を行い、有機層を濃縮した。得られた結晶をメタノールと塩化メチレンとで再結晶後、化合物d−1−6(4.3g)を得た。
MS−ESI m/z=404.2(M−H)+
(7−5) 化合物d−1−9の調製
化合物d−1−7(1.22g)と化合物d−1−6(1.62g)とをNMP(N−メチルピロリドン)150mlに加え、窒素雰囲気下で70℃で3時間攪拌した。その後、化合物d−1−8(1.63g)を加え、160℃で8時間加熱攪拌した。その後、チオシアン酸アンモニウム(10.7g)を加え、160℃で8時間攪拌した。濃縮後、水を加え、ろ過した。ろ物をシリカゲルカラムクロマトグラフィーで精製した後、アセトン30mlと1N水酸化ナトリウム水溶液40mlとの混合溶媒に加え、外設65℃で24時間攪拌した。室温に戻し、塩酸でpHを3に調整し、析出物をろ過し、上記化学式(I)で表わされる色素(粗精製物、3.3g)を得た。
MS−ESI m/z=928.1(M−H)+
得られた色素について、340μmol/lテトラブチルアンモニウムヒドロキシドメタノール溶媒で色素濃度が17μmol/lとなるように調製し、分光吸収測定を行ったところ、最大吸収波長は521nmであった。
3−メトキシプロピオニトリル(Aldrich製)に、濃度が0.15mol/Lとなるようにヨウ素(Aldrich製)を添加し、濃度が0.8mol/Lとなるようにジメチルプロピルイミダゾールアイオダイド(DMPII、四国化成製)を添加し、濃度が0.1mol/Lとなるようにグアニジンチオシアナート(Aldrich製)を添加し、濃度が0.2mol/Lとなるように3−メチルピラゾール(Aldrich製)を添加した。
上記(光電変換層の形成)で用いたガラス板とは別に、ガラス板(日本板硝子社製、このガラス板にはフッ素ドープのSnO2膜(透明導電膜)が形成されている)をもう一枚用意した。蒸着機(機種名:ei−5、アルバック社製)を用いて、準備したガラス板(日本板硝子社製)上に白金膜を0.1Å/sで形成した。形成された白金膜の厚さは0.1μmであった。
短絡防止のためのスペーサーを挟んで、白金膜と多孔性半導体層とを重ねた。間隙から電解質を注入して、白金膜と多孔性半導体層とを重ねることにより形成された積層体の側面を樹脂(スリーボンド社製の「31X−101C」)でシールした。そして、ガラス板上に形成されているフッ素ドープのSnO2膜にリード線を取り付けた。これにより、光電変換素子が得られた。
(光電変換効率の保持率)=(光電変換素子を85℃の恒温槽内に500時間保持した後における光電変換効率)÷(光電変換素子を85℃の恒温槽内に保持する前の光電変換効率)。
3−メチルピラゾールを添加することなく電解質を調製したことを除いては上記実施例1および上記実施例4と同様の方法にしたがって、比較例1および比較例2の光電変換素子をそれぞれ製造した。その後、上記方法にしたがって光電変換効率の保持率を求めた。結果を図3に示す。図3には、比較例1〜8における85℃の恒温槽内での保持時間に対する光電変換効率の保持率の結果を示す。
Ru620−1H3TBA色素(Solaronix社製)およびRu535−bis−TBA色素(Solaronix社製)を色素として用いたことを除いては上記比較例1と同様の方法にしたがって、比較例3および比較例4の光電変換素子をそれぞれ製造した。その後、上記方法にしたがって光電変換効率の保持率を求めた。結果を図3に示す。
<比較例5>
上記下記化学式(I)で表される色素を用いたことを除いては上記比較例1と同様の方法にしたがって、比較例5の光電変換素子を製造した。その後、上記方法にしたがって光電変換効率の保持率を求めた。結果を図3に示す。
N−メチルベンズイミダゾール、t−ブチルピリジンおよび1、3−ジメチルイミダゾールを添加して電解質を調製したことを除いては上記比較例5と同様の方法にしたがって、比較例6〜8の光電変換素子をそれぞれ製造した。その後、上記方法にしたがって光電変換効率の保持率を求めた。結果を図3に示す。
3−メチルピラゾールの代わりに、ピラゾール、3,5−ジメチルピラゾール、3−アミノ−5−メチルピラゾール、3,5−ジイソプロピルピラゾール、1,3−ジメチルピラゾールおよび1−メチルピラゾールを電解質に添加したことを除いては上記実施例4と同様の方法にしたがって、実施例8〜13の光電変換素子をそれぞれ製造した。各実施例では、電解質におけるピラゾールまたはピラゾール誘導体の濃度を0.2mol/Lとした。その後、上記方法にしたがって光電変換効率の保持率を求めた。図4には、実施例8〜13における85℃の恒温槽内での保持時間に対する光電変換効率の保持率の結果を示す。
Ru620−1H3TBA色素(Solaronix社製)、Ru535−bis−TBA色素(Solaronix社製)、C101色素(Solaronix社製)およびCYC−B1色素(Solaronix社製)を色素として用いたことを除いては上記実施例1と同様にして、比較例9〜12の光電変換素子をそれぞれ製造した。その後、上記方法にしたがって光電変換効率の保持率を求めた。図5には、比較例9〜12における85℃の恒温槽内での保持時間に対する光電変換効率の保持率の結果を示す。
以下に示す方法で実施例14の光電変換モジュールを製造した。
Claims (3)
- 導電層と光電変換層と対極とが設けられ、電解質が少なくとも前記光電変換層に充填されている光電変換素子であって、
前記光電変換層では、1つのチオシアネート基を有する化合物からなる色素およびチオシアネート基を有さない化合物からなる色素のうちの少なくとも1つが、半導体材料からなる多孔性半導体層に吸着されており、
前記電解質は、ピラゾールおよびピラゾール誘導体の少なくとも1つを含み、
前記色素は、ターピリジル基を有し、1つ以下のチオシアネート基を有する第1の金属錯体である光電変換素子。 - 前記ピラゾール誘導体は、前記ピラゾールを構成する水素原子のうちの1つまたは2つが水素原子以外の原子または原子団により置換されたものである請求項1に記載の光電変換素子。
- 前記ピラゾール誘導体は、前記ピラゾールを構成する水素原子がメチル基、エチル基、プロピル基およびブチル基の少なくとも1つにより置換されたものである請求項1または2に記載の光電変換素子。
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JP2006134615A (ja) | 2004-11-02 | 2006-05-25 | Erekuseru Kk | 光電変換素子 |
JP4523549B2 (ja) | 2006-01-18 | 2010-08-11 | シャープ株式会社 | 色素増感太陽電池および色素増感太陽電池モジュール |
US8759521B2 (en) * | 2009-04-10 | 2014-06-24 | National Tsing Hua University | Panchromatic photosensitizers and dye-sensitized solar cell using the same |
TWI428343B (zh) * | 2010-05-14 | 2014-03-01 | Nat Univ Tsing Hua | 無硫氰酸根配基的光敏錯合物及敏化染料太陽能電池 |
TWI419878B (zh) * | 2010-09-28 | 2013-12-21 | Nat Univ Tsing Hua | 雜配、雙三芽釕錯合物以及敏化染料太陽能電池製備 |
KR101137379B1 (ko) * | 2010-11-23 | 2012-04-20 | 삼성에스디아이 주식회사 | 염료감응 태양전지용 겔형 전해질 및 이를 포함하는 염료감응 태양전지 |
JP2012146632A (ja) * | 2010-12-21 | 2012-08-02 | Sony Corp | 色素、色素増感光電変換素子、電子機器および建築物 |
JP2012195280A (ja) * | 2011-03-02 | 2012-10-11 | Sony Corp | 光電変換素子、光電変換素子の製造方法、電子機器および建築物 |
JP2012199096A (ja) * | 2011-03-22 | 2012-10-18 | Sony Corp | 光電変換素子の製造方法および電子装置の製造方法 |
JP2012243436A (ja) * | 2011-05-17 | 2012-12-10 | Sony Corp | 光電変換素子およびその製造方法ならびに電子機器 |
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2013
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- 2013-12-10 US US14/649,376 patent/US20160217936A1/en not_active Abandoned
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EP2933874A4 (en) | 2016-07-27 |
EP2933874B1 (en) | 2021-02-24 |
WO2014092066A1 (ja) | 2014-06-19 |
EP2933874A1 (en) | 2015-10-21 |
JP2018019092A (ja) | 2018-02-01 |
JPWO2014092066A1 (ja) | 2017-01-12 |
US20160217936A1 (en) | 2016-07-28 |
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