JP5992534B2 - 触媒成分 - Google Patents
触媒成分 Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- JP5992534B2 JP5992534B2 JP2014549420A JP2014549420A JP5992534B2 JP 5992534 B2 JP5992534 B2 JP 5992534B2 JP 2014549420 A JP2014549420 A JP 2014549420A JP 2014549420 A JP2014549420 A JP 2014549420A JP 5992534 B2 JP5992534 B2 JP 5992534B2
- Authority
- JP
- Japan
- Prior art keywords
- compound
- alkyl
- group
- atoms
- formula
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Active
Links
Images
Classifications
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
- C08F—MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS OBTAINED BY REACTIONS ONLY INVOLVING CARBON-TO-CARBON UNSATURATED BONDS
- C08F10/00—Homopolymers and copolymers of unsaturated aliphatic hydrocarbons having only one carbon-to-carbon double bond
- C08F10/04—Monomers containing three or four carbon atoms
- C08F10/06—Propene
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
- C08F—MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS OBTAINED BY REACTIONS ONLY INVOLVING CARBON-TO-CARBON UNSATURATED BONDS
- C08F4/00—Polymerisation catalysts
- C08F4/06—Metallic compounds other than hydrides and other than metallo-organic compounds; Boron halide or aluminium halide complexes with organic compounds containing oxygen
- C08F4/16—Metallic compounds other than hydrides and other than metallo-organic compounds; Boron halide or aluminium halide complexes with organic compounds containing oxygen of silicon, germanium, tin, lead, titanium, zirconium or hafnium
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
- C08F—MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS OBTAINED BY REACTIONS ONLY INVOLVING CARBON-TO-CARBON UNSATURATED BONDS
- C08F4/00—Polymerisation catalysts
- C08F4/42—Metals; Metal hydrides; Metallo-organic compounds; Use thereof as catalyst precursors
- C08F4/44—Metals; Metal hydrides; Metallo-organic compounds; Use thereof as catalyst precursors selected from light metals, zinc, cadmium, mercury, copper, silver, gold, boron, gallium, indium, thallium, rare earths or actinides
- C08F4/52—Metals; Metal hydrides; Metallo-organic compounds; Use thereof as catalyst precursors selected from light metals, zinc, cadmium, mercury, copper, silver, gold, boron, gallium, indium, thallium, rare earths or actinides selected from boron, aluminium, gallium, indium, thallium or rare earths
Landscapes
- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
- Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
- Medicinal Chemistry (AREA)
- Polymers & Plastics (AREA)
- Organic Chemistry (AREA)
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Materials Engineering (AREA)
- Transition And Organic Metals Composition Catalysts For Addition Polymerization (AREA)
Applications Claiming Priority (3)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| EP11196166.0A EP2610273B1 (en) | 2011-12-30 | 2011-12-30 | Catalyst component |
| EP11196166.0 | 2011-12-30 | ||
| PCT/EP2012/076053 WO2013098139A1 (en) | 2011-12-30 | 2012-12-19 | Catalyst component |
Publications (2)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| JP2015503646A JP2015503646A (ja) | 2015-02-02 |
| JP5992534B2 true JP5992534B2 (ja) | 2016-09-14 |
Family
ID=47522535
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| JP2014549420A Active JP5992534B2 (ja) | 2011-12-30 | 2012-12-19 | 触媒成分 |
Country Status (8)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| US (2) | US20140378298A1 (forum.php) |
| EP (1) | EP2610273B1 (forum.php) |
| JP (1) | JP5992534B2 (forum.php) |
| KR (1) | KR101688709B1 (forum.php) |
| CN (1) | CN104039841B (forum.php) |
| ES (1) | ES2665889T3 (forum.php) |
| IN (1) | IN2014DN05988A (forum.php) |
| WO (1) | WO2013098139A1 (forum.php) |
Families Citing this family (59)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| EP2610274A1 (en) * | 2011-12-30 | 2013-07-03 | Borealis AG | Propylene random copolymer |
| US8575283B1 (en) * | 2012-06-28 | 2013-11-05 | Formosa Plastics Corporation, U.S.A. | Heterocyclic organic compounds as electron donors for polyolefin catalysts |
| EP2746300B1 (en) * | 2012-12-21 | 2016-12-07 | Borealis AG | Process for producing a ziegler natta procatalyst for ethylene polymerisation |
| EP2746306B1 (en) * | 2012-12-21 | 2017-10-04 | Borealis AG | Supported Ziegler Natta procatalyst for ethylene polymerisation |
| WO2014195127A1 (en) * | 2013-06-03 | 2014-12-11 | Lummus Novolen Technology Gmbh | High performance ziegler-natta catalyst systems, processes for producing such catalyst systems, and use thereof |
| KR101820613B1 (ko) | 2013-08-14 | 2018-01-19 | 보레알리스 아게 | 저온에서 개선된 충격 저항성을 갖는 프로필렌 조성물 |
| US9890275B2 (en) | 2013-08-21 | 2018-02-13 | Borealis Ag | High flow polyolefin composition with high stiffness and toughness |
| MX2016001930A (es) | 2013-08-21 | 2016-05-26 | Borealis Ag | Composicion de poliolefina de alto flujo con alta rigidez y tenacidad. |
| PL2853563T3 (pl) | 2013-09-27 | 2016-12-30 | Folie odpowiednie do przetwarzania BOPP z polimerów o wysokiej XS i wysokiej Tm | |
| ES2568615T3 (es) | 2013-10-11 | 2016-05-03 | Borealis Ag | Película para etiquetas orientada en la dirección de la máquina |
| EP2865713B1 (en) | 2013-10-24 | 2016-04-20 | Borealis AG | Blow molded article based on bimodal random copolymer |
| CN105612188B (zh) | 2013-10-24 | 2018-09-28 | 北欧化工公司 | 具有高含量的区域错误和高分子量的低熔点pp均聚物 |
| US9670293B2 (en) | 2013-10-29 | 2017-06-06 | Borealis Ag | Solid single site catalysts with high polymerisation activity |
| KR101682342B1 (ko) | 2013-11-22 | 2016-12-05 | 보레알리스 아게 | 고 용융 유동을 갖는 저 배출 프로필렌 단독중합체 |
| ES2929491T3 (es) | 2013-12-04 | 2022-11-29 | Borealis Ag | Homopolímeros de PP libre de ftalato para fibras sopladas en estado fundido |
| JP6203405B2 (ja) | 2013-12-18 | 2017-09-27 | ボレアリス エージー | 剛性/靭性バランスが改良されたboppフィルム |
| CN105829364B (zh) | 2014-01-17 | 2017-11-10 | 博里利斯股份公司 | 用于制备丙烯/1‑丁烯共聚物的方法 |
| PL3102634T3 (pl) | 2014-02-06 | 2020-11-16 | Borealis Ag | Miękkie i przezroczyste kopolimery odporne na uderzenia |
| US10100185B2 (en) | 2014-02-06 | 2018-10-16 | Borealis Ag | Soft copolymers with high impact strength |
| EP2907841A1 (en) | 2014-02-14 | 2015-08-19 | Borealis AG | Polypropylene composite |
| ES2659731T3 (es) | 2014-05-20 | 2018-03-19 | Borealis Ag | Composición de polipropileno para aplicaciones en interiores de automóviles |
| EP3015503A1 (en) | 2014-10-27 | 2016-05-04 | Borealis AG | Heterophasic polypropylene with improved stiffness/impact balance |
| US9890274B2 (en) | 2014-10-27 | 2018-02-13 | Borealis Ag | Heterophasic polypropylene with improved impact strength/stiffness balance, improved powder flowability, reduced emissions and low shrinkage |
| US9593184B2 (en) * | 2014-10-28 | 2017-03-14 | Formosa Plastics Corporation, Usa | Oxalic acid diamides as modifiers for polyolefin catalysts |
| CA2970848C (en) * | 2014-12-18 | 2023-04-11 | Borealis Ag | Ziegler-natta catalyst and preparation thereof |
| US10626199B2 (en) | 2014-12-22 | 2020-04-21 | Borealis Ag | Process for producing polypropylene |
| CN112979842B (zh) * | 2015-02-05 | 2022-11-11 | 博里利斯股份公司 | 用于生产聚乙烯的方法 |
| CA2984068C (en) | 2015-06-12 | 2018-05-08 | Borealis Ag | Process for producing propylene polymer compositions |
| EP3170864B1 (en) | 2015-11-17 | 2018-10-17 | Borealis AG | High flow tpo composition with excellent balance in mechanical properties for automotive interior |
| EP3397658B1 (en) | 2015-12-31 | 2022-07-27 | Braskem America, Inc. | Non-phthalate catalyst system and its use in the polymerization of olefins |
| BR112018014299B1 (pt) | 2016-01-29 | 2022-07-26 | Borealis Ag | Artigo automotivo |
| US10759931B2 (en) | 2016-03-04 | 2020-09-01 | Borealis Ag | High flow heterophasic polyolefin compositions having improved stiffness/impact balance |
| DK3255071T3 (en) | 2016-06-06 | 2024-04-02 | Borealis Ag | Polypropylene composition with improved heat resistance |
| DK3257988T3 (da) | 2016-06-13 | 2019-11-04 | Borealis Ag | Smelteblæste baner af høj kvalitet med forbedrede barriereegenskaber |
| EP3260489B1 (en) | 2016-06-24 | 2019-12-25 | Borealis AG | Novel polypropylene compositions with low fogging |
| EP3263640B1 (en) | 2016-06-28 | 2025-08-13 | Borealis GmbH | Soft and transparent polypropylene composition |
| EA036419B1 (ru) | 2016-08-03 | 2020-11-09 | Бореалис Аг | Способ получения композита для литых изделий |
| US11427660B2 (en) | 2016-08-17 | 2022-08-30 | Formosa Plastics Corporation, Usa | Organosilicon compounds as electron donors for olefin polymerization catalysts and methods of making and using same |
| EP3309211B1 (en) | 2016-10-17 | 2018-12-12 | Borealis AG | Fiber reinforced polypropylene composite |
| ES2952512T3 (es) | 2016-12-15 | 2023-10-31 | Borealis Ag | Composición de polipropileno con excelente adhesión de la pintura |
| ES2887577T3 (es) | 2017-04-04 | 2021-12-23 | Borealis Ag | Composición de polipropileno blando con propiedades mejoradas |
| EP3421537B1 (en) | 2017-06-29 | 2023-08-02 | Borealis AG | Polypropylene composition with outstanding impact performance |
| EP3421538B1 (en) | 2017-06-30 | 2021-03-17 | Borealis AG | Polyolefin composition with improved surface appearance |
| TWI675874B (zh) | 2017-07-14 | 2019-11-01 | 奧地利商柏列利斯股份公司 | 聚丙烯組成物 |
| ES2890961T3 (es) | 2017-11-28 | 2022-01-25 | Borealis Ag | Composición de polímero con adherencia de la pintura mejorada |
| ES2886432T3 (es) | 2017-11-28 | 2021-12-20 | Borealis Ag | Composición de polímero con adherencia de la pintura mejorada |
| EP3495422B1 (en) | 2017-12-05 | 2020-11-11 | Borealis AG | Fiber reinforced polypropylene composition |
| ES2874060T3 (es) | 2017-12-05 | 2021-11-04 | Borealis Ag | Artículo que comprende una composición de polipropileno reforzada con fibra |
| US11680114B2 (en) | 2018-07-19 | 2023-06-20 | Borealis Ag | Process for the preparation of an UHMWPE homopolymer |
| US12359005B2 (en) | 2019-10-04 | 2025-07-15 | Borealis Ag | Ziegler-Natta catalysts for olefin polymerization |
| CN114466872B (zh) | 2019-10-04 | 2024-01-30 | 北欧化工公司 | 用于烯烃聚合的齐格勒纳塔催化剂 |
| WO2021064078A1 (en) | 2019-10-04 | 2021-04-08 | Borealis Ag | Ziegler-natta catalysts for olefin polymerization |
| WO2021064083A1 (en) | 2019-10-04 | 2021-04-08 | Borealis Ag | Ziegler-natta catalysts for olefin polymerization |
| EP3892653A1 (en) * | 2020-04-09 | 2021-10-13 | Borealis AG | (co)polymerization of ethylene |
| US20250197618A1 (en) | 2022-03-23 | 2025-06-19 | Borealis Ag | Polypropylene composition for automotive applications |
| EP4375328A1 (en) | 2022-11-23 | 2024-05-29 | Borealis AG | Polypropylene composition for automotive applications |
| US20250109218A1 (en) | 2023-09-29 | 2025-04-03 | Formosa Plastics Corporation, U.S.A. | Method for preparing catalyst component for polymerization of polyolefin without the use of internal electron donors |
| EP4527884A1 (en) | 2023-09-20 | 2025-03-26 | Borealis AG | Polypropylene composition for automotive applications |
| WO2025202314A1 (en) | 2024-03-27 | 2025-10-02 | Borealis Gmbh | Polyolefin composition comprising polypropylene polymers and a blend of a plastic material comprising polypropylene and polyethylene |
Family Cites Families (30)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| JP3471099B2 (ja) | 1994-11-25 | 2003-11-25 | 昭和電工株式会社 | オレフィン重合用触媒担体の製造方法 |
| US5955396A (en) | 1995-10-17 | 1999-09-21 | Bp Amoco Corporation | Morphology-controlled olefin polymerization catalyst formed from an emulsion |
| JP3824738B2 (ja) * | 1996-06-10 | 2006-09-20 | 三井化学株式会社 | オレフィン重合用固体状チタン触媒成分の製造方法 |
| MY125673A (en) * | 1996-06-10 | 2006-08-30 | Mitsui Chemicals Inc | Solid titanium catalyst component for olefin polymerization,process for preparing the same, olefin plymerization catalyst containing the catalyst component and olefin polymerization process using thecatalyst |
| JP2001527136A (ja) | 1997-12-23 | 2001-12-25 | ボレアリス テクノロジー オイ | マグネシウム、チタン、ハロゲンおよび電子ドナーを含む触媒成分、その製造法および使用法 |
| FI981717A7 (fi) | 1998-08-07 | 2000-02-08 | Borealis As | Katalysaattorikomponentti, joka käsittää magnesiumia, titaania, halogeenia ja elektronidonorin, sen valmistus ja käyttö |
| FI981718A7 (fi) | 1998-08-07 | 2000-02-08 | Borealis As | Katalysaattorikomponentti, joka käsittää magnesiumia, titaania, halogeenia ja elektrodonorin, sen valmistus ja käyttö |
| CN1137155C (zh) * | 1999-12-06 | 2004-02-04 | 中国石油化工集团公司 | 用于烯烃聚合或共聚合的催化剂体系 |
| GB0001914D0 (en) | 2000-01-27 | 2000-03-22 | Borealis Polymers Oy | Catalyst |
| PT1273595E (pt) * | 2001-06-20 | 2006-10-31 | Borealis Tech Oy | Preparacao de um componente catalisador para polimerizacao de olefina |
| CN1169845C (zh) * | 2002-02-07 | 2004-10-06 | 中国石油化工股份有限公司 | 用于烯烃聚合的固体催化剂组分和含该催化剂组分的催化剂及其应用 |
| EP1483301B1 (en) * | 2002-03-08 | 2009-02-18 | Basell Poliolefine Italia S.r.l. | Process for preparing a diether-based catalyst component |
| EP1505084A4 (en) * | 2002-05-10 | 2005-11-16 | Idemitsu Kosan Co | SOLID CATALYST COMPOUND FOR POLYMERIZATION OF OLEFINS, CATALYSTS FOR OLEFIN POLYMERIZATION AND PROCESS FOR PRODUCING OLEFIN POLYMERS |
| EP1403292B1 (en) | 2002-09-30 | 2016-04-13 | Borealis Polymers Oy | Process for preparing an olefin polymerisation catalyst component with improved high temperature activity |
| BR0316911B1 (pt) * | 2002-12-18 | 2013-05-07 | aduto sàlido de lewis, seus processos de preparaÇço, componente catalÍtico, bem como sistema catalÍtico e processo para polimerizaÇço de olefinas. | |
| CN100554287C (zh) * | 2002-12-18 | 2009-10-28 | 巴塞尔聚烯烃意大利有限公司 | 烯烃聚合用催化剂组分 |
| ATE541868T1 (de) | 2003-06-20 | 2012-02-15 | Borealis Polymers Oy | Verfahren zur herstellung eines katalysators für die olefinpolymerisation |
| RU2361885C2 (ru) * | 2003-09-23 | 2009-07-20 | Дау Глобал Текнолоджиз Инк. | Каталитическая композиция, содержащая эфир монокарбоновой кислоты в качестве внутреннего донора, и способ полимеризации пропилена |
| US7135531B2 (en) | 2004-01-28 | 2006-11-14 | Basf Catalysts Llc | Spherical catalyst for olefin polymerization |
| US7351778B2 (en) * | 2004-04-30 | 2008-04-01 | China Petroleum & Chemical Corporation | Catalyst component for olefin polymerization and catalyst comprising the same |
| US7067451B1 (en) * | 2004-12-17 | 2006-06-27 | Fina Technology, Inc. | Soluble magnesium complexes useful for the production of polyolefin catalysts and catalysts prepared therewith |
| CN1670043A (zh) * | 2005-03-07 | 2005-09-21 | 营口市向阳催化剂有限责任公司 | 烯烃聚合用催化剂及其制备和聚合方法 |
| EP1862480B1 (en) | 2006-05-31 | 2016-07-27 | Borealis Technology Oy | Process for preparing an olefin polymerisation catalyst component with improved high temperature activity |
| EP1862481B1 (en) | 2006-05-31 | 2016-08-31 | Borealis Technology Oy | Catalyst with al-alkoxy component |
| WO2007147714A1 (en) * | 2006-06-23 | 2007-12-27 | Basell Poliolefine Italia S.R.L. | Magnesium chloroalkolate-based catalyst precursors |
| JP5689232B2 (ja) * | 2009-03-24 | 2015-03-25 | 三井化学株式会社 | 固体状チタン触媒成分、オレフィン重合用触媒およびオレフィンの重合方法 |
| EP2407492B1 (en) * | 2010-07-13 | 2015-04-29 | Borealis AG | Catalyst component |
| KR101719981B1 (ko) * | 2010-07-13 | 2017-03-27 | 엘지전자 주식회사 | 3차원 컨텐츠를 출력하는 디스플레이 기기의 사용자 인터페이스 출력 방법 및 그 방법을 채용한 디스플레이 기기 |
| EP2610274A1 (en) * | 2011-12-30 | 2013-07-03 | Borealis AG | Propylene random copolymer |
| US8575283B1 (en) * | 2012-06-28 | 2013-11-05 | Formosa Plastics Corporation, U.S.A. | Heterocyclic organic compounds as electron donors for polyolefin catalysts |
-
2011
- 2011-12-30 ES ES11196166.0T patent/ES2665889T3/es active Active
- 2011-12-30 EP EP11196166.0A patent/EP2610273B1/en active Active
-
2012
- 2012-12-19 WO PCT/EP2012/076053 patent/WO2013098139A1/en active Application Filing
- 2012-12-19 JP JP2014549420A patent/JP5992534B2/ja active Active
- 2012-12-19 US US14/368,600 patent/US20140378298A1/en not_active Abandoned
- 2012-12-19 KR KR1020147021049A patent/KR101688709B1/ko not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 2012-12-19 CN CN201280064680.2A patent/CN104039841B/zh active Active
- 2012-12-19 IN IN5988DEN2014 patent/IN2014DN05988A/en unknown
-
2016
- 2016-10-11 US US15/290,721 patent/US20170066852A1/en not_active Abandoned
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| ES2665889T3 (es) | 2018-04-30 |
| IN2014DN05988A (forum.php) | 2015-06-26 |
| CN104039841A (zh) | 2014-09-10 |
| KR20140107637A (ko) | 2014-09-04 |
| WO2013098139A1 (en) | 2013-07-04 |
| EP2610273A1 (en) | 2013-07-03 |
| JP2015503646A (ja) | 2015-02-02 |
| US20140378298A1 (en) | 2014-12-25 |
| EP2610273B1 (en) | 2018-02-07 |
| US20170066852A1 (en) | 2017-03-09 |
| KR101688709B1 (ko) | 2016-12-21 |
| CN104039841B (zh) | 2017-02-22 |
Similar Documents
| Publication | Publication Date | Title |
|---|---|---|
| JP5992534B2 (ja) | 触媒成分 | |
| JP5923622B2 (ja) | フタレート非含有znpp触媒の製造 | |
| JP5860552B2 (ja) | プロピレンランダムコポリマー | |
| EP2610270B1 (en) | Catalyst component | |
| EP2610272B1 (en) | Catalyst component | |
| US8901261B2 (en) | Catalyst component | |
| EP2746300B1 (en) | Process for producing a ziegler natta procatalyst for ethylene polymerisation | |
| RU2615153C2 (ru) | Катализатор для полимеризации олефинов и способ его получения | |
| US9115223B2 (en) | Catalyst component | |
| WO2021175836A1 (en) | Catalyst and preparation thereof | |
| JP2003119213A (ja) | オレフィン重合用固体触媒成分、オレフィン重合用触媒及びオレフィン重合体の製造方法 |
Legal Events
| Date | Code | Title | Description |
|---|---|---|---|
| A977 | Report on retrieval |
Free format text: JAPANESE INTERMEDIATE CODE: A971007 Effective date: 20150526 |
|
| A131 | Notification of reasons for refusal |
Free format text: JAPANESE INTERMEDIATE CODE: A131 Effective date: 20150601 |
|
| A521 | Request for written amendment filed |
Free format text: JAPANESE INTERMEDIATE CODE: A523 Effective date: 20150828 |
|
| A131 | Notification of reasons for refusal |
Free format text: JAPANESE INTERMEDIATE CODE: A131 Effective date: 20160122 |
|
| A601 | Written request for extension of time |
Free format text: JAPANESE INTERMEDIATE CODE: A601 Effective date: 20160418 |
|
| A521 | Request for written amendment filed |
Free format text: JAPANESE INTERMEDIATE CODE: A523 Effective date: 20160620 |
|
| TRDD | Decision of grant or rejection written | ||
| A01 | Written decision to grant a patent or to grant a registration (utility model) |
Free format text: JAPANESE INTERMEDIATE CODE: A01 Effective date: 20160803 |
|
| A61 | First payment of annual fees (during grant procedure) |
Free format text: JAPANESE INTERMEDIATE CODE: A61 Effective date: 20160817 |
|
| R150 | Certificate of patent or registration of utility model |
Ref document number: 5992534 Country of ref document: JP Free format text: JAPANESE INTERMEDIATE CODE: R150 |
|
| R250 | Receipt of annual fees |
Free format text: JAPANESE INTERMEDIATE CODE: R250 |
|
| R250 | Receipt of annual fees |
Free format text: JAPANESE INTERMEDIATE CODE: R250 |
|
| R250 | Receipt of annual fees |
Free format text: JAPANESE INTERMEDIATE CODE: R250 |
|
| R250 | Receipt of annual fees |
Free format text: JAPANESE INTERMEDIATE CODE: R250 |
|
| R250 | Receipt of annual fees |
Free format text: JAPANESE INTERMEDIATE CODE: R250 |
|
| R250 | Receipt of annual fees |
Free format text: JAPANESE INTERMEDIATE CODE: R250 |