JP5744522B2 - Il−31に特異的なヒト化抗体分子 - Google Patents
Il−31に特異的なヒト化抗体分子 Download PDFInfo
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Description
アレルギー性接触皮膚炎は、皮膚と接触する抗原に対するT細胞性免疫応答として定義される。アレルゲン依存性T細胞応答は主に細胞のCLA+T集団に限定されるため、皮膚炎の開始にはCLA+T細胞集団が関与していると考えられる(Santamaria-Babi, L. F. et al., J. Exp. Med.:181,1935 (1995)を参照)。最近のデータは、一般的な接触過敏症アレルゲンであるニッケルに応答して、記憶(CD45RO+)CD4+CLA+細胞のみ(CD8+T細胞ではない)が増殖し、1型(IFN−)及び2型(IL−5)サイトカインを産生することを見いだした。さらにニッケル特異的刺激後には、CD4、CD45RO(記憶)またはCD69とともにCLAを発現する細胞が増加し、ケモカイン受容体CXCR3、CCR4、CCR10を発現しCCR6は発現しない。Moed H. et al., Br. J. Dermatol. 51,32 (2004)を参照。
アトピー性皮膚炎(AD)は慢性の再発する炎症性皮膚疾患であり、発症数が過去10年間に劇的に増加した。臨床的にはADは、慢性の再発経過を示す非常にかゆみ性で、しばしばはく離班と丘疹により特徴付けられる。ADの診断は、主に大きな臨床的知見と小さな臨床的知見に基づく。Hanifin J.M.、Arch. Dermatol. 135, 1551 (1999)を参照。組織病理検査は、海綿状態、作用病変の過度の局所的錯角化症を示すが、過度の錯角化症を有する顕著な表皮肥厚、アカントーシス/顆粒層肥厚、及びリンパ球と豊富な肥満細胞による皮膚の血管周囲浸潤が、慢性病変の特徴である。
I)IL−31治療マウスのカプサイシン処理
Tac1遺伝子にホモ接合性のヌル(null)であるマウスは、検出可能なサブスタンスPまたはニューロキニンAを発現しない。これらのマウスは中程度〜強い刺激に対して侵害受容の疼痛応答が低下しており、従って疼痛/痒み処理及び炎症性疾患状態へのタキキニンペプチドの寄与を研究するための有用な手段である。12週齢のTac1ノックアウトマウスに、1μg/日のIL−31タンパク質を送達する14日間浸透圧ポンプを移植し、毎日脱毛症と掻痒症について、以下の基準を使用して追跡した:0=引っ掻き無し、動物は正常に見える、1=小さい領域の外皮が薄くなる、引っ掻きが認められる、2=わずかな脱毛(小さいパッチ)、引っ掻き、3=中程度の脱毛、引っ掻き、そして4=重症の脱毛、過剰の引っ掻き。
約8〜12週齢の正常なメスのBALB/cマウス(CRL)に、1μg/日のmIL−31を送達する14日間浸透圧ポンプ(アルゼット(Alzet)、#2002)を皮下移植した。IL−31投与の前に、マウス群にラット抗マウスIL−31モノクローナル抗体10mg/kg(200μg/マウス)を1週目から出発して週に2回腹腔内(i.p.)注射した。対照群のマウスに同じ投与スケジュールでビヒクル(PBS/0.1%BSA)の腹腔内注射を行った。以下の基準を使用してマウスを脱毛症と掻痒症について毎日スコアを付けた:0=引っ掻き無し、動物は正常に見える、1=小さい領域の外皮が薄くなる、引っ掻きが認められる、2=わずかな脱毛(小さいパッチ)、引っ掻き、3=中程度の脱毛、引っ掻き、そして4=重症の脱毛、過剰の引っ掻き。
薬物誘導性遅延型皮膚アレルギー反応は非常に不均質であり、多くの病理生物学的事象を反映する。Brockow et al., Allergy 57, 45 (2002)を参照。これらの反応に関与する免疫学的機構は抗体性または細胞性であることが証明されている。即時型薬物アレルギーでは、陽性の皮刺試験及び/または20分後の皮内試験によりIgE介在抗体応答を証明することができ、薬剤に対する非即時型反応は、最後の薬物摂取の1時間以上後に発生し、しばしばT細胞介在性である。非即時型T細胞介在遅延型反応は、例えばペニシリンに対する医薬品副作用を有する患者に発生する。ペニシリンに対する増殖性T細胞応答は、ペニシリンアレルギー患者からのT細胞の記憶(CD45RO+)CLA+亜集団に限定されており、CD45RO+CLA−サブセットは増殖性応答を示さないことが証明されている。Blanca M.、Leyva L.ら、Blood Cells Mol Dis 31, 75 (2003)を参照。遅延型過敏症(DTH)反応はマウスで人工的に再現することができ、DTH応答の開始と持続に関与する因子の評価を可能にする。ヒト化IL−31抗原結合分子又はIL−31アンタゴニストは、遅延型過敏症反応を制限、低減、阻害するのに有効であろう。
水疱性類天疱瘡は、好中球や好酸球の皮膚浸潤を有する表皮下水疱として現れる表皮下障害である。診断は、表皮と真皮−表皮ジャンクションの特異的接着タンパク質に対する抗原特異的抗体の存在を特徴とする。Jordon R.E. et al., JAMA 200, 751(1967)を参照。PBLと皮膚水泡T細胞の分析により水疱性類天疱瘡の病理発生におけるT細胞の役割を分析する研究により、IL−4やIL−13のようなTh2様サイトカインの発現レベルが増大したCLA+T細胞が優勢であることがわかった。Teraki Y. et al., J. Invest. Dermatol. 117, 1097 (2001)を参照。全身性コルチコステロイドによる治療後の水疱性類天疱瘡患者では、CLA+(CLA−ではない)IL−13産生細胞の頻度が大幅に低下している。コルチコステロイド治療後のCLA+細胞の減少は、臨床的改善により引き起こされる。Teraki(同節中)を参照。
円形脱毛症(AA)は、リンパ球浸潤活性が継続しているため毛包活性が停止した毛包の組織限定自己免疫疾患と見なされる。AAは体中のいたるところで完全に脱毛した部分ができ(実際の毛包の喪失は起きないが)、無毛状態さえ起きる。炎症の臨床的症状は存在しないが、疾患の活性部位からの皮膚生検試料はCD8+毛包内浸潤とともに主のCD4+細胞の毛包周囲リンパ球浸潤を示す。Kalish R.S. and Gilhar A. J. Investig. Dermatol. Symp. Proc. 8, 164 (2003)を参照。
毛包脂腺の障害である尋常性ざ瘡は青年期の最も一般的な皮膚の問題である。毛包の角質化の異常がざ瘡病変を引き起こすと考えられている。酒さ性ざ瘡は、丘疹、膿疱、嚢胞、及び広範な毛細血管拡張症の存在により尋常性ざ瘡とは区別されるが、面皰(稗粒腫)は存在しない。皮脂腺からの皮脂分泌の増加が、尋常性ざ瘡の病態生理の主要な原因である。他の皮脂腺機能もまたざ瘡の発生を引き起こし、これらには、皮脂性炎症促進性脂質;局所的に産生される異なるサイトカイン;腺周囲ペプチドと神経ペプチド、例えばコルチコトロピン放出ホルモン(これは皮脂細胞により産生される);及びサブスタンスP(これはざ瘡患者の健康に見える腺の近傍の神経末端で発現される)がある。Zouboulis C.C. Clin. Dermatol. 22, 360 (2004)を参照。
結節性痒疹は、治療の困難な難治性掻痒症により引き起こされる苔癬化または擦過結節の破裂である。慢性にこすっていると苔癬化し、引っ掻いていると線状擦過を引き起こすが、かゆくひりひりする皮膚をつまんだり穴を空けたりする人は、顕著に厚くなった丘疹(結節性痒疹として知られている)を生成し易い。結節性痒疹はアトピー性皮膚炎に特異的ではないが、この結節を有する多くの患者はまたアトピー性反応を有し、これはアレルギー性鼻炎、喘息、または食物アレルギーとして現れる。T細胞は痒疹病変の浸潤細胞の大部分を占め、これらの病変はしばしばアトピー患者の最もかゆい皮膚病変である。
末梢血中の単純ヘルペスウイルス(HSV)特異的CD8+T細胞及びヘルペス病変から回収したHSV特異的CD8+T細胞は高レベルのCLAを発現するが、非皮膚指向性ヘルペスウイルス特異的CD8+T細胞はCLAを発現しない。Koelle D.M. et al., J. Clin. Invest. 110, 537 (2002)を参照。HSV−2反応性CD4+Tリンパ球もまたCLAを発現するが、そのレベルはCD8+Tリンパ球についてすでに観察されたものより低い。Gonzalez J. C. et al., J. Infect. Dis. 191, 243 (2005)を参照。掻痒症もまたヘルペスウイルス感染に関連している(Hung K.Y. et al., Blood Purif. 16, 147 (1998)を参照)が、HIVのような他のウイルス疾患もまた掻痒症皮膚病変に関連している。重症の難治性の掻痒症(しばしば紅斑丘疹皮膚病変や高好酸球症に関連している)は、ある非アトピー性HIV感染患者にしばしば観察される症状である。Singh F. and Rudikoff D.、Am. J. Clin. Dermatol. 4, 177 (2003)、及びMilazzo F.、Piconi S. et al., Allergy 54, 266 (1999)を参照。
骨関節炎、リウマチ様関節炎、損傷の結果としての関節炎関節などを含む関節炎は、抗炎症性抗体や結合ポリペプチド(例えば本発明の抗IL−31抗体及び結合ポリペプチド)の治療的使用が有効な一般的な炎症症状である。例えばリウマチ様関節炎(RA)は、全身に影響を与える全身性疾患であり、関節炎の最も一般的な型の1つである。これは、関節の内側の膜の炎症(これは疼痛、こわばり、暖かさ、発赤及び腫張を引き起こす)が特徴である。炎症性細胞は、骨や軟骨を消化する酵素を放出する。リウマチ様関節炎の結果として、腫張した関節裏層である滑膜は骨や軟骨に侵入して傷害させ、生理学的作用の中でも特に関節破壊と重い疼痛を引き起こす。関与する関節はその形とアラインメントを失い、疼痛と運動の喪失を引き起こす。
内毒素血症は、感染性物質(例えば、細菌、及び他の感染症物質)、敗血症、毒素ショック症候群に起因するか、または日和見感染した免疫無防備状態患者などで一般的に発症する重症の症状である。抗炎症性抗体及び結合ポリペプチド(例えば本発明の抗IL−31抗体及び結合ポリペプチド)の治療的使用は、ヒトや動物の内毒素血症の予防と治療を助けるであろう。他の治療薬候補には、本発明のIL−31RAポリペプチドである可溶性ヘテロダイマーとマルチマー受容体ポリペプチド、またはIL−31抗体もしくは結合パートナーなどがあり、内毒素血症の炎症や病原性作用を低減する有用な治療薬となるであろう。
炎症性腸疾患(IBD)は結腸、直腸(潰瘍性結腸炎)または両方、小腸及び大腸(クローン病)を冒す。これらの疾患の病理発生は不明であるが、患部組織の慢性炎症がある。治療薬候補には、本発明のIL−31RAポリペプチドである可溶性ヘテロダイマーとマルチマー受容体ポリペプチド、または抗IL−31抗体もしくは結合パートナーなどがあり、IBDや関連疾患の炎症や病原性作用を低減するための有用な治療薬となるであろう。
乾癬は、700万人以上のアメリカ人が罹っている慢性の皮膚症状である。乾癬は、新しい皮膚細胞が異常に増殖して、皮膚の炎症、腫張、及びうろこ状の斑を生成させて、ここで古い皮膚が急速に剥がれる時に起きる。最も一般的な型である斑状乾癬は、銀白色のうろこがかぶさった炎症皮膚班(病変)が特徴である。乾癬は数個の班に限定されるかまたは皮膚の中程度から広範な部位まで関与し、最も一般的には頭皮、膝、肘、及び胴体に現れる。これは肉眼でよく見えるが、乾癬は感染症ではない。この疾患の病理発生は患部組織の慢性炎症を含む。ヒト化IL−31抗原結合分子又はIL−31アンタゴニストは、乾癬、他の炎症性皮膚疾患、皮膚や粘膜アレルギー、及び関連疾患の、炎症や病原性作用を低減するための有用な治療薬となり得る。
マウス抗ヒトIL−31モノクローナル抗体は、2006年5月8日出願の同時係属米国特許出願第11/430,066号(米国特許公報第2006−02752960号)に記載されている。マウス抗ヒトIL−31モノクローナル抗体の可変領域のアミノ酸配列は、2007年9月4日出願の同時係属米国特許出願第11/850,006号、及び本出願人のPCT出願US07/77555号(2007年9月4日出願)に記載されている。これらのアミノ酸を、本明細書に記載のヒト化配列の出発物質として使用した。具体的にはマウス抗ヒトIL−31抗体配列は、クローン番号292.12.3.1のハイブリドーマ由来である。
すべての実験法は、製造業者の説明書に従って行った。抗IL−31抗体cDNAをGeneart(http://www.Geneart.com)に注文し、発現プラスミドpTT5中にサブクローン化した。抗体軽鎖(LC)と重鎖(HC)を独立したプラスミドで維持した。pTT5はYves Durocher(Biotechnology Research Institute, National Research Council Canada)から使用許可を得た。pTT5プラスミドは以下の文献で性状解析されている:Durocher et al. NAR 2002; 及びPham et al. Biotechn. Bioeng. 2003。
序論
表面プラズモン共鳴(SPR)分析を使用してリアルタイムに、タンパク質相互作用を追跡することができる。この試験では我々は、組換えヒトIL−31(hIL−31)に対する親和性について抗IL−31モノクローナル抗体を性状解析するために、ビアコア(Biacore)3000とビアコア(Biacore)T100装置でSRP分析を行った。
精製したモノクローナル抗体を、CM5型センサーチップ上の個々のフローセルに固定化した。固定化は、標準的アミン結合法を使用して、500共鳴単位(Resonance Units)(RU)の固定化レベルを目指して行った。抗体を10mM NaAc(pH4.5)で1〜5μg/mlに希釈した。
A.培地と緩衝液
培養培地:グルタマックス(Glutamax)(SKN, NN)、10%熱不活性化FBS、1%P/S(BioWhitaker、カタログ番号DE17−602E)、0.5mg/ml ジェネティシン(Geneticin)(GIBCO、カタログ番号10131−019)、100μg/ml ゼオシン(Zeocin)(Invitrogen 45−0430)、1ng/ml IL3(TriChem ApS、カタログ番号213−13)、2μg/ml ピューロマイシン(Puromycin)(Sigma-Aldrich、P7255)を有するRPMI1640。
ヒト抗IL−31モノクローナル抗体をNovo Nordiskで製造し、Novo Nordisk(Copenhagen, Denmark)で精製した。hIL−31RαとhOSMRBの遺伝子でトランスフェクトしたKZS134−BAF3細胞株として、BAF−3(hIL−31R)細胞をZymoGenetics, Inc.(Seattle, WA)から受け取った。組換えヒトIL−31(C108S、米国特許公報第2006−0228329号に記載されている)、ZymoGenetics, Inc.により大腸菌(E. coli)で産生。MW 18kDa。
1.刺激アッセイ
BAF−3(hIL−31R)細胞をアッセイ培地で完全に洗浄して、残存IL3を除去した。次に細胞を96ウェルマイクロタイタープレート(平ウェルビュープレート、Packard cat.S00190)に104細胞/ウェルで接種する。hIL−31の連続希釈物(10-9M〜10-15M)をウェルに加え、細胞を含むがhIL−31を含まない追加のウェルを陰性対照とする。細胞を5%CO2で37℃で3日間培養する。培養期間の最後に6時間に、10μlのアラマーブルーを各ウェルに加える。分光蛍光光度計(bmg POLARstar+ Galaxy)で励起555−12nmと蛍光590nmで、細胞の蛍光強度を測定する。阻害分析のために、一定濃度のhIL−31を使用して細胞を刺激する。この濃度は、増殖アッセイの最大刺激の約90%(これは、我々のところでは10-10M hIL20を意味する)に基づいて選択する。
洗浄BAF−3(hIL−31R)細胞の10×104細胞/ウェルをマイクロタイターウェル中のアッセイ培地に接種する。10−10M(最終濃度)のhIL−31を各ウェルに加える(ただし、陰性対照として使用するいくつかのウェルは細胞のみを有する)。抗体の連続希釈物(すなわち、100μgと2倍)を、すでに細胞とサイトカインとを含むウェルに加える(ただし、陽性対照として使用するいくつかのウェルは細胞+hIL−31のみを有する)。細胞、サイトカイン、及び抗体の混合物を100μl/wで5%CO2で37℃で72時間インキュベートする。最後の6時間のインキュベーションは、10μl/wのアラマーブルーを含む。分光蛍光光度計(bmg POLARstar+ Galaxy)で励起555−15nmと蛍光590nmで、プレートの蛍光強度を測定する。曲線を引き、力価(IC50)をPrism4(GraphPad PRISM software Inc.)を使用して計算する。データを以下の表3に示す。このアッセイでいくつかのクローンは、親株と同様の親和性を示した。
正常なヒトケラチン細胞の培養とSTAT3リン酸化アッセイ:
腹部の皮膚からの正常なヒトケラチン細胞(NHK)をBiopredic Int.(Rennes, France)から得て、Cascade Biologics(Portland, OR)のHKGSキットを補足したEpilife培地で増殖させた。HBSS、トリプシン−EDTA、及びトリプシン中和試薬を含有するDetach Kitを細胞を採取するために使用し、Promocell(Heidelberg, Germany)から得た。平底96ウェルプレート(Nunc, Roskilde, Denmark)中の組換えヒトIL−31でNHKを15分間刺激して、STAT3リン酸化をして、サイトカインのEC50を決定した。NHK溶解物を、Cell Signaling Technology(Danvers, MA)からのPathScan Phospho-STAT3サンドイッチELISAキットで、製造業者の説明書に従って測定した。次に抗体の連続希釈物をNHKに加えた後、組換えヒトIL−31のEC80で15分間刺激することにより、各中和抗体のIC50を測定した。マウスIgG1(R & D Systems, Minneapolis, MN)とヒトIgG4(Sigma-Aldrich, Saint Louis, MO)をイソタイプ対照抗体として使用した。
Claims (8)
- 配列番号44のアミノ酸残基を含むヒト化重鎖可変ドメイン、及び配列番号26のアミノ酸残基を含むヒト化軽鎖可変ドメインを含むヒトIL−31に特異的に結合する単離されたモノクローナル抗体。
- 前記モノクローナル抗体がヒトFcドメインを有する、請求項1に記載の単離されたモノクローナル抗体。
- 前記ヒトFcドメインのアイソタイプが、IgG1、IgG2、IgG3、又はIgG4である、請求項2に記載の、単離されたモノクローナル抗体。
- 前記ヒトFcドメインのアイソタイプが、IgG4である、請求項2又は3に記載の、単離されたモノクローナル抗体。
- 前記ヒトFcドメインが、Kabatにより測定された場合に241位においてセリンからプロリンへの変異を有する、請求項2〜4のいずれか一項に記載の単離されたモノクローナル抗体。
- 前記重鎖ドメインが、配列番号47のアミノ酸残基を含む、請求項1〜5のいずれか一項に記載の単離されたモノクローナル抗体。
- 前記軽鎖ドメインが、配列番号46のアミノ酸残基を含む、請求項1〜6のいずれか一項に記載の単離されたモノクローナル抗体。
- 請求項1〜7のいずれか一項に記載のモノクローナル抗体を含む、アトピー性皮膚炎、皮膚炎、結節性痒疹、湿疹、白斑、円形脱毛、酒さ、尋常性座瘡、水疱性類天疱瘡又は接触性皮膚炎の治療用の医薬組成物。
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