JP5620676B2 - 燃料電池及び他の用途のための樹枝状金属ナノ構造体 - Google Patents
燃料電池及び他の用途のための樹枝状金属ナノ構造体 Download PDFInfo
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- JP5620676B2 JP5620676B2 JP2009503065A JP2009503065A JP5620676B2 JP 5620676 B2 JP5620676 B2 JP 5620676B2 JP 2009503065 A JP2009503065 A JP 2009503065A JP 2009503065 A JP2009503065 A JP 2009503065A JP 5620676 B2 JP5620676 B2 JP 5620676B2
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- membrane
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Images
Classifications
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M8/00—Fuel cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M8/10—Fuel cells with solid electrolytes
- H01M8/1004—Fuel cells with solid electrolytes characterised by membrane-electrode assemblies [MEA]
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B82—NANOTECHNOLOGY
- B82Y—SPECIFIC USES OR APPLICATIONS OF NANOSTRUCTURES; MEASUREMENT OR ANALYSIS OF NANOSTRUCTURES; MANUFACTURE OR TREATMENT OF NANOSTRUCTURES
- B82Y30/00—Nanotechnology for materials or surface science, e.g. nanocomposites
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/86—Inert electrodes with catalytic activity, e.g. for fuel cells
- H01M4/90—Selection of catalytic material
- H01M4/92—Metals of platinum group
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/86—Inert electrodes with catalytic activity, e.g. for fuel cells
- H01M4/90—Selection of catalytic material
- H01M4/92—Metals of platinum group
- H01M4/921—Alloys or mixtures with metallic elements
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/86—Inert electrodes with catalytic activity, e.g. for fuel cells
- H01M4/90—Selection of catalytic material
- H01M4/92—Metals of platinum group
- H01M4/925—Metals of platinum group supported on carriers, e.g. powder carriers
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/86—Inert electrodes with catalytic activity, e.g. for fuel cells
- H01M4/90—Selection of catalytic material
- H01M4/92—Metals of platinum group
- H01M4/925—Metals of platinum group supported on carriers, e.g. powder carriers
- H01M4/926—Metals of platinum group supported on carriers, e.g. powder carriers on carbon or graphite
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M8/00—Fuel cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M8/10—Fuel cells with solid electrolytes
- H01M2008/1095—Fuel cells with polymeric electrolytes
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
- Y02E60/00—Enabling technologies; Technologies with a potential or indirect contribution to GHG emissions mitigation
- Y02E60/30—Hydrogen technology
- Y02E60/50—Fuel cells
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- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
- Electrochemistry (AREA)
- General Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Materials Engineering (AREA)
- Nanotechnology (AREA)
- Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
- Manufacturing & Machinery (AREA)
- Sustainable Development (AREA)
- Sustainable Energy (AREA)
- Condensed Matter Physics & Semiconductors (AREA)
- General Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- Crystallography & Structural Chemistry (AREA)
- Composite Materials (AREA)
- Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- Inert Electrodes (AREA)
- Catalysts (AREA)
Description
米国政府は本発明に対してある一定の権利を有する。
(関連出願の参照)
本出願は、2006年3月31日出願の米国仮出願第60/788,003号、及び2006年11月29日出願の米国特許出願第11/564,510号に対して優先権を主張するものであり、これら両出願の内容全体は、参照として本明細書に援用されるものとする。
本発明は、触媒、特に、燃料電池、特に高分子電解質膜(PEM)燃料電池のための白金又は白金ベースの金属材料を含む触媒に関する。
多重ラメラリポソーム(小胞)は、DSPC(1,2−ジオクタデカノイル−sn−グリセロ−3−ホスホコリン)(79mg)を100mLのアスコルビン酸溶液(150mM)に加え、超音波洗浄器FS14H(ペンシルバニア州、ピッツバーグ)を使用して2分間の軽度超音波処理に付すことより調製した。この手順により、DSPCの最終濃度は1mMとなる。小胞の平均直径は、Beckman Coulter N5サブミクロン粒径分析器を使用した動的光散乱法によって測定したところ、400nmであった。直径30〜500nmの円形樹枝状白金ナノシートを、鋳型としてアスコルビン酸溶液(150mM)中の多重ラメラDSPC小胞を使用して調製した。樹枝状ナノシートを調製するために、アスコルビン酸(150mM)中における多重ラメラDSPCリポソーム(1mM DSPC)の懸濁液100mLを、ガラス反応器中でエージングした白金錯体(20mM)100mLと混合した。この反応混合物を周辺条件下に少なくとも100分間放置して白金還元を確実に完了させてから、試料を採取して電子顕微鏡によって撮影した。
単ラメラリポソームは押出し法で調製した。要するに、50mLのDSPC(1.0mM)及び1.0−mMコレステロール原液を、ガラス管中で混合し、真空下でクロロホルムを除去して、ガラス壁に脂質薄膜を形成させた。一晩乾燥した後、ナノピュア水100mLを加え、その混合物を水浴にて65℃で1時間加熱した。次いで、その試料をボルテックスして多重ラメラ小胞の形成を促進させた。最後に、この混合物を200nmの多孔性ポリカーボネートフィルターを通して押出し、この押出し工程を合計10回繰り返した。動的光散乱法によって測定した単ラメラリポソームの平均直径は140〜170nmであった。泡状白金ナノ粒子は、水中で調製した単ラメラリポソームの懸濁液100mLをガラス反応器に入れ、次いでエージングした白金錯体(20mM)100mL及び固体アスコルビン酸2.64gを加えて合成した。混合直後、濁しているリポソーム懸濁液が凝集する。アスコルビン酸を完全に溶解させるため、この反応混合物の入ったガラス反応器を旋回攪拌し、周辺環境下に少なくとも100分間放置してから、撮影するために試料を採取した。
樹枝状白金ナノシートは、反応混合物50mLのバッチ処理法により精製した。バッチは、最初に、IEC CENTRA(登録商標)MP4R Centrifuge(コロラド州、ゴールデン)を使用して3500rpmで少なくとも5分間遠心分離に付した。次いで、上澄みを除去し、黒い沈殿物に、ある特定の量の蒸留水を加え、それを30分間の軽度超音波処理によって再懸濁させた。遠心分離/再懸濁の手順をさらに5回繰り返して、可能な限り、界面活性剤、塩、及び他の不純物を除去した。得られた黒いスラリーは、75℃のオーブンで12時間乾燥した後、表面領域及び電極触媒の研究に使用した。
白金試料に対する前処理と燃料電池実験の詳細は、実施例3での記載と同じである。図2のTEM像に示された樹枝状泡状白金ナノ粒子について、燃料電池触媒として調査した。
サイクリックボルタンメトリー(CV)データは、燃料電池試験ハードウェアにおいてPAR 273Aポテンシオスタットを使用して取得した。CV実験は、25℃において、アノードとカソードにそれぞれ相対湿度100%の水素と窒素を供給して実施した。アノードは動的水素参照電極(DHE)として機能し、カソードは作用電極として機能した。CV曲線を得るために、カソードの電位を50mV/秒にてDHEに対して0.1Vから1.0Vまで掃引した。CVの掃引を連続して3回行い、その3番目の曲線を分析に使用した。CV曲線は、白金のECAを決定するためにシュミット(Schmidt)ほか(J.Electrochem.Soc.1996,145,2354−2358)の手順に従って、統合した。
テトラクロロ白金酸カリウム(K2PtCl4;99.99%)、L−アスコルビン酸(AA)(99+%)、1,2−ジオクタデカノイル−sn−グリセロ−3−ホスホコリン(DSPC、99%)、及びコレステロール(99+%)は、市販されている最も純度の高いものであり、Sigma−Aldrich社(ミズーリ州、セントルイス)から入手したまま使用した。全ての水溶液は、Barnstead Nanopure浄水システム(オハイオ州、チェスターランド)による超純水を使用して調製した。
テトラクロロ白金酸カリウム(K2PtCl4;99.99%)、L−アスコルビン酸(AA)(99+%)、1,2−ジオクタデカノイル−sn−グリセロ−3−ホスホコリン(DSPC、99%)、及びコレステロール(99+%)は、市販されている最も純度の高いものであり、Sigma−Aldrich社(ミズーリ州、セントルイス)から入手したまま使用した。全ての水溶液は、Barnstead Nanopure浄水システム(オハイオ州、チェスターランド)による超純水を使用して調製した。
水素燃料電池では、アノードにおいて水素がプロトンと電子に変換され、カソードではプロトン、電子、及び酸素から水が形成される。電極は、炭素ベースの材料(例えば、グラファイト等)等の電子導電性材料を含むが、その電子導電性材料上に触媒が担持されてもよい。例えば、触媒層は、電気伝導性シート(例えば、グラファイトシート、炭素布、又は同様のもの)の粗面と電解質との間に配置されてもよい。他の実施例において、電極は、電子伝導性材料及びプロトン伝導性材料の両方を含んでもよく、触媒は電子伝導性材料及びプロトン伝導性材料の両方の近傍にあることが好ましい。触媒は、アノードでは水素のプロトン及び電子への変換を促進し、カソードでは水の形成を促進する。アノード及びカソードに使用される触媒は、同一でもよく、各電極に対し、触媒デンドリマー(例えば、白金のデンドリマー又は白金合金のデンドリマー)を含んでもよい。しかしながら、本発明の実施形態は、様々な触媒(従って、樹枝状材料)をアノード及びカソードにおいて使用する燃料電池を包む。
本発明による膜・電極接合体(MEA)は、第1電極、第2電極、及び第1電極と第2電極の間に配置されたイオン伝導膜を有し、この第1電極は、膜・電極接合体の作動中において触媒作用を提供するデンドリマーを含む。
デンドリマー触媒に使用された触媒材料は、白金含有金属(例えば、白金金属、白金合金(例えば、白金−コバルト合金、又は白金とSn、Fe、Co、Cr、Ni、Nb、V、Mo、Mn、Pd、Ru、Zr、Ir、Rh、及びVの1つ以上との合金)、他の遷移金属、及びそれらの合金等)、他の金属、及び他の触媒活性材料を含んでもよい。水素燃料電池のためのデンドリマー材料の好ましい例は、白金又は白金合金である。他の金属、例えばニッケル−コバルト合金等、を使用してもよい。触媒は、例えば合金として、Pt、Sn、Fe、Co、Cr、Ni、Nb、V、Mo、Mn、Pd、Ru、Zr、Ir、Rh、及びVの金属の群から選択された1つ以上の金属を含んでもよい。触媒は、任意の触媒活性材料を含んでもよい。代表的な好適な例では、金属粒子は、白金と、Fe、Co、Pd、及びNiから成る群から選択された少なくとも1種の金属との合金を含んでもよい。
デンドリマーは、例えば1〜50nmの範囲の円板厚、より詳細には1〜10nmの範囲の円板厚を有するような、略円板形状で形成してもよい。円板直径は、円板厚より大きく、一般的に1nm〜1000nmの範囲、詳細には1nm〜500nmの範囲、より詳細には30nm〜500nmの範囲であり得る。デンドリマーは、一般に1〜1000nmの範囲、より詳細には1〜500nmの範囲の直径の球状であってもよい。本発明の実施例において、金属デンドリマーの少なくとも一部が単結晶構造を有してもよい。
触媒は、金属前駆体、還元剤、光触媒、及びマトリックス材料を含む混合物を提供することによって調製してもよい。混合物に光照射すると、金属前駆体の還元反応によってナノ構造の触媒材料が形成される。光触媒は、金属前駆体及び酸化還元剤と混合する前、すなわち金属前駆体を触媒材料へと還元する前に、マトリックス材料上(又はマトリックス中)に分散してもよい。光触媒は、マトリックス材料と共通の溶媒に溶解又は懸濁させて、マトリックス材料の表面に分散してもよい。
Claims (14)
- 第1電極と、
第2電極と、
前記第1電極及び前記第2電極の間に配置されたイオン伝導膜とを含む膜・電極接合体(MEA)であって、
前記第1電極が、炭素材料を含み、前記膜・電極接合体の作動中に触媒として機能する、白金で構成された樹枝状金属ナノ構造体を含有し、
前記樹枝状金属ナノ構造体は、互いに部分的に融着した、細孔を有する30nm〜500nmの直径及び1nm〜10nmの厚みを有する円板形状の樹枝状金属ナノシートからなる触媒多孔性シートであり、
前記樹枝状金属ナノシートの少なくとも一部が前記第1電極の前記炭素材料上に直接設けられている膜・電極接合体。 - 前記樹枝状金属ナノシートの少なくとも一部が前記炭素材料上に担持されている請求項1に記載の膜・電極接合体。
- 前記炭素材料が黒鉛状炭素である請求項2に記載の膜・電極接合体。
- 前記イオン伝導膜が高分子電解質膜である請求項1から3のいずれか一項に記載の膜・電極接合体。
- 前記細孔の直径が、1nm〜10nmの範囲内である請求項1から4のいずれか一項に記載の膜・電極接合体。
- 請求項1から5のいずれか一項に記載の膜・電極接合体を含む燃料電池。
- 第1電極と、
第2電極と、
前記第1電極及び前記第2電極の間に配置された電解質とを含む燃料電池であって、
前記第1電極が炭素材料及び触媒を含み、当該触媒が白金で構成された樹枝状金属ナノ構造体を含有し、
前記樹枝状金属ナノ構造体は、互いに部分的に融着した、細孔を有する30nm〜500nmの直径及び1nm〜10nmの厚みを有する円板形状の樹枝状金属ナノシートからなる触媒多孔性シートであり、
前記樹枝状金属ナノシートの少なくとも一部が前記第1電極の前記炭素材料上に直接設けられている燃料電池。 - 前記細孔の直径が、1nm〜10nmの範囲内である請求項7に記載の燃料電池。
- 前記細孔の直径が、2nm〜5nmの範囲内である請求項8に記載の燃料電池。
- 前記白金で構成された樹枝状金属ナノ構造体の少なくとも一部が単結晶構造を有する請求項7から9のいずれか一項に記載の燃料電池。
- 前記樹枝状金属ナノシートの少なくとも一部が前記炭素材料上に担持されている請求項7から10のいずれか一項に記載の燃料電池。
- 前記炭素材料が黒鉛状炭素である請求項7から11のいずれか一項に記載の燃料電池。
- 前記電解質がイオン伝導膜である請求項7から12のいずれか一項に記載の燃料電池。
- 前記イオン伝導膜が高分子電解質膜である請求項13に記載の燃料電池。
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EP2013932B1 (en) | 2016-08-10 |
EP2013932A2 (en) | 2009-01-14 |
WO2008051284A2 (en) | 2008-05-02 |
US20130302721A9 (en) | 2013-11-14 |
CN105161742B (zh) | 2018-11-06 |
EP2013932A4 (en) | 2012-04-18 |
CN105161742A (zh) | 2015-12-16 |
JP2009532828A (ja) | 2009-09-10 |
US8574789B2 (en) | 2013-11-05 |
CA2647852C (en) | 2015-08-04 |
US20070231674A1 (en) | 2007-10-04 |
WO2008051284A3 (en) | 2009-04-02 |
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