JP5589165B2 - タンパク質欠損性障害の治療のための併用療法 - Google Patents
タンパク質欠損性障害の治療のための併用療法 Download PDFInfo
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- JP5589165B2 JP5589165B2 JP2006503265A JP2006503265A JP5589165B2 JP 5589165 B2 JP5589165 B2 JP 5589165B2 JP 2006503265 A JP2006503265 A JP 2006503265A JP 2006503265 A JP2006503265 A JP 2006503265A JP 5589165 B2 JP5589165 B2 JP 5589165B2
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Description
タンパク質は、特定の遺伝子のゲノムヌクレオチド配列に従って、細胞内で、転写、翻訳、及びその他のプロセスを経て合成される。タンパク質欠損症は、(i)タンパク質の不合成、(ii)生物学的活性を有しないタンパク質の合成、又は(iii)正常な、若しくは部分的な生物学的活性を有するが、本来存在すべきコンパートメントに到達するように適切にプロセシングされることができないタンパク質の合成、を生じさせる、コード遺伝子の変異によって生じる可能性がある。遺伝子変異によって発症するタンパク質欠損性障害は、遺伝子病とも呼ばれる。
タンパク質は細胞質内で合成され、新たに合成されたタンパク質はほとんど折り畳まれていない状態で小胞体(ER)の内腔に分泌される。一般に、タンパク質のフォールディング(折り畳み)は自己組織化の原理によって支配されている。新たに合成されたポリペプチドは、それらのアミノ酸配列に基づいて天然型コンフォメーションに折り畳まれる(Anfinsen ら,Adv. Protein Chem. 1975; 29:205-300)。インビボでは、タンパク質のフォールディングは複雑である。これは、通常は疎水性コア内に覆い隠されているアミノ酸が近隣のタンパク質と非特異的に相互作用する凝集プロセスが、周囲の温度と高いタンパク質濃度との組合せによって刺激されるためである。この問題を回避するために、タンパク質のフォールディングは、通常は新生ポリペプチド鎖が凝集するのを防止し、タンパク質が天然型コンフォメーションにリフォールディングされるように、折り畳まれていないタンパク質に結合する分子シャペロンと呼ばれる一群の特殊なタンパク質によって促進される(Hartl, Nature 1996; 381: 571-580)。
従来の特許及び刊行物には、内因性の酵素タンパク質(具体的には、誤って折り畳まれたリソソーム酵素)をER品質管理機構による分解から救済する治療戦略が記載されている。この戦略では、特定のリソソーム障害に関連する欠陥リソソーム酵素に対して特異的な小分子の可逆的競合阻害剤を用いる。この戦略は、次のとおりである。変異型酵素タンパク質はER内では誤って折り畳まれるので(Ishii ら,Biochem. Biophys. Res. Comm. 1996; 220:812-815)、この酵素タンパク質は正常の輸送経路(ER→ゴルジ装置→エンドソーム→リソソーム)では遅滞し、急速に分解される。このため、変異型タンパク質の正しいフォールディングを促進する機能性化合物は、変異型タンパク質に対する部位特異的シャペロンとして機能し、ER品質管理システムからの円滑な脱出を促進する。インビトロにおいて、酵素の触媒中心を占め、そのコンフォメーションを安定化させる酵素阻害剤が存在することは知られている。従って、これらの特異的シャペロンは、活性部位特異的シャペロン(ASSC)と称することができる。
本明細書で用いる用語は一般に、本発明の状況、及び各用語が使用される特定の状況において、当分野における通常の意味を有する。本発明の組成物及び方法、並びにその製造方法及び使用方法を説明するに際して、実施者への追加の指針を提供するために、一定の用語については、下記で、又は本明細書のいずれかの箇所で考察する。
現在、特定の組織におけるタンパク質欠損又は機能喪失を特徴とする約1100種の遺伝性障害が知られている。理論上は、これらの障害はタンパク質補充療法によって治療可能である。本発明の方法は、現在又は将来において利用可能なタンパク質補充療法に用いるのに現在のところ適しているタンパク質に関する併用療法を企図している。このような障害では、個体のある一部の細胞又は全部の細胞が機能性のタンパク質を十分に有さず、又は不活性形のタンパク質を有し、又は生物学的機能に関して不十分なレベルのタンパク質を有する。
遺伝性タンパク質欠損性障害の多くは酵素欠損症である。上述したように、大きな一群の遺伝性酵素障害はリソソーム酵素における変異を伴い、リソソーム蓄積症(LSD)とも呼ばれる。リソソーム蓄積症は、スフィンゴ糖脂質、グリコーゲン及びムコ多糖類の蓄積によって発症する疾患群である。リソソーム障害の例には、ゴーシェ病(Beutler ら,The Metabolic and Molecular Bases of Inherited Disease,8th ed.2001 Scriver ら(編),3635-3668 頁,McGraw-Hill, New York)、GM1−ガングリオシドーシス(上記参照、3775-3810 頁)、フコシドーシス(The Metabolic and Molecular Bases of Inherited Disease 1995. Scriver, C. R., Beaudet, A. L., Sly, W. S. and Valle, D. (編),2529-2561 頁,McGraw-Hill, New York)、ムコ多糖症(上記参照、3421-3452 頁)、ポンペ病(上記参照、3389-3420 頁)、ハーラー・シャイエ病(Weismann ら,Science 1970; 169, 72-74)、ニーマン・ピック病A型及びB型(The Metabolic and Molecular Bases of Inherited Disease 8th ed. 2001. Scriver ら(編),3589-3610 頁,McGraw-Hill, New York)及びファブリー病(上記参照、3733-3774 頁)が含まれるが、それらに限定されない。LSD及びそれらに関連する欠損性酵素のリストは、下記表1に記載した。以下では、そのうちの2種について具体的に考察する。
ファブリー病は、欠損性リソソームα−ガラクトシダーゼA(α−GalA)活性によって生じるスフィンゴ糖脂質のX連鎖先天性代謝異常である(Desnick ら,The Metabolic and Molecular Bases of Inherited Disease, 8th Edition Scriver ら(編),3733-3774 頁,McGraw-Hill, New York、2001;Bradyら,N. Engl. J. Med. 1967; 276, 1163-1167)。この酵素欠損は、α−ガラクトシル残基、主としてグロボトリアオシルセラミド(GL−3)を伴う中性スフィンゴ糖脂質の、体液及び組織リソソームにおける進行性沈着をもたらす。この疾患の発生頻度は、男性では約1:40,000であり、世界中の異なる人種で報告されている。古典的な態様で罹患した男性の場合、臨床症状には、被角血管腫、先端感覚異常、発汗減少症、並びに特徴的な角膜及び水晶体混濁(The Metabolic and Molecular Bases of Inherited Disease, 8th Edition 2001, Scriver ら(編),3733-3774 頁,McGraw-Hill, New York)が含まれる。罹患した男性の余命は短縮され、心臓、脳、及び/又は腎臓の血管性疾患の結果として、通常は40年後又は50年後に死亡する。これとは対照的に、より軽度の「心臓型」の患者は、通常は5〜15%の正常α−Gal A活性を有し、左心室肥大又は心筋症を示す。古典的な患者が重度に易感染性であるのに対して、これらの心臓型患者は事実上無症候性のままである。近年、心臓型は、説明のつかない左心室肥大性心筋症に罹っている成人男性患者の11%において見出されたが、これはファブリー病が以前の推定より高い頻度で発症する可能性があることを示唆している(Nakao ら,N. Engl. J. Med. 1995; 333:288-293)。α−Gal A遺伝子はXq22にマッピングされており(Bishop ら,Am. J. Hum. Genet. 1985; 37:A144)、α−Gal Aをコードする全長cDNA及び全12−kbゲノム配列が報告されている(Calhoun ら,Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 1985; 82:7364-7368;Bishop ら,Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 1986; 83:4859-4863;Tsuji ら,Eur. J. Biochem. 1987; 165:275-280;及び Komreich ら,Nucleic Acids Res. 1989; 17:3301-3302)。ファブリー病を生じさせる変異には、顕著な遺伝的異質性が存在する(The Metabolic and Molecular Bases of Inherited Disease, 8th Edition 2001, Scriver ら(編),3733-3774 頁,McGraw-Hill, New York;Eng ら,Am. J. Hum. Genet. 1993; 53:1186-1197;Eng ら,Mol. Med. 1997; 3:174-182;及び Davies ら,Eur. J. Hum. Genet. 1996; 4:219-224)。現在までに、小さな欠失及び挿入、並びにより大きな遺伝子再構成に加えて、様々なミスセンス変異、ナンセンス変異及びスプライシング変異が報告されている。
ゴーシェ病は、脂肪グルコセレブロシドを分解するリソソーム酵素β−グルコセレブロシダーゼの欠損症である。脂肪はその後、大部分が肝臓、脾臓及び骨髄に蓄積する。ゴーシェ病は、疼痛、疲労、黄疸、骨損傷、貧血、そして死亡さえ生じさせる可能性がある。ゴーシェ病には3つの臨床的表現型がある。I型の患者は若年期又は青年期に罹患し、外傷を受けやすく、貧血に起因する疲労、低血小板、肝臓及び脾臓の肥大、骨格の弱体化を経験し、場合によっては、肺障害及び腎障害を抱える。脳併発の徴候はない。早期に発症するII型では、肝臓及び脾臓の肥大は3カ月齢までに発生し、広範な脳併発が見られる。2歳までは死亡率が高い。III型は、肝臓及び脾臓の肥大、並びに脳発作を特徴とする。β−グルコセレブロシダーゼ遺伝子は、ヒトlq21染色体上に位置する。そのタンパク質前駆体は536アミノ酸を含有し、その成熟タンパク質は497アミノ酸長である。
グルコース6−リン酸デヒドロゲナーゼ(G6PD)欠損症は、最も一般的なX連鎖ヒト酵素欠損症である。G6PD酵素は、DNA及びRNA両方の必須成分であるリボースの産生に不可欠な酸化/還元反応を触媒する。G6PDは更に、細胞の内部のNADPHを適正なレベルに維持することにも関与している。NADPHは数多くの生合成反応において必要な補因子である。この欠損症を有する個体は、新生児黄疸、腹痛及び/又は背痛、めまい、頭痛、呼吸困難(不規則呼吸)及び動悸を含む臨床症状を呈する。
タンパク質欠損症を特徴とする障害の他にも、補充タンパク質を投与して、生物学的プロセスを強化又は刺激することによって治療される障害がある。例えば、貧血を有する個体には、組換えエリスロポエチン(EPOGEN(登録商標)、PROCRIT(登録商標)、EPOIETIN(登録商標))を投与して、赤血球の産生を刺激し、組織への酸素の輸送を増加させる。更に、組換えインターフェロンである、インターフェロンα2b(INTRON A(登録商標)、PEG−INTRON(登録商標)、REBETOL(登録商標))及びインターフェロンβ1a(AVONEX(登録商標)、BETASERON(登録商標))は各々、B型肝炎及び多発性硬化症を治療するために投与される。投与されるタンパク質としては他にも、嚢胞性線維症の患者の肺機能を改善するために用いられる、DNAを選択的に開裂する酵素である組換えヒトデオキシリボヌクレアーゼI(rhDNase−PULMOZYME(登録商標))、甲状腺亜全摘術又は甲状腺全摘術を受け、そのため甲状腺ホルモンを摂取しなければならない甲状腺癌患者に用いるために開発された組換え甲状腺刺激ホルモン(THYROGEN(登録商標))、化学療法に起因する好中球減少症を治療するための組換えG−CSF(NEUPOGEN(登録商標))、及び膵炎を有する個体における消化酵素がある。タンパク質療法はまた、高度に特異的で、明確な活性部位を有する抗体を用いた感染症及び癌の治療といった領域においても重要である。抗体治療薬には、RS(respiratory syncitial)ウイルスに対するRESPIRGRAM(登録商標)、乳癌に対するHERCEPTIN(登録商標)、関節炎及び炎症性疾患に対するREMICAID(登録商標)及びHUMIRA(登録商標)等がある。抗体に対するASSCは周知であり、標的抗原又は構造的に連関するアナログ(例えば、活性標的の修飾体又は類似体)を用いることができる。タンパク質療法用のものとして、現在市販されている、又は臨床試験で評価されているタンパク質のリストについては、下記表2を参照されたい。
既に簡単に触れたが、遺伝子治療、タンパク質補充療法、及び小分子阻害剤療法は、タンパク質欠損症から生じる遺伝子障害、及び補充タンパク質の投与が有益な障害の治療のための治療戦略として開発されてきた。
本発明は、インビトロでは製剤又は組成物中の精製タンパク質の安定性を高めて、また、インビボでは、タンパク質に対するASSCを共投与することによってそのタンパク質の安定性を高めて、タンパク質補充療法の有効性を増加させるものである。標的タンパク質に対する好適なASSCのスクリーニングは、例えば、2003年2月28日出願の米国特許出願第10/377,179号(この開示内容はそのまま、レファレンスとして本明細書に包含される。)に記載されているような、当分野における通常の方法を用いて行うことができる。
本発明の方法を用いて治療することができる障害には、LSD、グルコース6−リン酸デヒドロゲナーゼ欠損症、遺伝性気腫、家族性高コレステロール血症、家族性肥大型心筋症、フェニルケトン尿症、貧血、B型肝炎及び多発性硬化症が含まれるが、これらに限定されない。
細胞による補充タンパク質の取込み及びターゲティングを行うために、多くの方法を用いることができる。膜輸送を媒介し、それによって細胞質にポリペプチドを送達することができるペプチド配列が同定されている。例えば、このようなペプチドは、アンテナペディア(Antennapedia)ホメオドメインヘリックス3に由来するものであり、ペネトラチン(国際公開公報第00/29427号;また、Fischer ら,J. Pept. Res. 2000; 55:163-72;DeRossi ら,Trends in Cell Biol. 1998; 8:84-7;Brugidou ら,Biochem. Biophys .Res. Comm. 1995; 214:685-93 を参照されたい)、ヘルペス単純ウイルス由来のVP22タンパク質(Phelan ら,Nat. Biotechnol. 1998; 16:440-3)、及びHIV TAT転写活性化因子等の膜輸送ベクターを生成することができる。アンテナペディアドメイン及びHIV TATドメイン(Vives ら,J. Biol. Chem. 1997; 272:16010-17 を参照されたい。)を含むタンパク質形質導入ドメインは特徴的な正電荷を有し、このことによって、治療タンパク質及びDNAを細胞内へ運搬するのに用いることができるカチオン性 12-mer ペプチドの開発が導かれた(Mi ら,Mol. Therapy 2000; 2:339-47)。上述したタンパク質形質導入ドメインは、共有結合性の架橋が化学的に行われるか、又は融合タンパク質として生成されることによって、標的タンパク質に共有結合する。更に近年、非共有結合性の合成タンパク質形質導入ドメインが Active Motif Inc.(カリフォルニア州カールズバッド)によって開発された。このドメインは、疎水性相互作用を介して標的タンパク質と結合し、好都合なことに、一旦細胞の内側に入ると、タンパク質から解離する(Morris ら,Nat. Biotechnol. 2001; 19:1173-6)。更に、脂質担体が裸の(naked)DNAの送達に用いることができることは既に認められているが、近年、タンパク質を細胞内に送達することも明らかにされている(Zelphati ら,J. Biol. Chem. 2001; 276:35103-10)。タンパク質移送技術の概観については、Bonetta, The Scientist 2002; 16(7):38 を参照されたい。
本発明によって企図されたASSCとしては、基質又は結合パートナー類似体を含む小分子(例えば、分子量が約2kD未満である、より好ましくは分子量が約1kD未満である有機又は無機分子);小リガンド由来ペプチド又はそれらの類似体;DNA、RNA等の核酸;Fv及び一本鎖抗体を含む抗体、並びにFabフラグメント;高分子(例えば、分子量が約2kDを超える分子)、並びにD−及び/又はL−形アミノ酸のライブラリー等、コンビナトリアルケミストリーに由来するライブラリーのメンバー;ランダムな、又は部分的に縮重した定方向のホスホペプチドライブラリーのメンバー等のホスホペプチドが挙げられるが、それらに限定されない(例えば、Songyang ら,Cell 1993; 72:767-778 を参照されたい)。
一つの態様では、ASSC及び補充タンパク質は単一組成物で調製される。このような組成物は、保管中及びインビボ投与中のタンパク質の安定性を高め、それによって治療有効性を高める。製剤の投与経路としては、静脈内、皮下及び腹腔内投与のような非経口投与が好適であるが、経口、鼻腔内又は経皮的投与のような他の投与経路に適当な製剤も企図されている。
投与経路は、静脈内、皮下、動脈内、腹腔内、点眼、筋肉内、経口腔、経直腸、経膣、眼窩内、大脳内、皮内、頭蓋内、髄腔内、脳室内、クモ膜下、槽内、関節内、肺内、鼻腔内、経粘膜、経皮及び吸入経由のいずれであってもよく、また、経口及び非経口のいずれであってもよい。
投与されたタンパク質及び内因性の変異型タンパク質を安定化させるために有効なASSCの用量は、当業者によってタンパク質及び対応するASSCに応じて、個別的に決定することができる。補充タンパク質及びASSCの両方の半減期(tl/2)、ピーク血漿濃度(cmax)、ピーク血漿濃度に達するまでの時間(tmax)、曲線下面積(AUC)より求まる暴露量、及び組織分布、並びにASSC−補充タンパク質結合に関するデータ(親和性定数、結合及び解離定数、並びに結合価)等、薬物動態学的及び薬力学的データは、活性を阻害せずに補充タンパク質を安定化させ、その結果、治療効果を与えるのに必要な適合量を決定する、当分野で既知の通常の方法を用いて得ることができる。
方法: 野生型α−Gal Aは、ヒト野生型α−Gal A cDNAを有する組換えバキュロウイルスで感染させたSf−9細胞の培地から精製し、変異型α−Gal Aは、ヒト変異型(R301Q)α−Gal Aを過剰発現するトランスジェニックマウスの心臓のホモジネートとして収集した。これらのマウスには、実験前1週間、飲料水として0.5mM DGJを与えた。変異型酵素及び野生型酵素は各々、変異型酵素に対しては37℃で、及び野生型酵素に対しては42℃で、0.1Mクエン酸−リン酸緩衝液(pH7.0)中、濃度1μM、0.1μM、0.03μMのDGJの存在下、又はDGJの非存在下でプレインキュベートした。野生型及び変異型(R301Q)α−GalAは、DGJ(種々の濃度)の非存在又は存在下で、ある期間に渡ってインキュベートし、この混合液を5容積の0.1Mクエン酸緩衝液(pH4.5)を用いて希釈した後、基質として4−MU−α−Gal Aを用いて残留酵素活性を決定した。酵素活性は、プレインキュベーションを実施していない酵素に対する相対値で報告されている。
方法: 組換えバキュロウイルスを用いてトランスフェクトした昆虫細胞又は組換えCHO細胞から精製したヒト野生型α−Gal Aは、従来の参考文献によれば、α−2−マクログロブリン(α−2−M)と複合体を形成することができる(Osada ら,Biochem Biophys Res Commun.1993; 142:100-6)。コーヒー豆由来α−Galとα−2−Mとの複合体は、ファブリー病ヘミ接合体由来の培養線維芽細胞によって細胞内へ取り込むことができるので、α−Gal A及びα−2−Mの複合体は同様に細胞によって細胞内へ取り込まれると考えられる。或いは、野生型α−Gal Aは、Blomら,Am J Hum Gen. 2003; 72:23-31 に記載されているように、残留酵素活性を伴わないファブリー病患者由来の皮膚線維芽細胞の培地内に添加することもできる。
ファブリー病に対する酵素補充療法は、上述したように Genzyme Corporation によって開発されてきた。補充酵素の注入によって治療されたファブリー病ノックアウト(KO)マウスへのDGJの共投与は、安定性、例えば、補充酵素のインビボ半減期を増加させるが、それはASSC DGJが酵素を安定化させて分解を防止するためである。DGJは、既に報告されているプロトコールに従って、野生型α−Gal Aの注入後にKOマウスへ経口投与される(Ioannu ら,Am J Hum Genet. 2001; 68:14-25)。心臓、腎臓、脾臓、肝臓及び肺、並びに血清を含む様々な組織中のα−Gal A活性は、ある期間に渡って決定され、DGJを摂取していないコントロールマウス、及びDGJだけを摂取して酵素を摂取していないマウスからのα−Gal A活性と比較される。時間の延長は、ASSCの共投与が酵素補充療法の有効性を改善することができることを示すものである。
Claims (9)
- ヒトへの非経口投与のための、5.0よりも高いpHを有する製剤中の、精製組換えヒト野生型α−ガラクトシダーゼAの安定性をインビトロで高める方法であって、
薬学的に許容される担体中の前記α−ガラクトシダーゼAを、前記精製α−ガラクトシダーゼAの安定性をインビトロで高めるための有効量の1−デオキシガラクトノジリマイシンと接触させることによって行う、方法。 - 前記α−ガラクトシダーゼAがリソソーム蓄積症に関連した酵素である、請求項1記載の方法。
- ヒトへの非経口投与のための、5.0よりも高いpHを有する製剤中の、組換えヒト野生型α−ガラクトシダーゼAのシェルフライフをインビトロで延長させる方法であって、
薬学的に許容される担体中の前記α−ガラクトシダーゼAを、前記α−ガラクトシダーゼAのシェルフライフをインビトロで延長させるための有効量の1−デオキシガラクトノジリマイシンと接触させることによって行う方法。 - 前記α−ガラクトシダーゼA、前記薬学的に許容される担体、及び前記1−デオキシガラクトノジリマイシンが凍結乾燥粉末の形態で調製される、請求項3記載の方法。
- 前記α−ガラクトシダーゼA、前記薬学的に許容される担体、及び前記1−デオキシガラクトノジリマイシンが無菌水溶液の形態で調製される、請求項3記載の方法。
- 前記α−ガラクトシダーゼAがリソソーム蓄積症に関連している、請求項3記載の方法。
- 薬学的に許容される担体中に、精製組換えヒト野生型α−ガラクトシダーゼAと、1−デオキシガラクトノジリマイシンと、を含有し、前記精製α−ガラクトシダーゼA及び前記1−デオキシガラクトノジリマイシンはヒトへの非経口投与のための、5.0よりも高いpHを有する製剤中にある、医薬組成物。
- 前記α−ガラクトシダーゼAがリソソーム蓄積症に関連している、請求項7記載の組成物。
- 前記リソソーム蓄積症がファブリー病である、請求項8記載の組成物。
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JP2016053071A (ja) * | 2003-01-31 | 2016-04-14 | マウント シナイ スクール オブ メディシン オブ ニューヨーク ユニバーシティー | タンパク質欠損性障害の治療のための併用療法 |
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