JP5522230B2 - 白色有機エレクトロルミネッセンス素子、及び照明装置 - Google Patents
白色有機エレクトロルミネッセンス素子、及び照明装置 Download PDFInfo
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- JP5522230B2 JP5522230B2 JP2012234530A JP2012234530A JP5522230B2 JP 5522230 B2 JP5522230 B2 JP 5522230B2 JP 2012234530 A JP2012234530 A JP 2012234530A JP 2012234530 A JP2012234530 A JP 2012234530A JP 5522230 B2 JP5522230 B2 JP 5522230B2
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- 238000002834 transmittance Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000011282 treatment Methods 0.000 description 1
- 125000005259 triarylamine group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 125000006617 triphenylamine group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- MBYLVOKEDDQJDY-UHFFFAOYSA-N tris(2-aminoethyl)amine Chemical group NCCN(CCN)CCN MBYLVOKEDDQJDY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 125000002948 undecyl group Chemical group [H]C([*])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])[H] 0.000 description 1
- 229910001935 vanadium oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 235000013311 vegetables Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 230000000007 visual effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000011179 visual inspection Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000005406 washing Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000003911 water pollution Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910052724 xenon Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- FHNFHKCVQCLJFQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N xenon atom Chemical compound [Xe] FHNFHKCVQCLJFQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910052725 zinc Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000011701 zinc Substances 0.000 description 1
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Description
本発明の白色有機EL素子や該素子に係る化合物の発光色は、「新編色彩科学ハンドブック」(日本色彩学会編、東京大学出版会、1985)の108頁の図4.16において、分光放射輝度計CS−1000(コニカミノルタセンシング社製)で測定した結果をCIE色度座標に当てはめたときの色で決定される。本発明の白色有機EL素子としての好ましい色度は、CIE1931表色系においてx値が0.37±0.1、y値が0.37±0.07の範囲である。
次に、本発明の白色有機EL素子の層構成の好ましい具体例を以下に示すが、本発明はこれらに限定されるものではない。
(ii)陽極/正孔輸送層/発光層ユニット/電子輸送層/陰極
(iii)陽極/正孔輸送層/発光層ユニット/正孔阻止層/電子輸送層/陰極
(iv)陽極/正孔輸送層/発光層ユニット/正孔阻止層/電子輸送層/陰極バッファー層/陰極
(v)陽極/陽極バッファー層/正孔輸送層/発光層ユニット/正孔阻止層/電子輸送層/陰極バッファー層/陰極
本発明の白色有機EL素子においては、発光層ユニットは少なくとも2層の発光層を有することを特徴とするが、各発光層間には非発光性の中間層を有していてもよい。
本発明に係る発光層は、電極または電子輸送層、正孔輸送層から注入されてくる電子及び正孔が再結合して発光する層であり、発光する部分は発光層の層内であっても発光層と隣接層との界面であってもよい。
次に、発光層に含まれるホスト化合物(発光ホスト化合物とも言う)について説明する。
本発明に係る発光ドーパントとしては、燐光発光ドーパントを用いることを特徴とする。本発明においては、少なくとも発光極大波長が480nm以下の燐光発光ドーパントを含有し、更に好ましくは下記一般式(A)〜(C)から選ばれる少なくとも1つの部分構造を有する燐光発光ドーパントを含有する。
本発明の白色有機EL素子においては、発光層間に非発光性の中間層(非ドープ領域とも言う)を設けてもよい。
注入層は必要に応じて設けることができ、陽極と発光層または正孔輸送層の間、及び陰極と発光層または電子輸送層との間に存在させてもよい。
阻止層は、有機化合物薄膜の基本構成層の他に必要に応じて設けられるものである。例えば、特開平11−204258号公報、同11−204359号公報、及び「有機EL素子とその工業化最前線(1998年11月30日エヌ・ティー・エス社発行)」の237頁等に記載されている正孔阻止(ホールブロック)層がある。
正孔輸送層とは正孔を輸送する機能を有する正孔輸送材料からなり、広い意味で正孔注入層、電子阻止層も正孔輸送層に含まれる。正孔輸送層は単層または複数層設けることができる。
電子輸送層とは電子を輸送する機能を有する材料からなり、広い意味で電子注入層、正孔阻止層も電子輸送層に含まれる。電子輸送層は単層または複数層設けることができる。
本発明の白色有機EL素子に適用する支持基板(以下、基体、基板、基材、支持体等とも言う)としては、ガラス、プラスチック等の種類には特に限定はなく、また透明であっても不透明であってもよい。支持基板側から光を取り出す場合には、支持基板は透明であることが好ましい。好ましく用いられる透明な支持基板としては、ガラス、石英、透明樹脂フィルムを挙げることができる。特に好ましい支持基板は、有機EL素子にフレキシブル性を与えることが可能な樹脂フィルムである。
本発明の白色有機EL素子の封止に用いられる封止手段としては、例えば、封止部材と、電極、支持基板とを接着剤で接着する方法を挙げることができる。
有機層を挟み支持基板と対向する側の前記封止膜あるいは前記封止用フィルムの外側に、素子の機械的強度を高めるために、保護膜あるいは保護板を設けてもよい。特に封止が前記封止膜により行われている場合には、その機械的強度は必ずしも高くないため、このような保護膜、保護板を設けることが好ましい。これに使用することができる材料としては、前記封止に用いたのと同様なガラス板、ポリマー板・フィルム、金属板・フィルム等を用いることができるが、軽量、且つ薄膜化ということからポリマーフィルムを用いることが好ましい。
有機EL素子における陽極としては、仕事関数の大きい(4eV以上)金属、合金、電気伝導性化合物及びこれらの混合物を電極物質とするものが好ましく用いられる。このような電極物質の具体例としては、Au等の金属、CuI、インジウムチンオキシド(ITO)、SnO2、ZnO等の導電性透明材料が挙げられる。また、IDIXO(In2O3−ZnO)等非晶質で透明導電膜を作製可能な材料を用いてもよい。
一方、陰極としては、仕事関数の小さい(4eV以下)金属(電子注入性金属と称する)、合金、電気伝導性化合物及びこれらの混合物を電極物質とするものが用いられる。このような電極物質の具体例としては、ナトリウム、ナトリウム−カリウム合金、マグネシウム、リチウム、マグネシウム/銅混合物、マグネシウム/銀混合物、マグネシウム/アルミニウム混合物、マグネシウム/インジウム混合物、アルミニウム/酸化アルミニウム(Al2O3)混合物、インジウム、リチウム/アルミニウム混合物、希土類金属等が挙げられる。
本発明の白色有機EL素子の作製方法の一例として、陽極/正孔注入層/正孔輸送層/発光層/正孔阻止層/電子輸送層/陰極からなる有機EL素子の作製法について説明する。
本発明の白色有機EL素子を適用した表示装置について説明する。
本発明の白色有機EL素子を適用した照明装置について説明する。
本発明の白色有機EL素子は、表示デバイス、ディスプレイ、各種発光光源として用いることができる。発光光源として、例えば、家庭用照明、車内照明、時計や液晶用のバックライト、看板広告、信号機、光記憶媒体の光源、電子写真複写機の光源、光通信処理機の光源、光センサーの光源等が挙げられるがこれに限定するものではないが、特にカラーフィルタや光拡散板、光取り出しフィルムなどと組み合わせた各種表示装置のバックライト、照明用光源としての用途に有効に用いることができる。
商品展示・ディスプレイ用としては、店舗の商品ディスプレイ、冷凍・冷蔵ショーケース、博物館・美術館・展示会場などの展示品のライトアップ、自動販売機、遊戯台、交通広告などがある。
建築関係では、床・壁・天井などと照明とを融合して一体化したものは「建築化照明」と呼ばれる。「建築化照明」の代表的なものとしては、その方式によりコーニス照明、トロファ照明、コーブ照明、光天井、ルーバ天井などがある。これらは照明光源が天井・壁・床に組み込まれ、照明としての存在や気配を消し、建築素材自体が光を発することを求めている。
自動車用としては、外部の照明器具や発光表示体、車内の照明器具や発光表示体などに、有機EL素子が利用できる。前者は、前部に(小分類)ヘッドランプ、補助灯、車幅灯、フォッグランプ、方向指示灯など、後部にはリアコンビネーションランプとしてストップランプ、車幅灯、バック灯、方向指示灯、及びナンバープレート灯などがある。
電車、地下鉄、バス、航空機、船舶などの公共交通機関における車内の照明や表示体において、本発明の白色有機EL素子は、その特徴を活かすことができる。
OA機器用光源としては、読み取り用センサーが搭載されているファクシミリ、複写機、スキャナ、プリンタ、それらの複合機などが挙げられる。
製造会社では、かつては目視による検品工程に多くの工数と人力をかけていたが、それを撮影画像を利用し欠品判定することで自動化をはかっている。CCDカメラでとらえた対象物の画像をデジタル信号に変換し、種々の演算処理を行うことで、対象物の面積、長さ、個数、位置などの特徴を抽出し、設定された基準をもとに判定結果を出力するものが、その画像撮影のために光源が必要。このような検査システムはパッケージや形状サイズ検査、マイクロ部品の検査などでも利用される。
植物工場とは、『環境制御や自動化などハイテクを利用した植物の周年生産システム』である。植物栽培の環境をコンピューターにより制御することで、天候に左右されることなく、人手を必要とせずに作物を自動的に生産する技術である。
消防法や建築基準法で規定されている防災照明設備は、建築物火災に際して非難のための出口や経路を示す誘導灯と、避難経路の明るさを確保し、迅速な避難を担保する非常灯とがある。
写真館やスタジオ、照明写真ボックスなどで使われる光源には、ハロゲン、タングステン、ストロボ、蛍光灯などが用いられている。これらの光源を被写体に直接直線的に当て陰影を強くつける、もしくは光を拡散させ、あまり陰影のない柔らかな光をつくるという、大きくは2つの光の種類を色々な角度から組み合わせて1つの絵がつくられている。光を拡散させるためには、光源と被写体の間にディフューザーを挟むこと、または他の面(レフ板など)に当てた反射光を用いるなどの方法がある。
家電製品には細部の見やすさ、作業のしやすさ、デザインのため、光源がつけられている場合が多い。一例を挙げると、ミシン、電子レンジ、食器洗浄乾燥機、冷蔵庫、AV機器などは従来より光源が付いているが、新しいものでは洗濯乾燥機は横型モデルで取り残しが増えたことから光源が付けられるようになった。既存のものには白熱電球やLEDがつけられている場合が多い。今後、掃除機の先端に照明を設置して家具などの影の部分の清掃状況を確認したり、シェーバーに特定波長光の光源を設置して、髭剃り状況を確認したりするなど、色々と展開が考えられる。
スケートリンクの氷の下に有機ELを用いた照明を配置することによって、上からのスポットライトとは異なる演出が可能である。有機ELは発光温度が低いので特に有利である。また、スケーターの位置を検知して、その動きに合わせて発光させるようなことも可能である。スポットライトとの組み合わせ効果や、音楽のリズムに連動させた発光などもショーアップに有効である。
一般的にイルミネーションと言うと、樹木へのイルミネーションのことを指していることが大半であったが、近年環境保護の観点から、家屋や門、垣根などの造形物への装飾に移行する事例も数多くなっている。これは点光源を多数利用、ライン状に装飾したものが主流であり、LEDの出現により一層広がりを見せると見られている。
夜間屋外の歩行や運動で自動車・バイクなどから認識されやすくする目的で、自分の持ち物や靴、衣服に添付し、ヘッドライトの光を反射することで、歩行者の安全を守る反射材製品(反射シートなど)が販売、利用されている。
有機EL素子を用いた発光体は、可視光を使って簡単なメッセージや情報などを送る「可視光タグ」にも有効に活用できる。即ち、極めて短時間の明滅による信号を発光させることによって、それを受信する側に多量の情報を送ることができる。
現在はハロゲンランプなどが使用されている内視鏡や、ワイヤーを挿入して手術する腹腔手術用の照明などに有機ELを利用することによって、小型、軽量化、用途拡大に貢献する。特に近年注目されている、体内検査や治療に用いられる内視鏡カプセル(飲む内視鏡)などにも利用が可能で、期待されている。
更に本発明の白色有機EL素子を組み込んだ発光体は、色調を容易に選択でき、蛍光灯のような明滅がなく、低消費電力で色調が安定しているので、特開2001−269105号公報に示されるような害虫防除装置として、特開2001−286373号公報に示されるような鏡用の照明として、特開2003−288995号公報に示されるような浴室照明システムとして、特開2004−321074号公報に示される植物育成用人工光源として、特開2004−354232号公報に示されるような水質汚れ測定装置の発光体として、特開2004−358063号公報に示されるような光感受性薬剤を用いた治療用被着体として、特開2005−322602号公報に示されるような医療用無影灯として、有用である。
《有機EL素子の作製》
〔有機EL素子1の作製〕
陽極として30mm×30mm、厚さ0.7mmのガラス基板上に、ITO(インジウムチンオキシド)を120nmの厚さで製膜した支持基板にパターニングを行った後、このITO透明電極を付けた透明支持基板をイソプロピルアルコールで超音波洗浄し、乾燥窒素ガスで乾燥し、UVオゾン洗浄を5分間行った後、この透明支持基板を市販の真空蒸着装置に接続するプラズマ処理用チャンバー内の基板ホルダーに固定した。また、真空蒸着装置内の蒸着用るつぼの各々に、各層の構成材料を各々素子作製に最適の量を充填した。蒸着用るつぼは、モリブデン製またはタングステン製の抵抗加熱用材料で作製されたものを用いた。
有機EL素子1と全く同様に正孔輸送層まで設けた後、以下のようにして発光層を形成した。
有機EL素子1と全く同様に正孔輸送層まで設けた後、以下のようにして発光層を形成した。
上記有機EL素子3の作製において、緑赤色燐光発光層(表1に記載の発光層1)の膜厚、ホスト化合物、及びドープ濃度と、青色燐光発光層(表1に記載の発光層2)のホスト化合物を表1記載のように変更した以外は同様にして、有機EL素子4を作製し、それを用いて照明装置4を作製した。
上記有機EL素子3の作製において、青色燐光発光層(表1に記載の発光層2)のドープ濃度を表1記載のように変更した以外は同様にして、有機EL素子5、6を作製し、それを用いて照明装置5、6を作製した。ここで、有機EL素子5の発光層2におけるE−66の濃度は、発光層の陽極側から陰極側へ段階的に変化している。
有機EL素子1と全く同様に正孔輸送層まで設けた後、以下のようにして発光層を形成した。
〔電力効率の測定〕
分光放射輝度計CS−1000(コニカミノルタセンシング社製)を用いて、各有機EL素子の正面輝度及び輝度角度依存性を測定し、正面輝度1000cd/m2における電力効率を求めた。なお、表2には、有機EL素子3の電力効率を100とした際の相対値で表示した。
正面輝度4000cd/m2を初期輝度として連続駆動時の輝度変動を測定し、その輝度半減時間を駆動寿命として求めた。なお、表2には有機EL素子3の駆動寿命を100とした際の相対値で表示した。
t=0における色度と、輝度低下20%時、及び輝度半減時の色度を分光放射輝度計CS−1000(コニカミノルタセンシング社製)により測定し、その色度差ΔEを下記式より求めた。なお、下記式においてx、yは、CIE1931表色系における色度x、yである。ΔE=(Δx2+Δy2)1/2。
《有機EL素子の作製》
〔有機EL素子8の作製〕
有機EL素子3の作製において、緑赤燐光発光層(表1記載の発光層1)の膜厚とホスト化合物を表3記載のように変更した以外は、有機EL素子3の作製と同様にして有機EL素子8を作製し、該素子を用いて実施例1と同様に照明装置8を得た。
実施例1に記載の方法と同様にして、電力効率、駆動寿命及び駆動経時での色度安定性を評価した。表4に、電力効率、駆動寿命については有機EL素子3の値を100としたときの相対値で各特性値を示す。
〔有機EL素子9〜11の作製〕
実施例1に記載の有機EL素子3において、青色燐光発光層(表1の発光層2)のホスト化合物及び膜厚を表5のように変更した以外は同様にして、有機EL素子9〜11を作製し、照明装置9〜11を得た。
〔保存安定性の評価〕
70℃環境下で各有機EL素子を200時間保存した後、2.5mA/cm2の一定電流値で駆動した際の輝度変化率(未処理時の輝度を100%とした時の70℃で200時間保存した後における輝度比)を測定し、これを有機EL素子の保存安定性の尺度とした。
《有機EL素子12、13の作製》
実施例1に記載の有機EL素子3において、青色燐光発光層(表1の発光層2)の化合物を表7のように変更した以外は同様にして、有機EL素子12、13を作製し、照明装置12、13を得た。
〔演色性の測定〕
分光放射輝度計CS−1000(コニカミノルタセンシング社製)を用いて、正面輝度1000cd/m2における発光スペクトルを計測した。得られたデータを用い、JIS Z 8726−1990規格に準拠した方法で平均演色評価数(Ra)を計算した。なお、表8には得られた計算結果を下記のようにランク分けして示した。また、青色燐光発光層(表7の発光層2)の発光極大波長も併せて示す。
○:Ra≧70(実用上十分な演色性である)
△:Ra≧60(演色性はやや劣る)
×:Ra<60(演色性は劣悪で実用に堪えない)。
102 ガラスカバー
105 陰極
106 有機EL層
107 透明電極付きガラス基板
108 窒素ガス
109 捕水剤
Claims (3)
- 陽極及び陰極の間に発光層を有する有機エレクトロルミネッセンス素子において、
発光極大波長が480nm以下、かつイオン化ポテンシャルエネルギーが5.1eVより高い青色燐光発光ドーパントを含有する発光層Aと、
前記発光層Aと陽極との間に燐光発光ドーパントを含有し発光極大波長が510nm以上の発光層Bとを有し、
前記発光層Aに、下記一般式(a)で表わされ、かつ、ガラス転移温度が130℃以上のホスト化合物を含有し、
前記発光層Aに含まれる青色燐光発光ドーパントの濃度が陽極側から陰極側に向けて減少していることを特徴とする白色有機エレクトロルミネッセンス素子。
XはOを表し、Arは芳香環を表す。nは0から8の整数を表す。 - 前記発光層Bが発光極大波長が30nm以上異なる2種以上の燐光発光ドーパントを含有することを特徴とする請求項1に記載の白色有機エレクトロルミネッセンス素子。
- 請求項1または2に記載の白色有機エレクトロルミネッセンス素子を用いることを特徴とする照明装置。
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