JP5514358B1 - コンクリート構造物の改質剤、及びコンクリート構造物の補修方法 - Google Patents
コンクリート構造物の改質剤、及びコンクリート構造物の補修方法 Download PDFInfo
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- JP5514358B1 JP5514358B1 JP2013176699A JP2013176699A JP5514358B1 JP 5514358 B1 JP5514358 B1 JP 5514358B1 JP 2013176699 A JP2013176699 A JP 2013176699A JP 2013176699 A JP2013176699 A JP 2013176699A JP 5514358 B1 JP5514358 B1 JP 5514358B1
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- calcium
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- 239000003607 modifier Substances 0.000 title claims abstract description 71
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 53
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 82
- 229910001868 water Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 82
- 229910001424 calcium ion Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 49
- BHPQYMZQTOCNFJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Calcium cation Chemical compound [Ca+2] BHPQYMZQTOCNFJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 43
- 230000008439 repair process Effects 0.000 claims abstract description 23
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 7
- 239000003223 protective agent Substances 0.000 claims description 70
- 239000000378 calcium silicate Substances 0.000 claims description 27
- 229910052918 calcium silicate Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 27
- OYACROKNLOSFPA-UHFFFAOYSA-N calcium;dioxido(oxo)silane Chemical compound [Ca+2].[O-][Si]([O-])=O OYACROKNLOSFPA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 27
- 238000001035 drying Methods 0.000 claims description 19
- 238000009736 wetting Methods 0.000 claims description 8
- 230000015572 biosynthetic process Effects 0.000 claims description 7
- 229910052910 alkali metal silicate Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 6
- 238000012986 modification Methods 0.000 abstract description 3
- 230000004048 modification Effects 0.000 abstract description 3
- 238000002474 experimental method Methods 0.000 description 22
- 238000012360 testing method Methods 0.000 description 19
- 239000007864 aqueous solution Substances 0.000 description 12
- OYPRJOBELJOOCE-UHFFFAOYSA-N Calcium Chemical compound [Ca] OYPRJOBELJOOCE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 11
- 229960005069 calcium Drugs 0.000 description 11
- 239000011575 calcium Substances 0.000 description 11
- 229910052791 calcium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 11
- 238000011049 filling Methods 0.000 description 10
- 239000004570 mortar (masonry) Substances 0.000 description 9
- 238000006243 chemical reaction Methods 0.000 description 8
- 239000011248 coating agent Substances 0.000 description 8
- 238000000576 coating method Methods 0.000 description 8
- 239000011240 wet gel Substances 0.000 description 8
- BPQQTUXANYXVAA-UHFFFAOYSA-N Orthosilicate Chemical compound [O-][Si]([O-])([O-])[O-] BPQQTUXANYXVAA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 7
- 229910001861 calcium hydroxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 7
- 238000005755 formation reaction Methods 0.000 description 7
- -1 hydroxide ions Chemical class 0.000 description 7
- 239000002344 surface layer Substances 0.000 description 7
- AXCZMVOFGPJBDE-UHFFFAOYSA-L calcium dihydroxide Chemical compound [OH-].[OH-].[Ca+2] AXCZMVOFGPJBDE-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 6
- 239000000920 calcium hydroxide Substances 0.000 description 6
- 235000011116 calcium hydroxide Nutrition 0.000 description 6
- 239000000499 gel Substances 0.000 description 6
- 239000000126 substance Substances 0.000 description 6
- VEXZGXHMUGYJMC-UHFFFAOYSA-M Chloride anion Chemical compound [Cl-] VEXZGXHMUGYJMC-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 5
- 230000007797 corrosion Effects 0.000 description 5
- 238000005260 corrosion Methods 0.000 description 5
- 239000000047 product Substances 0.000 description 5
- 230000003014 reinforcing effect Effects 0.000 description 5
- 239000008399 tap water Substances 0.000 description 5
- 235000020679 tap water Nutrition 0.000 description 5
- CURLTUGMZLYLDI-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon dioxide Chemical compound O=C=O CURLTUGMZLYLDI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- JOYRKODLDBILNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ethyl urethane Chemical compound CCOC(N)=O JOYRKODLDBILNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 239000003795 chemical substances by application Substances 0.000 description 4
- 239000000460 chlorine Substances 0.000 description 4
- 238000010276 construction Methods 0.000 description 4
- 238000005868 electrolysis reaction Methods 0.000 description 4
- 239000003822 epoxy resin Substances 0.000 description 4
- 239000003014 ion exchange membrane Substances 0.000 description 4
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 description 4
- 229920000647 polyepoxide Polymers 0.000 description 4
- UXVMQQNJUSDDNG-UHFFFAOYSA-L Calcium chloride Chemical compound [Cl-].[Cl-].[Ca+2] UXVMQQNJUSDDNG-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 3
- 239000003513 alkali Substances 0.000 description 3
- 239000013078 crystal Substances 0.000 description 3
- 230000007547 defect Effects 0.000 description 3
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 description 3
- 230000035484 reaction time Effects 0.000 description 3
- 150000003839 salts Chemical class 0.000 description 3
- 238000004611 spectroscopical analysis Methods 0.000 description 3
- 239000007921 spray Substances 0.000 description 3
- 238000005507 spraying Methods 0.000 description 3
- ZAMOUSCENKQFHK-UHFFFAOYSA-N Chlorine atom Chemical compound [Cl] ZAMOUSCENKQFHK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 239000001110 calcium chloride Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229910001628 calcium chloride Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- MKJXYGKVIBWPFZ-UHFFFAOYSA-L calcium lactate Chemical compound [Ca+2].CC(O)C([O-])=O.CC(O)C([O-])=O MKJXYGKVIBWPFZ-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 2
- 239000001527 calcium lactate Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229960002401 calcium lactate Drugs 0.000 description 2
- 235000011086 calcium lactate Nutrition 0.000 description 2
- 159000000007 calcium salts Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- 239000001569 carbon dioxide Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229910002092 carbon dioxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 229910052801 chlorine Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 238000007796 conventional method Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000007789 gas Substances 0.000 description 2
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-M hydroxide Chemical compound [OH-] XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 2
- JVTAAEKCZFNVCJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N lactic acid Chemical compound CC(O)C(O)=O JVTAAEKCZFNVCJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 238000002156 mixing Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000012466 permeate Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000002360 preparation method Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000002407 reforming Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000013535 sea water Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000000926 separation method Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000011734 sodium Substances 0.000 description 2
- BVKZGUZCCUSVTD-UHFFFAOYSA-M Bicarbonate Chemical compound OC([O-])=O BVKZGUZCCUSVTD-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
- 206010007269 Carcinogenicity Diseases 0.000 description 1
- UFHFLCQGNIYNRP-UHFFFAOYSA-N Hydrogen Chemical compound [H][H] UFHFLCQGNIYNRP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- DGAQECJNVWCQMB-PUAWFVPOSA-M Ilexoside XXIX Chemical compound C[C@@H]1CC[C@@]2(CC[C@@]3(C(=CC[C@H]4[C@]3(CC[C@@H]5[C@@]4(CC[C@@H](C5(C)C)OS(=O)(=O)[O-])C)C)[C@@H]2[C@]1(C)O)C)C(=O)O[C@H]6[C@@H]([C@H]([C@@H]([C@H](O6)CO)O)O)O.[Na+] DGAQECJNVWCQMB-PUAWFVPOSA-M 0.000 description 1
- WHXSMMKQMYFTQS-UHFFFAOYSA-N Lithium Chemical compound [Li] WHXSMMKQMYFTQS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- IOVCWXUNBOPUCH-UHFFFAOYSA-M Nitrite anion Chemical compound [O-]N=O IOVCWXUNBOPUCH-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
- ZLMJMSJWJFRBEC-UHFFFAOYSA-N Potassium Chemical compound [K] ZLMJMSJWJFRBEC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910001294 Reinforcing steel Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000004115 Sodium Silicate Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000002378 acidificating effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229910052783 alkali metal Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 150000001340 alkali metals Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 230000000903 blocking effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000006227 byproduct Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000004227 calcium gluconate Substances 0.000 description 1
- 235000013927 calcium gluconate Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 229960004494 calcium gluconate Drugs 0.000 description 1
- NEEHYRZPVYRGPP-UHFFFAOYSA-L calcium;2,3,4,5,6-pentahydroxyhexanoate Chemical compound [Ca+2].OCC(O)C(O)C(O)C(O)C([O-])=O.OCC(O)C(O)C(O)C(O)C([O-])=O NEEHYRZPVYRGPP-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 1
- 230000007670 carcinogenicity Effects 0.000 description 1
- 231100000260 carcinogenicity Toxicity 0.000 description 1
- 150000001875 compounds Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 238000005336 cracking Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000006866 deterioration Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000002542 deteriorative effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000003344 environmental pollutant Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000000945 filler Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000010438 heat treatment Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000001257 hydrogen Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052739 hydrogen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 230000001771 impaired effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000003112 inhibitor Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000004310 lactic acid Substances 0.000 description 1
- 235000014655 lactic acid Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 239000007788 liquid Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052744 lithium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 230000007774 longterm Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000006386 neutralization reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 150000002826 nitrites Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 229920001542 oligosaccharide Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 150000002482 oligosaccharides Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 230000035515 penetration Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000035699 permeability Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229910052700 potassium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000011591 potassium Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000001681 protective effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000005070 sampling Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000003566 sealing material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 150000004760 silicates Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 238000002791 soaking Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910052708 sodium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910052911 sodium silicate Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- NTHWMYGWWRZVTN-UHFFFAOYSA-N sodium silicate Chemical compound [Na+].[Na+].[O-][Si]([O-])=O NTHWMYGWWRZVTN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000000243 solution Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000009423 ventilation Methods 0.000 description 1
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- C04B41/00—After-treatment of mortars, concrete, artificial stone or ceramics; Treatment of natural stone
- C04B41/009—After-treatment of mortars, concrete, artificial stone or ceramics; Treatment of natural stone characterised by the material treated
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- C04B28/00—Compositions of mortars, concrete or artificial stone, containing inorganic binders or the reaction product of an inorganic and an organic binder, e.g. polycarboxylate cements
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- C04B41/00—After-treatment of mortars, concrete, artificial stone or ceramics; Treatment of natural stone
- C04B41/45—Coating or impregnating, e.g. injection in masonry, partial coating of green or fired ceramics, organic coating compositions for adhering together two concrete elements
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- B05D—PROCESSES FOR APPLYING FLUENT MATERIALS TO SURFACES, IN GENERAL
- B05D3/00—Pretreatment of surfaces to which liquids or other fluent materials are to be applied; After-treatment of applied coatings, e.g. intermediate treating of an applied coating preparatory to subsequent applications of liquids or other fluent materials
- B05D3/007—After-treatment
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- B05—SPRAYING OR ATOMISING IN GENERAL; APPLYING FLUENT MATERIALS TO SURFACES, IN GENERAL
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- B05D5/005—Repairing damaged coatings
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
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- B05D—PROCESSES FOR APPLYING FLUENT MATERIALS TO SURFACES, IN GENERAL
- B05D7/00—Processes, other than flocking, specially adapted for applying liquids or other fluent materials to particular surfaces or for applying particular liquids or other fluent materials
- B05D7/24—Processes, other than flocking, specially adapted for applying liquids or other fluent materials to particular surfaces or for applying particular liquids or other fluent materials for applying particular liquids or other fluent materials
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C02—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
- C02F—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
- C02F1/00—Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage
- C02F1/46—Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage by electrochemical methods
- C02F1/461—Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage by electrochemical methods by electrolysis
- C02F1/46104—Devices therefor; Their operating or servicing
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- C04B2/00—Lime, magnesia or dolomite
- C04B2/02—Lime
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- C04B24/00—Use of organic materials as active ingredients for mortars, concrete or artificial stone, e.g. plasticisers
- C04B24/04—Carboxylic acids; Salts, anhydrides or esters thereof
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- C04B24/00—Use of organic materials as active ingredients for mortars, concrete or artificial stone, e.g. plasticisers
- C04B24/40—Compounds containing silicon, titanium or zirconium or other organo-metallic compounds; Organo-clays; Organo-inorganic complexes
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- C04B41/00—After-treatment of mortars, concrete, artificial stone or ceramics; Treatment of natural stone
- C04B41/45—Coating or impregnating, e.g. injection in masonry, partial coating of green or fired ceramics, organic coating compositions for adhering together two concrete elements
- C04B41/50—Coating or impregnating, e.g. injection in masonry, partial coating of green or fired ceramics, organic coating compositions for adhering together two concrete elements with inorganic materials
- C04B41/5076—Coating or impregnating, e.g. injection in masonry, partial coating of green or fired ceramics, organic coating compositions for adhering together two concrete elements with inorganic materials with masses bonded by inorganic cements
- C04B41/5084—Lime, hydraulic lime or magnesium oxide cements
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- C04B41/60—After-treatment of mortars, concrete, artificial stone or ceramics; Treatment of natural stone of only artificial stone
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- C04B41/70—Coating or impregnation for obtaining at least two superposed coatings having different compositions
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- C25B—ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PROCESSES FOR THE PRODUCTION OF COMPOUNDS OR NON-METALS; APPARATUS THEREFOR
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- C02F—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
- C02F1/00—Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage
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- C02F—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
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- C04B2111/00—Mortars, concrete or artificial stone or mixtures to prepare them, characterised by specific function, property or use
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Abstract
【解決手段】コンクリート改質剤は、アルカリ電解水である。このアルカリ電解水には、カルシウムイオンが溶解している。アルカリ電解水は、例えば、pH11以上である。
【選択図】なし
Description
以下、実験1の手順を説明する。
コンクリート改質剤は、次のようにしてつくった。50gの乳酸カルシウム(株式会社武蔵野科学研究所)を、1000mlの水道水(25℃)に溶かした。なお、当該水道水は、表1の採水地点番号5〜7のものを用いた。このようにして得られた水を図1に示すコンクリート改質剤の製造設備2の水槽10に注ぎ、電気分解を行ない、電気分解によって得られたアルカリ電解水を、コンクリート改質剤とした。ICP発光分光分析法(JIS K0101 No49)に基づき、コンクリート改質剤のCaイオン量を測定したところ、コンクリート改質剤のCaイオン量は、2.5×105mg/Lであった。
計量管Tの内部から露呈したコンクリート板Cの表面に対し、カルシウム水溶液を塗布した。その後、カルシウム水溶液が塗布されたコンクリート板Cの表面に対し、コンクリート保護剤を塗布したこと以外は、実験1と同様にして行った。なお、コンクリート保護剤及びカルシウム水溶液の塗布量は、それぞれ、1m2あたり250mlであった。
計量管Tの内部から露呈したコンクリート板Cの表面に対し、コンクリート保護剤を塗布するとともに、コンクリート保護剤が塗布されたコンクリート板Cの表面に対し、散水用水を塗布したこと以外は、実験1と同様にして行った。なお、コンクリート保護剤及び散水用水の塗布量は、それぞれ、1m2あたり250mlであった。なお、コンクリート保護剤及び散水用水の塗布量は、それぞれ、1m2あたり250mlであった。
実験1の後、コンクリート板Cを、テストハンマーでたたき、幅2mmのひび割れを再発生させた。その後、実験1と同様にして、計量管Tの内部空間TXに400mlの試験用水を注ぎ、模擬的に形成されたひびから試験用水の漏れ出す量を計測した。
実験2の後、コンクリート板Cを、テストハンマーでたたき、幅2mmのひび割れを再発生させた。その後、実験4と同様にして、計量管Tの内部空間TXに400mlの試験用水を注ぎ、模擬的に形成されたひびから試験用水の漏れ出す量を計測した。
実験3の後、コンクリート板を、テストハンマーでたたき、幅2mmのひび割れを再発生させた。その後、実験4と同様にして、計量管Tの内部空間TXに400mlの試験用水を注ぎ、模擬的に形成されたひびから試験用水の漏れ出す量を計測した。
20 イオン交換膜
30 陽極
40 陰極
50 電源
80 アルカリ電解水
100、200、300、400 コンクリートの補修方法
110 改質剤供給工程
120 保護剤供給工程
130 乾燥工程
140 湿潤工程
150 乾燥工程
Claims (8)
- カルシウムイオンが溶解したアルカリ電解水であって、
コンクリート構造物の補修用のケイ酸カルシウムを生成するために、当該コンクリート構造物へ供給され、アルカリ金属ケイ酸塩を含むものをコンクリート保護剤と定義した際、前記コンクリート保護剤の供給に先立って前記コンクリート構造物に供給され、
前記コンクリート保護剤に含まれる前記アルカリ金属ケイ酸塩と前記カルシウムイオンとが前記ケイ酸カルシウムの生成に寄与することを特徴とするコンクリート構造物の改質剤。 - 前記アルカリ電解水はpH11以上であることを特徴とする請求項1記載のコンクリート構造物の改質剤。
- 前記アルカリ電解水におけるカルシウムイオンの濃度は、10mg/L以上であることを特徴とする請求項1または2記載のコンクリート改質剤。
- 前記コンクリート構造物のひびを補修するために前記コンクリート構造物に供給されることを特徴とする請求項1ないし3のうちいずれか1項記載のコンクリート構造物の改質剤。
- 前記コンクリート構造物に対し前記コンクリート保護剤を供給する保護剤供給工程と、
前記保護剤供給工程における前記ケイ酸カルシウムの生成を促進するために当該保護剤供給工程の前に行われ、請求項1ないし4のうちいずれか1項記載のコンクリート構造物の改質剤を前記コンクリート構造物へ供給する改質剤供給工程と、
を有することを特徴とするコンクリート構造物の補修方法。 - 前記保護剤供給工程では、前記アルカリ電解水が浸み込んだ状態の前記コンクリート構造物に対し、前記コンクリート保護剤を供給することを特徴とする請求項5記載のコンクリート構造物の補修方法。
- 前記保護剤供給工程の後に行われ、前記ケイ酸カルシウムを乾燥させる乾燥工程を有することを特徴とする請求項5または6記載のコンクリート構造物の補修方法。
- 乾燥状態の前記ケイ酸カルシウムに対し水を供給する湿潤工程を有することを特徴とする請求項7記載のコンクリート構造物の補修方法。
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JP2013176699A JP5514358B1 (ja) | 2013-03-29 | 2013-08-28 | コンクリート構造物の改質剤、及びコンクリート構造物の補修方法 |
CN201710579671.1A CN107253866A (zh) | 2013-03-29 | 2014-03-27 | 混凝土结构物的改性剂的制造方法、阳离子浓度提高剂 |
EP14776534.1A EP2937323B1 (en) | 2013-03-29 | 2014-03-27 | Use of alkaline elektrolyzed water as modifying agent for a concrete structure and method for repairing a concrete structure |
PCT/JP2014/058933 WO2014157545A1 (ja) | 2013-03-29 | 2014-03-27 | 陽イオン濃度向上剤、コンクリート構造物の改質剤、その製造方法、及びコンクリート構造物の補修方法 |
US14/762,632 US9561984B2 (en) | 2013-03-29 | 2014-03-27 | Cation concentration increasing agent, modifying agent for concrete structure, method for manufacturing same, and method for repairing concrete structure |
CN201480006096.0A CN104955788B (zh) | 2013-03-29 | 2014-03-27 | 阳离子浓度提高剂、混凝土结构物的改性剂、其制造方法以及混凝土结构物的修补方法 |
US15/387,907 US20170096370A1 (en) | 2013-03-29 | 2016-12-22 | Cation concentration increasing agent, modifying agent for concrete structure, method for manufacturing same, and method for repairing concrete structure |
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JP5997204B2 (ja) * | 2014-06-03 | 2016-09-28 | 有限会社Aes | コンクリート保護材、コンクリート構造物の補修方法、コンクリート構造物の含浸誘導剤、及びコンクリート構造物の欠陥充填剤 |
CN104557137A (zh) * | 2015-01-29 | 2015-04-29 | 四川华西绿舍建材有限公司 | 一种双组分混凝土表面增强剂及其制备与使用方法 |
JP6828875B2 (ja) * | 2016-07-25 | 2021-02-10 | 学校法人福岡大学 | コンクリート保護方法 |
US20210171410A1 (en) * | 2018-08-23 | 2021-06-10 | National University Corporation Tokai National Higher Education And Research System | Structure material, structure, method for manufacturing structure, seal structural material, structure, method of constructing structure, composition for sealing, and ion supplying material |
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JPS6073967A (ja) * | 1983-09-12 | 1985-04-26 | 戸田建設株式会社 | コンクリート構築物のコンクリート層再生処理方法 |
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WO1998017588A1 (fr) * | 1996-10-18 | 1998-04-30 | Miz Co., Ltd. | Eau electrolytique reductrice et procede de preparation de celle-ci |
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JPS5637256A (en) * | 1979-09-01 | 1981-04-10 | Ito Yasuro | Formed article manufacture by hydraulic matter |
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JP2007126309A (ja) * | 2005-11-01 | 2007-05-24 | Akio Miyamoto | アルカリ珪酸塩浸透方法 |
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JP6267036B2 (ja) | 2018-01-24 |
US9561984B2 (en) | 2017-02-07 |
JP2014208584A (ja) | 2014-11-06 |
JP2014208563A (ja) | 2014-11-06 |
US20150353425A1 (en) | 2015-12-10 |
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