JP5428034B2 - 電子素子およびそれに有用なビピリジニウム骨格を有する高分子化合物 - Google Patents
電子素子およびそれに有用なビピリジニウム骨格を有する高分子化合物 Download PDFInfo
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- JP5428034B2 JP5428034B2 JP2009012706A JP2009012706A JP5428034B2 JP 5428034 B2 JP5428034 B2 JP 5428034B2 JP 2009012706 A JP2009012706 A JP 2009012706A JP 2009012706 A JP2009012706 A JP 2009012706A JP 5428034 B2 JP5428034 B2 JP 5428034B2
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- TVMXDCGIABBOFY-UHFFFAOYSA-N octane Chemical compound CCCCCCCC TVMXDCGIABBOFY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 125000002347 octyl group Chemical group [H]C([*])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])[H] 0.000 description 1
- 125000005447 octyloxy group Chemical group [H]C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])O* 0.000 description 1
- WCPAKWJPBJAGKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N oxadiazole Chemical group C1=CON=N1 WCPAKWJPBJAGKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 125000002971 oxazolyl group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 125000003566 oxetanyl group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- TWNQGVIAIRXVLR-UHFFFAOYSA-N oxo(oxoalumanyloxy)alumane Chemical compound O=[Al]O[Al]=O TWNQGVIAIRXVLR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 125000006353 oxyethylene group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 125000004430 oxygen atom Chemical group O* 0.000 description 1
- BPUBBGLMJRNUCC-UHFFFAOYSA-N oxygen(2-);tantalum(5+) Chemical compound [O-2].[O-2].[O-2].[O-2].[O-2].[Ta+5].[Ta+5] BPUBBGLMJRNUCC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 125000005704 oxymethylene group Chemical group [H]C([H])([*:2])O[*:1] 0.000 description 1
- 125000006340 pentafluoro ethyl group Chemical group FC(F)(F)C(F)(F)* 0.000 description 1
- 125000000538 pentafluorophenyl group Chemical group FC1=C(F)C(F)=C(*)C(F)=C1F 0.000 description 1
- 125000004115 pentoxy group Chemical group [*]OC([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C(C([H])([H])[H])([H])[H] 0.000 description 1
- 125000004894 pentylamino group Chemical group C(CCCC)N* 0.000 description 1
- VLTRZXGMWDSKGL-UHFFFAOYSA-N perchloric acid Chemical class OCl(=O)(=O)=O VLTRZXGMWDSKGL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 125000005003 perfluorobutyl group Chemical group FC(F)(F)C(F)(F)C(F)(F)C(F)(F)* 0.000 description 1
- 125000005005 perfluorohexyl group Chemical group FC(F)(F)C(F)(F)C(F)(F)C(F)(F)C(F)(F)C(F)(F)* 0.000 description 1
- 125000005007 perfluorooctyl group Chemical group FC(C(C(C(C(C(C(C(F)(F)F)(F)F)(F)F)(F)F)(F)F)(F)F)(F)F)(F)* 0.000 description 1
- 229920006287 phenoxy resin Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000013034 phenoxy resin Substances 0.000 description 1
- 125000006678 phenoxycarbonyl group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 125000000843 phenylene group Chemical group C1(=C(C=CC=C1)*)* 0.000 description 1
- NIXKBAZVOQAHGC-UHFFFAOYSA-N phenylmethanesulfonic acid Chemical group OS(=O)(=O)CC1=CC=CC=C1 NIXKBAZVOQAHGC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 125000003356 phenylsulfanyl group Chemical group [*]SC1=C([H])C([H])=C([H])C([H])=C1[H] 0.000 description 1
- 125000004437 phosphorous atom Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 229910052698 phosphorus Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 238000007747 plating Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229920001490 poly(butyl methacrylate) polymer Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920000553 poly(phenylenevinylene) Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920002492 poly(sulfone) Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920000058 polyacrylate Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920002647 polyamide Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920002857 polybutadiene Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920000728 polyester Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920000573 polyethylene Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920005596 polymer binder Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000002491 polymer binding agent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229920006254 polymer film Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920006380 polyphenylene oxide Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920001296 polysiloxane Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000011148 porous material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 150000004032 porphyrins Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- CHKVPAROMQMJNQ-UHFFFAOYSA-M potassium bisulfate Chemical compound [K+].OS([O-])(=O)=O CHKVPAROMQMJNQ-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
- 229910000343 potassium bisulfate Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910000027 potassium carbonate Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 235000003270 potassium fluoride Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- CHWRSCGUEQEHOH-UHFFFAOYSA-N potassium oxide Chemical compound [O-2].[K+].[K+] CHWRSCGUEQEHOH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910001950 potassium oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000002244 precipitate Substances 0.000 description 1
- BDERNNFJNOPAEC-UHFFFAOYSA-N propan-1-ol Chemical compound CCCO BDERNNFJNOPAEC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- QLNJFJADRCOGBJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N propionamide Chemical group CCC(N)=O QLNJFJADRCOGBJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 235000019260 propionic acid Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 125000001501 propionyl group Chemical group O=C([*])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])[H] 0.000 description 1
- 125000006308 propyl amino group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- QQONPFPTGQHPMA-UHFFFAOYSA-N propylene Natural products CC=C QQONPFPTGQHPMA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 125000004742 propyloxycarbonyl group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 239000011241 protective layer Substances 0.000 description 1
- 125000003226 pyrazolyl group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- PBMFSQRYOILNGV-UHFFFAOYSA-N pyridazine Chemical group C1=CC=NN=C1 PBMFSQRYOILNGV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 125000000714 pyrimidinyl group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- IUVKMZGDUIUOCP-BTNSXGMBSA-N quinbolone Chemical compound O([C@H]1CC[C@H]2[C@H]3[C@@H]([C@]4(C=CC(=O)C=C4CC3)C)CC[C@@]21C)C1=CCCC1 IUVKMZGDUIUOCP-BTNSXGMBSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 230000006798 recombination Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000005215 recombination Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000006722 reduction reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000007261 regionalization Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000001022 rhodamine dye Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052701 rubidium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- IGLNJRXAVVLDKE-UHFFFAOYSA-N rubidium atom Chemical compound [Rb] IGLNJRXAVVLDKE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- WPFGFHJALYCVMO-UHFFFAOYSA-L rubidium carbonate Chemical compound [Rb+].[Rb+].[O-]C([O-])=O WPFGFHJALYCVMO-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 1
- 229910000026 rubidium carbonate Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910001952 rubidium oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- CWBWCLMMHLCMAM-UHFFFAOYSA-M rubidium(1+);hydroxide Chemical compound [OH-].[Rb+].[Rb+] CWBWCLMMHLCMAM-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
- 229910001925 ruthenium oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- WOCIAKWEIIZHES-UHFFFAOYSA-N ruthenium(iv) oxide Chemical compound O=[Ru]=O WOCIAKWEIIZHES-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229930195734 saturated hydrocarbon Natural products 0.000 description 1
- 239000005394 sealing glass Substances 0.000 description 1
- 125000002914 sec-butyl group Chemical group [H]C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])(*)C([H])([H])[H] 0.000 description 1
- SBIBMFFZSBJNJF-UHFFFAOYSA-N selenium;zinc Chemical compound [Se]=[Zn] SBIBMFFZSBJNJF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 150000004756 silanes Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 125000005372 silanol group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 125000004469 siloxy group Chemical group [SiH3]O* 0.000 description 1
- 229910000030 sodium bicarbonate Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 235000017557 sodium bicarbonate Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 229910000029 sodium carbonate Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- KKCBUQHMOMHUOY-UHFFFAOYSA-N sodium oxide Chemical compound [O-2].[Na+].[Na+] KKCBUQHMOMHUOY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910001948 sodium oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910052938 sodium sulfate Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 235000011152 sodium sulphate Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 239000007787 solid Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052712 strontium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- CIOAGBVUUVVLOB-UHFFFAOYSA-N strontium atom Chemical compound [Sr] CIOAGBVUUVVLOB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910000018 strontium carbonate Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- FVRNDBHWWSPNOM-UHFFFAOYSA-L strontium fluoride Chemical compound [F-].[F-].[Sr+2] FVRNDBHWWSPNOM-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 1
- 229910001637 strontium fluoride Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 238000006467 substitution reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 125000001273 sulfonato group Chemical group [O-]S(*)(=O)=O 0.000 description 1
- 229910052717 sulfur Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 125000004434 sulfur atom Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 239000002344 surface layer Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910001936 tantalum oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- GZCRRIHWUXGPOV-UHFFFAOYSA-N terbium atom Chemical compound [Tb] GZCRRIHWUXGPOV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 125000000999 tert-butyl group Chemical group [H]C([H])([H])C(*)(C([H])([H])[H])C([H])([H])[H] 0.000 description 1
- PCCVSPMFGIFTHU-UHFFFAOYSA-N tetracyanoquinodimethane Chemical class N#CC(C#N)=C1C=CC(=C(C#N)C#N)C=C1 PCCVSPMFGIFTHU-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 150000003553 thiiranes Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 239000010409 thin film Substances 0.000 description 1
- 125000004149 thio group Chemical group *S* 0.000 description 1
- 239000010936 titanium Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052719 titanium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- JOXIMZWYDAKGHI-UHFFFAOYSA-N toluene-4-sulfonic acid Chemical group CC1=CC=C(S(O)(=O)=O)C=C1 JOXIMZWYDAKGHI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 125000003944 tolyl group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 150000003852 triazoles Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 125000002827 triflate group Chemical group FC(S(=O)(=O)O*)(F)F 0.000 description 1
- 125000005034 trifluormethylthio group Chemical group FC(S*)(F)F 0.000 description 1
- 125000004044 trifluoroacetyl group Chemical group FC(C(=O)*)(F)F 0.000 description 1
- 125000000876 trifluoromethoxy group Chemical group FC(F)(F)O* 0.000 description 1
- 125000002023 trifluoromethyl group Chemical group FC(F)(F)* 0.000 description 1
- 125000000025 triisopropylsilyl group Chemical group C(C)(C)[Si](C(C)C)(C(C)C)* 0.000 description 1
- 125000000026 trimethylsilyl group Chemical group [H]C([H])([H])[Si]([*])(C([H])([H])[H])C([H])([H])[H] 0.000 description 1
- 229910001930 tungsten oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229930195735 unsaturated hydrocarbon Natural products 0.000 description 1
- 229920006337 unsaturated polyester resin Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 238000007738 vacuum evaporation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910001935 vanadium oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 125000000391 vinyl group Chemical group [H]C([*])=C([H])[H] 0.000 description 1
- 229920003169 water-soluble polymer Polymers 0.000 description 1
Classifications
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
- Y02E10/00—Energy generation through renewable energy sources
- Y02E10/50—Photovoltaic [PV] energy
- Y02E10/549—Organic PV cells
Landscapes
- Electroluminescent Light Sources (AREA)
- Photovoltaic Devices (AREA)
Description
で表される構造を有する高分子化合物を含む電荷注入層とを備えることを特徴とするものである。
で表される構造を有する化合物が特に好ましい。
で表される構造を有することを特徴とするものである。
Y1−Q1−Y2 (IV)
(式(IV)中、Y1およびY2は重合性官能基を表し、Q1は単結合、または置換基を有していてもよい2価の芳香族基、置換基を有していてもよいアルキレン基、置換基を有していてもよいオキシアルキレン基および置換基を有していてもよいジオキシアルキレン基からなる群から選択される少なくとも1種を含有する基である。)
で表される化合物が好ましい。
δm=δ1×φ1+δ2×φ2
(式中、δ1は溶媒1の溶解度パラメーター、φ1は溶媒1の体積分率、δ2は溶媒2の溶解度パラメーター、φ2は溶媒2の体積分率を表す。)
により求めることができる。
次に、本発明の電子素子について説明する。本発明の電子素子は、第一の電極と、第二の電極と、該第一の電極と該第二の電極との間に配置された発光層または電荷分離層と、該発光層または該電荷分離層と前記第一の電極または前記第二の電極との間に配置された前記高分子化合物を含む電荷注入層とを備えるものである。
本発明の電子素子が電界発光素子である場合(以下、「本発明の電界発光素子」という。)について説明する。本発明の電界発光素子は、陰極と、陽極と、該陰極と該陽極との間に配置された発光層と、前記陰極と該発光層との間または前記陽極と該発光層との間に配置された本発明にかかる前記高分子化合物を含む電荷注入層とを備えるものである。本発明の電界発光素子は、基板をさらに備えていてもよく、この基板の上に、前記陰極、前記陽極、前記発光層、前記高分子化合物を含む電荷注入層、および必要に応じてその他の層が配置されたものである。
ここで、「繰返し単位A」は、電極−正孔注入層−(正孔輸送層および/またはインターレイヤー)−発光層−(正孔ブロック層および/または電子輸送層)−電子注入層の層構成の単位を示す。
(d)陽極−電荷注入層−発光層−陰極
(e)陽極−発光層−電荷注入層−陰極
(f)陽極−電荷注入層−発光層−電荷注入層−陰極
(g)陽極−電荷注入層−正孔輸送層−発光層−陰極
(h)陽極−正孔輸送層−発光層−電荷注入層−陰極
(i)陽極−電荷注入層−正孔輸送層−発光層−電荷注入層−陰極
(j)陽極−電荷注入層−発光層−電子輸送層−陰極
(k)陽極−発光層−電子輸送層−電荷注入層−陰極
(l)陽極−電荷注入層−発光層−電子輸送層−電荷注入層−陰極
(m)陽極−電荷注入層−正孔輸送層−発光層−電子輸送層−陰極
(n)陽極−正孔輸送層−発光層−電子輸送層−電荷注入層−陰極
(o)陽極−電荷注入層−正孔輸送層−発光層−電子輸送層−電荷注入層−陰極
また、これら構造の各一について、発光層と陽極との間に、発光層に隣接してインターレイヤーを配置した構造も挙げられる。なお、この場合、インターレイヤーが正孔注入層および/または正孔輸送層を兼ねてもよい。
本発明の電界発光素子を構成する基板は、電極を形成し、有機物の層を形成する際に変化しないものであればよく、例えば、ガラス基板、プラスチック基板、高分子フィルム、金属フィルム、シリコン基板、これらを積層したものなどが用いられる。前記基板としては、市販のものが入手可能であり、または公知の方法により製造することができる。
本発明の電界発光素子を構成する陽極は、正孔注入層、正孔輸送層、インターレイヤー、発光層などへの正孔供給性の観点から、陽極の発光層側表面の仕事関数が4.0eV以上のものが好ましい。
(i) Ag−MoO3
(ii)(Ag−Pd−Cu合金)−(ITOおよび/またはIZO)
(iii)(Al−Nd合金)−(ITOおよび/またはIZO)
(iv)(Mo−Cr合金)−(ITOおよび/またはIZO)
(v)(Ag−Pd−Cu合金)−(ITOおよび/またはIZO)−MoO3
などが挙げられる。十分な光反射率を得るためには、Al、Ag、Al合金、Ag合金、Cr合金などの高光反射性金属層の膜厚は50nm以上であることが好ましく、80nm以上であることがより好ましい。ITO、IZO、MoO3などの高仕事関数材料層の膜厚は、通常5nm〜500nmである。
本発明の電界発光素子を構成する正孔注入層のうち、本発明にかかる前記高分子化合物を含まない正孔注入層、すなわち、その他の正孔注入層を形成する材料としては、カルバゾール誘導体、トリアゾール誘導体、オキサゾール誘導体、オキサジアゾール誘導体、イミダゾール誘導体、ポリアリールアルカン誘導体、ピラゾリン誘導体、ピラゾロン誘導体、フェニレンジアミン誘導体、アリールアミン誘導体、スターバースト型アミン、フタロシアニン誘導体、アミノ置換カルコン誘導体、スチリルアントラセン誘導体、フルオレノン誘導体、ヒドラゾン誘導体、スチルベン誘導体、シラザン誘導体、芳香族第三級アミン化合物、スチリルアミン化合物、芳香族ジメチリディン系化合物、ポルフィリン系化合物、ポリシラン系化合物、ポリ(N−ビニルカルバゾール)誘導体、有機シラン誘導体、およびこれらの構造を含む重合体が挙げられる。また、酸化バナジウム、酸化タンタル、酸化タングステン、酸化モリブデン、酸化ルテニウム、酸化アルミニウムなどの導電性金属酸化物、ポリアニリン、アニリン系共重合体、チオフェンオリゴマー、ポリチオフェンなどの導電性高分子およびオリゴマー、ポリ(3、4−エチレンジオキシチオフェン)・ポリスチレンスルフォン酸、ポリピロールなどの有機導電性材料およびこれらを含む重合体、アモルファスカーボンなどを挙げることができる。さらに、テトラシアノキノジメタン誘導体(例えば、2,3,5,6−テトラフルオロ−7,7,8,8−テトラシアノキノジメタン)、1,4−ナフトキノン誘導体、ジフェノキノン誘導体、ポリニトロ化合物などのアクセプター性有機化合物、オクタデシルトリメトキシシランなどのシランカップリング剤なども好適に使用できる。
本発明の電界発光素子を構成する正孔輸送層およびインターレイヤーを形成する材料としては、カルバゾール誘導体、トリアゾール誘導体、オキサゾール誘導体、オキサジアゾール誘導体、イミダゾール誘導体、ポリアリールアルカン誘導体、ピラゾリン誘導体、ピラゾロン誘導体、フェニレンジアミン誘導体、アリールアミン誘導体、アミノ置換カルコン誘導体、スチリルアントラセン誘導体、フルオレノン誘導体、ヒドラゾン誘導体、スチルベン誘導体、シラザン誘導体、芳香族第三級アミン化合物、スチリルアミン化合物、芳香族ジメチリディン系化合物、ポルフィリン系化合物、ポリシラン系化合物、ポリ(N−ビニルカルバゾール)誘導体、有機シラン誘導体、およびこれらの構造を含む重合体が挙げられる。また、アニリン系共重合体、チオフェンオリゴマー、ポリチオフェンなどの導電性高分子およびオリゴマー、ポリピロールなどの有機導電性材料も挙げられる。
本発明の電界発光素子において発光層が高分子化合物材料を含むものである場合、この高分子化合物材料としては、ポリフルオレン誘導体、ポリパラフェニレンビニレン誘導体、ポリフェニレン誘導体、ポリパラフェニレン誘導体、ポリチオフェン誘導体、ポリジアルキルフルオレン、ポリフルオレンベンゾチアジアゾール、ポリアルキルチオフェンなどの共役高分子化合物が好ましい。
本発明の電界発光素子を構成する電子輸送層および正孔ブロック層を形成する材料としては、公知のものが使用でき、トリアゾール誘導体、オキサゾール誘導体、オキサジアゾール誘導体、イミダゾール誘導体、フルオレノン誘導体、ベンゾキノンおよびその誘導体、ナフトキノンおよびその誘導体、アントラキノンおよびその誘導体、テトラシアノアンスラキノジメタンおよびその誘導体、フルオレノン誘導体、ジフェニルジシアノエチレンおよびその誘導体、ジフェノキノン誘導体、アントラキノジメタン誘導体、アントロン誘導体、チオピランジオキシド誘導体、カルボジイミド誘導体、フルオレニリデンメタン誘導体、ジスチリルピラジン誘導体、ナフタレン、ペリレンなどの芳香環テトラカルボン酸無水物、フタロシアニン誘導体、8−キノリノール誘導体の金属錯体やメタルフタロシアニン、ベンゾオキサゾールやベンゾチアゾールを配位子とする金属錯体に代表される各種金属錯体、有機シラン誘導体、8−ヒドロキシキノリンおよびその誘導体の金属錯体、ポリキノリンおよびその誘導体、ポリキノキサリンおよびその誘導体、ポリフルオレンおよびその誘導体などが挙げられる。これらのうち、トリアゾール誘導体、オキサジアゾール誘導体、ベンゾキノンおよびその誘導体、アントラキノンおよびその誘導体、または8−ヒドロキシキノリンおよびその誘導体の金属錯体、ポリキノリンおよびその誘導体、ポリキノキサリンおよびその誘導体、ポリフルオレンおよびその誘導体が好ましい。
本発明の電界発光素子を構成する電子注入層のうち、本発明にかかる前記高分子化合物を含まない電子注入層、すなわち、その他の電子注入層を形成する材料としては、公知のものが使用でき、トリアゾール誘導体、オキサゾール誘導体、オキサジアゾール誘導体、イミダゾール誘導体、フルオレノン誘導体、ベンゾキノンおよびその誘導体、ナフトキノンおよびその誘導体、アントラキノンおよびその誘導体、テトラシアノアンスラキノジメタンおよびその誘導体、フルオレノン誘導体、ジフェニルジシアノエチレンおよびその誘導体、ジフェノキノン誘導体、アントラキノジメタン誘導体、アントロン誘導体、チオピランジオキシド誘導体、カルボジイミド誘導体、フルオレニリデンメタン誘導体、ジスチリルピラジン誘導体、ナフタレン、ペリレンなどの芳香環テトラカルボン酸無水物、フタロシアニン誘導体、8−キノリノール誘導体の金属錯体やメタルフタロシアニン、ベンゾオキサゾールやベンゾチアゾールを配位子とする金属錯体に代表される各種金属錯体、有機シラン誘導体などが挙げられる。
本発明の電界発光素子において、陰極は、発光層、電子輸送層、正孔ブロック層、電子注入層などに隣接して、これらの層へ電子を供給する機能を有するものである。陰極は、単一の材料または複数の材料からなる単層構造であってもよいし、複数層からなる多層構造であってもよい。多層構造である場合、第一陰極層とカバー陰極層の2層構造または第一陰極層、第二陰極層およびカバー陰極層の3層構造が好ましい。ここで、第一陰極層は、陰極の中で最も発光層側にある層をいい、カバー陰極層は2層構造の場合は第一陰極層を、3層構造の場合は第一陰極層と第二陰極層を覆う層をいう。
本発明の電界発光素子は、絶縁層を備えていてもよい。絶縁層の膜厚は5nm以下であり、このような絶縁層は、電極との密着性向上、電極からの電荷(即ち正孔または電子)注入改善、隣接層との混合防止などの機能を有するものである。前記絶縁層の材料としては、金属フッ化物、金属酸化物、有機絶縁材料(ポリメチルメタクリレートなど)などが挙げられる。膜厚5nm以下の絶縁層を設けた電界発光素子としては、陰極に隣接して膜厚5nm以下の絶縁層を設けたもの、陽極に隣接して膜厚5nm以下の絶縁層を設けたものが挙げられる。
次に、本発明の電子素子が光電変換素子である場合(以下、「本発明の光電変換素子」という。)について説明する。本発明の光電変換素子は、陰極と、陽極と、該陰極と該陽極との間に配置された電荷分離層と、前記陰極と該電荷分離層との間または前記陽極と該電荷分離層との間に配置された本発明にかかる前記高分子化合物を含む電荷注入層とを備えるものである。
重合体を20mg/mLの濃度になるように重メタノールに溶解し、NMRスペクトロメーター(実施例1:日本電子(JEOL)(株)製「EX−270」、調製例1:Varian社製「300MHzNMRスペクトロメーター」)を用いて1H−NMR測定を行った。
実施例1では、前記1H−NMR測定において得られたNMRチャートから積分比を算出し、得られた積分比から重合体の分子量を求めた。調製例1では、重合体の濃度が約0.5質量%になるように重合体を含む溶液にテトラヒドロフランを添加して重合体を溶解させ、ゲルパーミエーションクロマトグラフィー(GPC)(東ソー(株)製「HLC−8220GPC」、カラム:TSKgel SuperMultipore HZ−M、TSKgel guard column Super MPHZ−M)を用いて標準ポリスチレン換算の数平均分子量および重量平均分子量を求めた。GPCにおけるサンプル注入量は50μlとし、GPCの移動相としてはテトラヒドロフラン(流速:0.5ml/min)を用いた。
ポリビオロゲン(高分子化合物1)の合成
ジエチレングリコール(3.4g、32mmol)、トリエチルアミン(1.62g、16mmol)を100mLのナスフラスコに入れ、ジクロロメタン(40ml)に溶解した後、p−塩化トルエンスルホニル(1.53g、8mmol)のジクロロメタン(20ml)溶液を前記ナスフラスコに滴下した。得られた溶液を室温で20時間攪拌した後、反応溶液を1mol/Lの硫酸水素カリウム水溶液と5質量%の炭酸水素ナトリウム水溶液で分液抽出し、有機層を硫酸ナトリウムで乾燥した。得られた溶液を減圧濃縮した後、シリカゲルカラムクロマトグラフィー(溶離液として酢酸エチル:ヘキサン=9:1の混合液を使用)により精製し、カラム処理液を減圧濃縮することにより透明なオイル(1.31g)を得た。
1H−NMR(270MHz、溶媒:重メタノール):2.34、2.66、2.69、2.89、3.33、3.36、3.76、3.78、3.9〜4.0(br)、4.1〜4.4(br)、4.78、7.18、7.21、7.32、7.35、7.38〜7.42(br)、7.68、7.71、7.75〜7.82(br)、7.88、7.90、8.2〜8.3(br)、8.3〜8.5(br)、8.99、9.02、9.08〜9.13(br)、9.17〜9.26(br)
ポリウレタンナトリウム塩(高分子化合物2)の合成
1,3−ブタンジオール(1.0g)、ジブチルスズジラウレート(7.5mg)、ジメチルオールプロピオン酸(0.5g)を100mLのフラスコに入れ、ジメチルホルムアミド(50mL)を添加し、90℃で30分間撹拌した。得られた溶液にイソホロンジイソシアネート(3.3g)を添加し、90℃で3時間加熱した。この段階で、得られた重合体を含む溶液について前記方法に従ってGPC測定を行い、重合体の分子量を算出したところ、数平均分子量は1900であり、重量平均分子量は3000であった。その後、60℃に降温し、1mol/Lの水酸化ナトリウム水溶液を加えて中和した。さらに60℃で1時間撹拌した後、溶媒を留去することにより白色固体のポリウレタンナトリウム塩(2.0g)(以下、「高分子化合物2」という。)を得た。得られた高分子化合物2を1H−NMR測定により同定し、下記式(P2):
1H−NMR(300MHz、溶媒:重メタノール):0.94、0.99、1.04、1.07、1.13、1.18、1.20、1.23、1.25、1.5〜1.7(br)、1.7〜1.8(br)、1.84、2.84、2.86、2.88、2.91、3.6〜3.8(br)、3.8〜3.9(br)、4.0〜4.2(br)、7.98、8.55
電界発光素子の作製
陽極としてITOが成膜パターニングされたガラス基板のITO陽極上に、正孔注入材料溶液としてポリ(3,4‐エチレンジオキシチオフェン)・ポリスチレンスルフォン酸溶液(スタルクヴイテック(株)製「Baytron」)を用いて膜厚が60nmになるようにスピンコート法により塗布し、塗膜を形成した。この塗膜を形成した基板を空気中、200℃で10分間加熱して塗膜を不溶化させた。その後、基板を室温まで自然冷却させてITO陽極上に正孔注入層を形成した。
高分子化合物1の代わりに高分子化合物2を用いた以外は実施例2と同様にして電界発光素子2を作製し、これを封止して発光装置2を得た。
高分子化合物1を含む電荷注入層を形成しなかった以外は実施例2と同様にして電界発光素子3を作製し、これを封止して発光装置3を得た。
高分子化合物1の代わりに低分子化合物1として1,1’−ジ−n−オクチル−4,4’−ビピリジニウムジブロミド(東京化成(株)製)を用いた以外は実施例2と同様にして電界発光素子4を作製し、これを封止して発光装置4を得た。
実施例2および比較例1〜3で得た発光装置1〜4にそれぞれ10Vの順方向電圧を印加し、発光輝度と発光効率を測定した。その結果を表1に示す。
Claims (5)
- 第一の電極と、第二の電極と、該第一の電極と該第二の電極との間に配置された発光層または電荷分離層と、該発光層または該電荷分離層と前記第一の電極または前記第二の電極との間に配置され、下記式(II):
で表される構造を有する高分子化合物を含む電荷注入層とを備えることを特徴とする電子素子。 - 前記高分子化合物の分子量が1×103以上1×108以下であることを特徴とする請求項1に記載の電子素子。
- 請求項1または2に記載の電子素子からなり、前記第一の電極と前記第二の電極との間に発光層が配置されていることを特徴とする電界発光素子。
- 請求項1または2に記載の電子素子からなり、前記第一の電極と前記第二の電極との間に電荷分離層が配置されていることを特徴とする光電変換素子。
- 下記式(II):
で表される構造を有することを特徴とする高分子化合物。
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