JP5406726B2 - 高い固相線温度を有する耐火セラミックス材料、その製造方法、前記材料を含む構造部品 - Google Patents
高い固相線温度を有する耐火セラミックス材料、その製造方法、前記材料を含む構造部品 Download PDFInfo
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- JP5406726B2 JP5406726B2 JP2009542140A JP2009542140A JP5406726B2 JP 5406726 B2 JP5406726 B2 JP 5406726B2 JP 2009542140 A JP2009542140 A JP 2009542140A JP 2009542140 A JP2009542140 A JP 2009542140A JP 5406726 B2 JP5406726 B2 JP 5406726B2
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- SIWVEOZUMHYXCS-UHFFFAOYSA-N oxo(oxoyttriooxy)yttrium Chemical compound O=[Y]O[Y]=O SIWVEOZUMHYXCS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 85
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- CPLXHLVBOLITMK-UHFFFAOYSA-N Magnesium oxide Chemical compound [Mg]=O CPLXHLVBOLITMK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
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- RVTZCBVAJQQJTK-UHFFFAOYSA-N oxygen(2-);zirconium(4+) Chemical compound [O-2].[O-2].[Zr+4] RVTZCBVAJQQJTK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
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- 229910000439 uranium oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
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Description
・2600℃以下における機械的強度
・実験時に発生するガスに対する気密性
・様々な雰囲気(特に還元性雰囲気、酸化性雰囲気、中性雰囲気、空気含有雰囲気、水蒸気)に対する化学的耐性
・酸化物及び金属からなる浴によって生じる腐食及び/又は高温摩耗に対する少なくとも15分間の化学的耐性。そのような相互作用は、例えば耐火材料が炉心溶融物(コリウム)に接触する際に発生する。コリウムは、核燃料の高温溶融及び溶融燃料の被覆材及び原子炉の構造部材との反応によって生じる融体(magma)である。通常、コリウムは融点又は固相線温度を超える温度に加熱された酸化物と金属の腐食性浴からなる。これらの酸化物は、特に酸化ウラン、酸化ジルコニウム、酸化鉄である。
・1700℃未満:単斜晶構造
・1700〜2600℃未満:二次構造
・2600℃〜2810℃:立方晶構造
・2810℃超:液体状態
単斜晶構造を有する二酸化ハフニウム(HfO2)粒子と、
二酸化ハフニウム(HfO2)の総モル数に対して0.5〜8モル%の酸化イットリウム(Y2O3)によって安定化された立方晶構造を有する二酸化ハフニウム(HfO2)粒子と、
閉鎖細孔と、
相互接続されていない開放細孔と、
を含む耐火セラミックス材料を提供する。
連続する工程として、
(i)前記セラミックス材料におけるモル比で混合された二酸化ハフニウム(HfO2)粉末と酸化イットリウム(Y2O3)粉末の乾燥混合物を得る工程と、
(ii)前記乾燥混合物を撹拌下でペレット化によって造粒して粒状混合物を得る工程であって、前記乾燥混合物の重量に対して、5重量%の50,000〜90,000g/モルの分子量を有するポリビニルアルコール(PVA)と5重量%の180〜420g/モルの分子量を有するポリエチレングリコール(PEG)を含む水溶液を前記乾燥混合物に噴霧することを含む工程と、
(iii)前記粒状混合物を乾燥し、型に充填する工程と、
(iv)20〜50MPa、好ましくは30MPaの安定成形圧力を加えることによって前記粒状混合物を一軸プレス成形して成形混合物を得る工程と、
(v)前記成形混合物を焼結させて前記耐火セラミックス材料を得る工程と、
を含む粉末冶金法を提供する。
1.1.HfO2及びY2O3粉末の乾式混合
1モル%のY2O3を含むHfO2耐火セラミックス材料を製造するために、99.93gのHfO2粉末と1.07gのY2O3粉末(それぞれ最終混合物の99モル%及び1モル%)を混合した。
純度:99.9重量%
比表面積(BET):12.99m2/g
粒径(BET):47.6nm、(粒子が球形と仮定した場合の比表面積から算出)
平均粒径:2μm(アンモニウムポリメタクリレート(商品名:「DARWAN C」)を分散剤として添加後にレーザー粒度計を使用した湿式法で測定)
結晶系:大部分が単斜晶(密度:9.7g/cm3)。
純度:99.999重量%
密度:5.01g/cm3
比表面積(BET):2.38m2/g
密集粒径(BET):0.5μm(粒子が球形と仮定した場合の比表面積から算出)
平均粒径:3μm(「DARWAN C」を分散剤として添加後にレーザー粒度計を使用した湿式法で測定)
粉末の乾燥混合物をペレット化によって造粒する工程を行うために、50,000〜90,000g/モルの分子量を有するポリビニルアルコール(PVA)とポリエチレングリコール300(PEG300)を含む水溶液を噴霧しながら、傾斜した回転テーブル内で粉末の乾燥混合物を撹拌した。PVAとPEGの噴霧量は粉末の乾燥混合物の重量に対してそれぞれ5重量%とした。
得られた粒状混合物を、粒子が乾燥するまで(この場合は20分間)オーブン内において50℃で乾燥した。乾燥温度は40〜60℃とすることもできる。これにより、プレス成形時に粒子が非圧縮性となり得るバインダー(PVA)の過度の硬化を防止することができる。
次に、前記工程において乾式法によって得られた粒状化乾燥混合物を自動篩分け機に導入し、60〜250μmの粒子のみを含むように二重篩分け操作を行った。粒子が上記粒径を有していれば、混合物の流動特性を損なうことはなく、混合物を型内に適切に充填することができる。また、粒子が上記粒径を有していれば、プレス成形時に欠陥(焼結時に除去することができない大孔を形成し得る混合物の局所的な不足)を生じることはない。
成形混合物を製造するために、粒状粉末の混合物をペレット形状の型に入れた。プレス成形型は25mmの直径を有していた。型は鋼からなる。できるだけ完全に充填して焼結時に除去することができない欠陥が導入されることを防止するために、混合物はゆっくりと型に充填した。次に、粒状粉末の混合物に対して以下のプレス成形サイクルを行い、成形圧力は以下のように変化させた。
・0.1MPa/秒の圧力上昇率で30MPaの安定成形圧力(安定圧力)まで圧力を上昇させ、2分間維持する。
・0.1MPa/秒の圧力減少率で30MPaの安定成形圧力を大気圧まで減少させる。
次に、成形ペレットを以下のサイクルで焼結させた。すなわち、5℃/分で1600℃までの温度を上昇させ、1時間維持し、次に炉の自然冷却速度で温度を低下させた。
シミュレーション炉の構造部品を製造するために、前記工程で得られた耐火セラミックス材料ペレットを拍車形状に機械加工した。機械加工によって材料にクラックが生じることはなかった。
0.5%、3%、5%又は8%のY2O3を含むHfO2系耐火セラミックス材料を、セラミックス材料において所望のモル比となるように混合工程(i)におけるY2O3粉末の量は変更した以外は実施例1と同様な方法で製造した。
3.1.単斜晶構造又は立方晶構造を有する二酸化ハフニウム(HfO2)粒子からなる材料の体積分率のX線回折による導出
材料中の単斜晶相及び立方晶相の体積分率を調べた。
すなわち、X線回折スペクトルを得、立方晶相の回折線111の強度を単斜晶相の回折線1及び−1の強度の和と比較した。
これらの回折線の強度は、近接する角度領域内に位置する立方晶相及び単斜晶相のピークを分離するために補正した。
Vm=(1.6031×Im(11−1))/(1.6031×Im(11−1)+Ic(111))
式中、Im(11−1)及びIc(111)は、単斜晶相及び立方晶相のX線回折線の強度をそれぞれ示す。
上記実施例の耐火セラミックス材料をSEMによって後方散乱電子モードで分析した。8モル%、5モル%、3モル%又は1モル%のY2O3を含む耐火セラミックス材料の顕微鏡写真を図1(A)、図1(B)、図1(C)、図1(D)にそれぞれ示す。顕微鏡写真では、グレーレベルは分析した化学元素の平均原子番号に反比例している。従って、安定化された立方晶二酸化ハフニウム(HfO2)相(2)に含まれる酸化イットリウム(Y2O3)は濃い灰色領域に対応する。
8モル%、5モル%又は3モル%のY2O3を含む材料では、3〜8モル%の酸化イットリウム(Y2O3)によって安定化された立方晶二酸化ハフニウム(HfO2)相(2)は少なくとも1つの閉鎖細孔(3)の周囲に主に分散しているため、偏析を生じる。従って、単斜晶二酸化ハフニウム(HfO2)(1)内において、少なくとも閉鎖細孔(3)を含む包有物(4)を形成する。
1モル%のY2O3(通常、立方晶二酸化ハフニウム(HfO2)粒子は0.7〜1.5モル%の酸化イットリウム(Y2O3)によって安定化されている)を含む材料の場合には、立方晶二酸化ハフニウム(HfO2)粒子はセラミックス材料全体に均一に分散されている。複数の細孔(5)の凝集は材料から実質的に消失している。
4.1.稠密度の測定
稠密度を測定するために、実施例2に従って製造され、5モル%のY2O3を含む耐火セラミックス材料について下記の計算を行った。
i)5% molar W=(1−2x)WHf+2xWY+(2−x)WO=(1−(2×0.05))×178.5)+(2×0.05×88.9)+(2−0.05)×16=200.74g/モル
ii)5%w=5% molar W/アボガドロ数=200.74/6.023・1023=3.33・10−22g
iii)5%密度=(5%w×Z)/V(cm3)=(3.33・10−22×4)/1.3304・10−22=10.01g/cm3
2)次に、各材料の理論密度を、材料中の各相の体積分率の関数として単斜晶(Dm=9.68g/cm3)及び立方晶(Dc=10.01g/cm3)の二酸化ハフニウム(HfO2)相の密度のそれぞれの貢献を導出することによって計算した。
上述した実施例に従って調製したセラミックス材料のその他の特性を測定した。図3(表3)に結果をまとめた。特性は以下のように測定した。
・3〜8モル%のY2O3を含む本発明係る耐火セラミックス材料は、8〜15%の気孔率及び7〜15%の閉鎖気孔率を有することができる。開放気孔率は通常約0.5%である。
・3〜5モル%のY2O3を含む本発明係る耐火セラミックス材料は、8〜11%の気孔率及び7〜11%の閉鎖気孔率を有することができる。開放気孔率は通常約0.5%である。
・0.7〜1.5モル%のY2O3を含む本発明係る耐火セラミックス材料は、以下の特性の少なくとも1つを有することができる:4〜6%の気孔率、1〜5%の閉鎖気孔率、0.5〜2%の開放気孔率(Y2O3のモル数が減少すると増加)、96〜97%の稠密度、立方晶二酸化ハフニウム(HfO2)粒子がセラミックス材料の体積の5〜18%を占める。
単斜晶構造を有する二酸化ハフニウム(HfO2)粒子は、細長い形状及び/又は1〜3μmの平均粒径を有し、
酸化イットリウム(Y2O3)によって安定化された立方晶構造を有する二酸化ハフニウム(HfO2)粒子は、正方形の断面を有する対称な形状及び/又は3〜15μmの平均粒径を有する。
Claims (27)
- 2500℃〜2800℃の固相線温度及び85%を超える稠密度を有し、複合体を構成するミクロ組織を有する耐火セラミックス材料であって、
単斜晶構造(1)を有する二酸化ハフニウム(HfO2)粒子と、
二酸化ハフニウム(HfO2)の総モル数に対して0.5〜8モル%の酸化イットリウム(Y2O3)によって安定化された立方晶構造(2)を有する二酸化ハフニウム(HfO2)粒子と、
閉鎖細孔(3)と、
相互接続されていない開放細孔と、
を含む耐火セラミックス材料。 - 請求項1において、前記開放細孔が、前記セラミックス材料の体積の3%未満を占めることを特徴とする耐火セラミックス材料。
- 請求項2において、前記開放細孔が、前記セラミックス材料の体積の1%未満を占めることを特徴とする耐火セラミックス材料。
- 請求項3において、前記開放細孔が、前記セラミックス材料の体積の0.5%を占めることを特徴とする耐火セラミックス材料。
- 請求項1〜4のいずれか1項において、前記立方晶二酸化ハフニウム(HfO2)が、3〜8モル%の酸化イットリウム(Y2O3)によって安定化され、前記単斜晶二酸化ハフニウム(HfO2)内に、少なくとも1つの閉鎖細孔(3)を含む包有物(4)を形成
していることを特徴とする耐火セラミックス材料。 - 請求項5において、前記立方晶二酸化ハフニウム(HfO2)が3〜5モル%の酸化イットリウム(Y2O3)によって安定化されていることを特徴とする耐火セラミックス材料。
- 請求項5又は6において、前記閉鎖細孔が3μmの平均寸法を有することを特徴とする耐火セラミックス材料。
- 請求項5〜7のいずれか1項において、前記単斜晶二酸化ハフニウム(HfO2)粒子が前記セラミックス材料の体積の37〜61%を占めることを特徴とする耐火セラミックス材料。
- 請求項1〜4のいずれか1項において、前記立方晶二酸化ハフニウム(HfO2)の粒子が0.7〜1.5モル%の酸化イットリウム(Y2O3)によって安定化されていることを特徴とする耐火セラミックス材料。
- 請求項9において、96〜97%の稠密度を有することを特徴とする耐火セラミックス材料。
- 請求項9又は10において、前記立方晶二酸化ハフニウム(HfO2)が1モル%の酸化イットリウム(Y2O3)によって安定化されていることを特徴とする耐火セラミックス材料。
- 請求項11において、前記立方晶二酸化ハフニウム(HfO2)の粒子が前記セラミックス材料の体積の10%を占めることを特徴とする耐火セラミックス材料。
- 請求項11又は12において、約2800℃の固相線温度を有することを特徴とする耐火セラミックス材料。
- 請求項11〜13のいずれか1項において、前記立方晶二酸化ハフニウム(HfO2)の粒子が前記セラミックス材料中に均一に分散されていることを特徴とする耐火セラミックス材料。
- 請求項1〜14のいずれか1項に記載の耐火セラミックス材料を製造するための粉末冶金法であって、
連続した工程として、
(i)前記セラミックス材料におけるモル比で混合された二酸化ハフニウム(HfO2)粉末と酸化イットリウム(Y2O3)粉末の乾燥混合物を得る工程と、
(ii)前記乾燥混合物を撹拌下でペレット化によって造粒して粒状混合物を得る工程であって、前記乾燥混合物の重量に対して、5重量%の50,000〜90,000g/モルの分子量を有するポリビニルアルコール(PVA)と5重量%の180〜420g/モルの分子量を有するポリエチレングリコール(PEG)を含む水溶液を前記乾燥混合物に噴霧することを含む工程と、
(iii)前記粒状混合物を乾燥し、型に充填する工程と、
(iv)20〜50MPaの安定成形圧力を加えることによって前記粒状混合物を一軸プレス成形して成形混合物を得る工程と、
(v)前記成形混合物を焼結させて前記耐火セラミックス材料を得る工程と、
を含む粉末冶金法。 - 請求項15において、
前記プレス成形工程(iv)は、30MPaの安定成形圧力を加えることによって前記粒状混合物を一軸プレス成形して成形混合物を得ることを特徴とする粉末冶金法。 - 請求項15において、前記水溶液が、前記乾燥混合物の重量に対して、5重量%の50,000〜90,000g/モルの分子量を有するポリビニルアルコール(PVA)と5重量%の285〜315g/モルの分子量を有するポリエチレングリコール(PEG 300)を含むことを特徴とする粉末冶金法。
- 請求項15〜17のいずれか1項において、前記混合工程(i)及び/又は前記造粒工程(ii)を、セラミックス粉末混合機によって前記粉末及び/又は前記乾燥混合物を撹拌することによって行うことを特徴とする粉末冶金法。
- 請求項15〜18のいずれか1項において、前記乾燥工程が、40℃〜60℃に前記混合物を加熱すること含むことを特徴とする粉末冶金法。
- 請求項19において、前記乾燥工程が、50℃に前記混合物を加熱すること含むことを特徴とする粉末冶金法。
- 請求項15〜20のいずれか1項において、前記乾燥工程(iii)の後であって、前記プレス成形工程(iv)の前に、前記粒状化混合物が60〜250μmの粒子のみを含むように前記粒状化混合物を篩分けることを特徴とする粉末冶金法。
- 請求項15〜21のいずれか1項において、前記プレス成形工程(iv)が連続した工程として、
20〜50MPaの安定成形圧力に達するまで、0.1〜1MPa/秒の範囲内の少なくとも1つの圧力上昇率で圧力を増加させる工程と、
60〜80秒にわたって前記安定成形圧力を維持する工程と、
0.1〜1MPa/秒で前記安定成形圧力を大気圧まで減少させる工程と、
を含むことを特徴とする粉末冶金法。 - 請求項22において、
前記圧力を増加させる工程は、30MPaの安定成形圧力に達するまで、0.1MPa/秒で圧力を増加させ、
前記維持する工程は、120秒にわたって前記安定成形圧力を維持し、
前記減少させる工程は、0.1MPa/秒で前記安定成形圧力を大気圧まで減少することを特徴とする粉末冶金法。 - 請求項15〜23のいずれか1項において、前記焼結工程が、30〜90分間にわたって1550℃〜1650℃に前記成形混合物を加熱すること含むことを特徴とする粉末冶金法。
- 請求項24において、前記焼結工程が、60分間にわたって1600℃に前記成形混合物を加熱すること含むことを特徴とする粉末冶金法。
- 請求項15〜25のいずれか1項において、前記焼結工程(v)の後に、(vi)前記耐火セラミックス材料に対して機械加工を行う工程をさらに含むことを特徴とする粉末冶金法。
- 請求項1〜14のいずれか1項に記載の耐火セラミックス材料を含む構造部品。
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FR0611175 | 2006-12-21 | ||
PCT/FR2007/002146 WO2008096071A2 (fr) | 2006-12-21 | 2007-12-21 | Materiau ceramique refractaire a haute temperature de solidus, son procede de fabrication et piece de structure incorporant ledit materiau |
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FR2910465B1 (fr) | 2011-03-04 |
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ES2361698T3 (es) | 2011-06-21 |
CA2673450A1 (fr) | 2008-08-14 |
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