JP5404605B2 - 均一に強化された電場および最小の副次的損傷を伴う電気外科的システム - Google Patents
均一に強化された電場および最小の副次的損傷を伴う電気外科的システム Download PDFInfo
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Description
本願は、米国特許出願第11/787,500号(2007年4月16日出願)の利益を主張する。該米国特許出願は、米国特許出願第10/779,529号(2004年2月13日出願)の一部継続出願であり、米国特許出願第10/779,529号は、米国仮特許出願第60/447,715号(2003年2月14日出願)と関係し、該仮特許出願に基づく優先権を主張している。これら全ての出願は、その全体が本明細書において参照により援用される。
本発明は、国立衛生研究所による援助(契約番号R01 EY 12888)を受けている。政府は、本発明における一定の権利を有している。
本発明は、概して、電気外科機器に関し、具体的には、液体媒体における生物組織のパルスプラズマ媒介切断、断片化、および蒸発に対する、効果的な電気外科プローブおよび波形の設計に関する。
鋭利な露出ブレード縁周辺の電場は、リング電極上の電場と同様であるが、曲率半径は機械的強度におけるほど制限されない。この構造の機械的強度がブレードによって提供されるため、ブレード縁を鋭利にすることができる。加えて、ブレード電極の可視性は、ブレード縁が、従来の外科用顕微鏡では十分に解像されないかもしれないが、肉眼で見える大きさのブレードは、容易に観測できるため、細いワイヤ電極に比べて問題ではない。したがって、そのような電極のブレード縁は鋭利であり、(例えば、10ミクロンよりさらに小さい縁の曲率半径を有する)、なおも見ることができる。これは、閾値電圧およびエネルギー、ならびに組織への磁場の貫入深度を大幅に減少し得、そして、損傷される組織のより小さい域を有するより明確な切断をもたらす。ディスク電極上の5μmの厚さのブレード縁に沿った電場分布を、図1に示す。薄い縁(例えば、約100μm未満、約50μm未満、約20μm未満、約15μm未満等)を有するブレードも、上述の細いワイヤ電極と同様に、縁の曲率半径に関わらず、「鋭利」と考えられてもよい。
電極の縁に隣接する領域が絶縁されない変形では、ブレード電極のブレード縁における磁場強化は、ブレードのデーパーの角度に左右され得る。いくつかの変形では、より低いテーパーの角度は、電場のさらに大きい強化を意味する。加えて、より低いブレードのテーパーの角度は、組織へのアクセスおよび貫入を促進し得る。閾値エネルギーは、テーパーの角度が30°から0°に変化するとき、2の因数によって減少し得る。したがって、ブレードのテーパーの角度は、45°未満、30°未満、および15°未満であり得る。
電気外科における望ましくない組織損傷の機構の1つは、エレクトロポレーションである。これは、高電場の細胞膜への直接の影響であり得る。エレクトロポレーションは、典型的には、細胞透過性の増加をもたらし、細胞傷害または細胞死につながり得る。この影響を減少するために、一極性の単一パルスではなく、電圧平衡または電荷平衡の反対の極性の対のパルスを印加することができる。この変更は、組織損傷における著しい減少につながる。例えば200nsの持続時間および4kVの振幅の単一パルスの印加は、約260μmのエレクトロポレーション関連の損傷をもたらす一方、同一の振幅で同一電極に印加された電荷平衡の二相パルスは、90μmのエレクトロポレーション関連の損傷をもたらす(プロピジウムヨウ化物染色技術を使用して、ニワトリ胚の絨毛尿膜で測定した)。その生物学的利点に加えて、パルスの極性を交互することは、電極の浸食速度も減少し得る。
電極に沿った電場の不均等分布は、液体中の絶縁破壊の方式だけでなく、水の蒸発の方式においても、その性能に影響を及ぼし得る。この影響は、特別に設計されたパルス波形を使用して中和することができる。エネルギーは、蒸気気泡の成長につながる液体の蒸発が、まず、高電場の領域で生じる方法で、パルスのバーストで送達されなければならない。電場が、蒸気気泡内部のイオン化に対して十分に強くない場合には、蒸気気泡は、伝導性液体から電極のその部分を隔離し得る。したがって、蒸発は、幾分、弱い電場を有する周辺領域で開始する。このプロセスは、最初の気泡がその領域における電極を露出して崩壊する前の、電極の最後の領域が蒸気空洞で覆われているまで継続し得る。この要件は、パルスまたはパルスバーストの振幅および最適期間を設定する。個々の気泡のサイズ、およびこれらの数は、バースト内のそれぞれのパルスのエネルギーの選択によって、およびパルスの数によって設定することができる。非均一電場を有する電極に沿って、均一の蒸気空洞を形成する、そのようなプロセスの実施例を、図6の連続写真に示す。本明細書の実施例は、主に、液体媒体(例えば、伝導性液体媒体)における、切断電極の使用を記載するが、これらの切断電極は、伝導性液体媒体中に浸漬または囲まれずに、使用され得る。例えば、これらの電極は、「乾燥」で使用し得、プラズマを形成する上で、蒸発および/またはイオン化される液体は、切断される材料(例えば、組織)に由来し得る。
本明細書に記載する切断電極は、前述のように、繰り返されるパルスのバースト(またはミニパルスのバースト)を含む、非常に低いデューティサイクルを有する印加電圧(または電流)方式で、特に、うまく機能し得る。図13A〜13Eは、これらの切断電極とともに使用し得る例示的な刺激方式を示し、以下に記載する。本明細書に記載する切断電極は、これらの低デューティサイクル刺激方式とともに使用することに制限されないが、より従来の電気外科的刺激システムとも使用され得る。例えば、本明細書に記載する切断電極のいずれかを、連続刺激、高電場、高電圧刺激等とともに使用し得る。多くの利点(特に、低浸食速度および正確な切断)は、上述の低デューティサイクル刺激で達成され得るが、これらの切断電極は、事実上、いかなる刺激方式における切断の利点も提供し得る。
薄い電極は、使用中に急速にエッチングされ得る。前述のように、ブレード電極のそのような薄い(または、鋭利な)ブレード縁は、使用中にも急速にエッチングされ得る。エッチングによって縁を丸くし、すなわち、縁の曲率半径を増大させることは、閾値電圧およびパルスエネルギーにおける増大につながり得、次に、副次的損傷域の範囲を大きくする。この影響を阻止するために、切断電極は、使用され得る自己尖鋭化につながる「制御されたエッチング」を提供するように構成され得る。
本明細書に記載する電気外科的ブレードの任意のものは、1つ以上の塗布における絶縁体の薄層を、伝導性材料の薄層、特に、伝導性材料の薄層の縁領域(縁自体の後の隣接するエッチング深さを含む)の上に塗布することにより加工され得る。伝導性材料は、典型的には、100μm未満、または50μm未満、もしくは、30μm未満の厚さを有する。絶縁体材料の全体の厚さ(湿気が加えられる場合は、乾燥時)が、伝導性材料の厚さの約半分〜3倍の間となるように、絶縁体は、実質的に平坦である材料の両側に塗布される。本実施例では、「全体」は、両側(例えば、上面および裏面)の絶縁体の厚さの合計が、絶縁体の厚さの約半分〜3倍の間であることを意味する。前述のように、1つ以上の絶縁体が塗布され得る。絶縁体は、伝導性材料(縁領域を含む)の薄層の全体にわたって塗布され得る、または、縁領域に至るまで塗布され得る。
Claims (26)
- 電気外科的電源とともに使用するための電気外科的ブレードであって、
絶縁部および露出縁領域を有する電極であって、該露出縁領域は、1μm〜100μmの間の露出縁の厚さを有する、電極と、
該電極の長さに沿って少なくとも部分的に延在する絶縁体層であって、該絶縁体層は、該露出電極縁領域に当接し、該露出電極縁領域を囲み、該絶縁体層は、該露出電極縁領域の厚さの半分〜3倍の間の厚さを有する、絶縁体層と
を備え、
前記電極は、チタン、タンタル、モリブデン、タングステン、およびステンレス鋼から成る群より選択される金属を含み、
前記電極の前記絶縁体および露出縁領域は、該電極に沿って、プラズマ形成の間にほぼ同一の速度で浸食され、それによって、該露出縁領域および絶縁体が浸食されるにつれて、縁外形を実質的に保つように構成される、
電気外科的ブレード。 - 前記電極は、10μm〜50μmの間の厚さを有する金属箔から形成される、請求項1に記載の電気外科的ブレード。
- 前記絶縁体層は、ガラス、ガラスエナメル、セラミック、およびプラスチックから成る群より選択される材料を備える、請求項1に記載の電気外科的ブレード。
- 前記絶縁体層は、ガラスエナメルである無鉛エナメルを含む、請求項3に記載の電気外科的ブレード。
- 前記電極の絶縁された長さは、0.1mmよりも大きい、請求項1に記載の電気外科的ブレード。
- 前記露出電極縁領域の長さは、実質的に真っすぐである、請求項1に記載の電気外科的ブレード。
- 前記露出電極縁領域の長さは、湾曲している、請求項1に記載の電気外科的ブレード。
- 前記電気外科的ブレードは、スコップの周辺に配置された前記露出縁領域を有するスコップを形成する、請求項1に記載の電気外科的ブレード。
- 前記電極が前記電気外科的電源と電気接触を行い得るように、電気外科的ブレードをハンドルに固定するように構成される、ハンドルインターフェースをさらに備える、請求項1に記載の電気外科的ブレード。
- 前記露出縁領域は、L字形、U字形、V字形、O字形、またはこれらの形状の組み合わせから成る群より選択される形状を形成する、請求項1に記載の電気外科的ブレード。
- 前記露出縁領域は、電気外科的電源によって、電力が供給されるときに、実質的に均一電場を形成するように構成される、請求項1に記載の電気外科的ブレード。
- 前記電極は平面的な電極であって、前記電極の、前記絶縁部は、上部絶縁表面および下部絶縁表面を含み、
該上部および下部表面は、該露出縁領域から、約100μmよりも大きい長さ分延在し、該上部および下部表面は、この長さにわたって、約10μm〜100μmの間の電極の厚さ分、互いから分離され、
前記絶縁体層は、該上部表面を覆う第1の絶縁層および該下部表面を覆う第2の絶縁層を含む、請求項1に記載の電気外科的ブレード。 - 前記平面的な電極は、伝導性金属箔から形成される、請求項12に記載の電気外科的ブレード。
- 前記第1および第2の絶縁層は、400℃〜900℃の間の軟化点または融点を有する材料を備える、請求項12に記載の電気外科的ブレード。
- 前記第1および第2の絶縁層は、ガラスエナメルを含む、請求項12に記載の電気外科的ブレード。
- 前記第1および第2の絶縁層はそれぞれ、ガラス、ガラスエナメル、セラミック、およびプラスチックから成る群より選択される材料を含む、請求項12に記載の電気外科的ブレード。
- 前記露出縁領域および該周りの絶縁体層は、縁外形を形成し、
該絶縁体層および該露出縁領域は、電気外科的ブレードが該電気外科的電源によって起動されると、ほぼ同一の速度で浸食され、該露出縁領域および絶縁体層が浸食されるにつれて、実質的に該縁外形を保つ、請求項1に記載の電気外科的ブレード。 - 前記絶縁体層は、ガラスを備える、請求項17に記載の電気外科的ブレード。
- 前記絶縁体層は、無鉛エナメルを備える、請求項17に記載の電気外科的ブレード。
- 前記電極は、金属箔で形成される、請求項17に記載の電気外科的ブレード。
- 前記電極は、15μmの厚さの箔から形成される、請求項17に記載の電気外科的ブレード。
- 前記電極の前記絶縁された長さは、0.1mmよりも大きい、請求項17に記載の電気外科的ブレード。
- 前記露出縁領域は、その全長に沿って実質的に真っすぐである、請求項17に記載の電気外科的ブレード。
- 前記露出縁領域は、L字形、U字形、V字形、O字形、またはこれらの形状の組み合わせから成る群より選択される形状を形成するように湾曲している、請求項17に記載の電気外科的ブレード。
- 前記電極が電気外科的電源と電気接触を行い得るように、電気外科的ブレードをハンドルに固定するように構成される、ハンドルインターフェースをさらに備える、請求項17に記載の電気外科的ブレード。
- 前記絶縁体層は、400℃以上の軟化点または融点を有する材料を備える、請求項1に記載の電気外科的ブレード。
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PCT/US2008/004806 WO2008130525A2 (en) | 2007-04-16 | 2008-04-11 | Electrosurgical system with uniformly enhanced electric field and minimal collateral damage |
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2008
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- 2008-04-11 EP EP08742863A patent/EP2142126A2/en not_active Withdrawn
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EP2316368A3 (en) | 2011-09-21 |
US7736361B2 (en) | 2010-06-15 |
HK1146634A1 (en) | 2011-06-24 |
WO2008130525A2 (en) | 2008-10-30 |
US20080027428A1 (en) | 2008-01-31 |
WO2008130525A3 (en) | 2009-01-22 |
ES2436048T3 (es) | 2013-12-26 |
EP2142126A2 (en) | 2010-01-13 |
EP2316368A2 (en) | 2011-05-04 |
EP2316368B1 (en) | 2013-09-11 |
JP2010524563A (ja) | 2010-07-22 |
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