JP5373242B2 - 安定化ディーゼル燃料添加剤組成物 - Google Patents
安定化ディーゼル燃料添加剤組成物 Download PDFInfo
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- JP5373242B2 JP5373242B2 JP2004291959A JP2004291959A JP5373242B2 JP 5373242 B2 JP5373242 B2 JP 5373242B2 JP 2004291959 A JP2004291959 A JP 2004291959A JP 2004291959 A JP2004291959 A JP 2004291959A JP 5373242 B2 JP5373242 B2 JP 5373242B2
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- Prior art keywords
- oil
- fuel
- diesel fuel
- additive
- diesel
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
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Classifications
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
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- C10L1/00—Liquid carbonaceous fuels
- C10L1/10—Liquid carbonaceous fuels containing additives
- C10L1/14—Organic compounds
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- C10L1/1881—Carboxylic acids; metal salts thereof carboxylic group attached to an aliphatic carbon atom
- C10L1/1883—Carboxylic acids; metal salts thereof carboxylic group attached to an aliphatic carbon atom polycarboxylic acid
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- C10L1/14—Organic compounds
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- C10L1/19—Esters ester radical containing compounds; ester ethers; carbonic acid esters
- C10L1/1905—Esters ester radical containing compounds; ester ethers; carbonic acid esters of di- or polycarboxylic acids
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- C10L1/191—Esters ester radical containing compounds; ester ethers; carbonic acid esters of di- or polyhydroxyalcohols
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- C10L1/192—Macromolecular compounds
- C10L1/195—Macromolecular compounds obtained by reactions involving only carbon-to-carbon unsaturated bonds
- C10L1/196—Macromolecular compounds obtained by reactions involving only carbon-to-carbon unsaturated bonds derived from monomers containing a carbon-to-carbon unsaturated bond and a carboxyl group or salts, anhydrides or esters thereof homo- or copolymers of compounds having one or more unsaturated aliphatic radicals each having one carbon bond to carbon double bond, and at least one being terminated by a carboxyl radical or of salts, anhydrides or esters thereof
- C10L1/1966—Macromolecular compounds obtained by reactions involving only carbon-to-carbon unsaturated bonds derived from monomers containing a carbon-to-carbon unsaturated bond and a carboxyl group or salts, anhydrides or esters thereof homo- or copolymers of compounds having one or more unsaturated aliphatic radicals each having one carbon bond to carbon double bond, and at least one being terminated by a carboxyl radical or of salts, anhydrides or esters thereof poly-carboxylic
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- C10L1/198—Macromolecular compounds obtained otherwise than by reactions involving only carbon-to-carbon unsaturated bonds homo- or copolymers of compounds having one or more unsaturated aliphatic radicals, each having only one carbon to carbon double bond, and at least one being terminated by an acyloxy radical of a saturated carboxylic acid, of carbonic acid
- C10L1/1985—Macromolecular compounds obtained otherwise than by reactions involving only carbon-to-carbon unsaturated bonds homo- or copolymers of compounds having one or more unsaturated aliphatic radicals, each having only one carbon to carbon double bond, and at least one being terminated by an acyloxy radical of a saturated carboxylic acid, of carbonic acid polyethers, e.g. di- polygylcols and derivatives; ethers - esters
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- C10L1/14—Organic compounds
- C10L1/22—Organic compounds containing nitrogen
- C10L1/222—Organic compounds containing nitrogen containing at least one carbon-to-nitrogen single bond
- C10L1/224—Amides; Imides carboxylic acid amides, imides
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- C10L1/234—Macromolecular compounds
- C10L1/236—Macromolecular compounds obtained by reactions involving only carbon-to-carbon unsaturated bonds derivatives thereof
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Description
粒子状物質捕集装置なしに運転されるディーゼルエンジンは、未燃炭化水素(HC)、一酸化炭素(CO)、窒素酸化物(NOx)及び粒子状物質を排出し、それらはすべて現今又は規制案の対象となる。これら汚染物質の制御に関する問題は、粒子状物質と窒素酸化物の交換のために複雑化する:燃焼条件が窒素酸化物の排出低下の方向に変わると、粒子状物質が増加する。粒子状物質捕集装置は、粒子状物質排出の深刻性を低下するために使用される。
捕集装置の作動温度が十分に高い場合は、この燃焼又は再生はそれ自体で生じることが可能である。しかし、典型的な場合、排出温度は、一定して十分に高くなく、二次的な手段、例えば捕集装置温度を上げるための電気的加熱又は粒子状物質の燃焼温度を低下させるウォッシュコート担持触媒の使用は、十分に成功して来なかった。
ディーゼルエンジン粒子状物質捕集装置の動作を向上させるための、有機金属塩及び錯体の使用は、例えば1994年9月6日に発行されたU.S.特許第5,344,467号に開示されており、それには、有機金属錯体と抗酸化剤の組み合わせの使用が教示されている。有機金属錯体はディーゼル燃料中に可溶性又は分散性であり、炭化水素鎖に結合する少なくとも二つの官能基を含む有機化合物から誘導される。
1994年5月26日に公開されたWO 94/11467は、捕集装置からの未燃焼炭化水素及び一酸化炭素の排出を低下させるのに効果的な量において白金族金属の燃料-可溶性組成物を含む燃料添加剤の使用により、ディーゼル捕集装置の動作を向上させる方法を教示している。白金族金属は、白金、パラジウム、ロジウム又はイリジウムを含む。
EP 671205、EP 599717及びEP 575189は、燃料における様々なセリウム化合物の使用を開示している。
本発明によると、相分離に対して安定であり、ディーゼル燃料、ディーゼル粒子状物質捕集装置再生用のコロイド分散性又は可溶性金属触媒化合物、及び少なくとも二つの隣接極性先端官能基においてそれらに直接結合する親油性ヒドロカルビル鎖を有する油溶性又は油分散性有機化合物を含有する上記ディーゼル燃料組成物であって、上記有機化合物が、相分離に対して金属触媒化合物を安定化するのに効果的な量で存在し、金属触媒化合物が、セリウム、鉄、カルシウム、マグネシウム、ストロンチウム、ナトリウム、マンガン及び白金の一つ以上の無機又は有機化合物又は錯体又はそれらの混合物を含み、有機化合物の隣接極性先端基の少なくとも一つが、カルボン酸又はカルボキシレート基であり、残りが、カルボン酸、カルボキシレート、エステル又はアミド基から選ばれる、上記ディーゼル燃料組成物を見出した。
本明細書において、「隣接極性先端官能基(contiguous polar head functional group)」という用語は、分子内でわずか3つ、好ましくはわずか2つの炭素原子により隔てられる極性(官能性化学)基を表すために使用される。
(a) 少なくとも一つの酸化セリウム又はセリウムの有機錯体又はその両方、又は
(b) 少なくとも一つの酸化鉄又は鉄の有機錯体又はその両方、又は
(c) それらの混合物。
より好ましくは、化合物、例えば酸化セリウム及び酸化鉄ならびに鉄の他の有機金属錯体、フェロセン、ジフェロセン、鉄カルボキシレート又は又は過塩基性鉄石鹸(iron soap)又は塩、例えばスルホン酸鉄及びナフテン酸鉄又はそれらの混合物を使用することができる。他の金属化合物としては、Ca、Mg、Sr、Na及び特にMn及びPtのもの、特にこれらの過塩基性カルボン酸石鹸及び金属酸化物、及び水酸化物及び炭酸塩(及びそれらの混合物)が挙げられる。
本発明の安定剤化合物は、一般式A-C-Bにより表され、式中、Cは、Mn (数平均分子量)200〜4,000、好ましくは200〜1,300、より好ましくは200〜1,000、例えば400〜 1,000、700〜1000又は450〜700のヒドロカルビル鎖を表す。
また、その安定剤は、以下の式により表すことができる:
A及びBは、同じか又は異なる官能基を表してもよい。好ましい態様において、A及びBは共に隣接カルボキシレート残基であり、一般式-COOH又は-(COO-)nMn+ としてイオン化されている基であり、式中、Mは、1価又は2価の正電荷金属カチオン(即ち、n=1又は2) か4級アンモニウムカチオンであってもよい。好適な4級アンモニウムカチオンの一般的な例は、アンモニウムイオンそれ自体、NH4 +及び三級、二級及び一級アミンからそれぞれ誘導される以下の四級アンモニウムカチオンR4N+、R3NH+、R2NH2 +、RNH3 + である(式中RはH 又は炭素数1〜22の直鎖又は分岐アルキル鎖又は芳香族成分を表す)。
本発明のさらなる態様は、安定剤化合物、金属触媒化合物及び一つ以上の他の燃料添加剤化合物、例えば潤滑性増強添加剤、ディーゼル清浄剤添加剤又はコールドフロー添加剤を含む燃料組成物を含む。
さらなる態様は、本発明の安定剤3〜75質量%を粒子状物質捕集装置の金属触媒化合物と合わせて、所望によりさらに一つ以上の他の燃料添加剤化合物、例えば下記のような潤滑性増強添加剤、ディーゼル清浄剤添加剤又はコールドフロー添加剤と合わせて含む、添加剤濃縮物組成物を含む。
ディーゼル燃料及び上記定義のコロイド分散性又は可溶性金属触媒化合物を含有するディーゼル燃料組成物において、ディーゼル燃料及びコロイド分散性又は可溶性金属触媒化合物が時間の経過によりディーゼル燃料組成物内で相分離を形成する傾向を低減するための、上記定義の油溶性又は油分散性有機化合物の使用;
上記定義の金属触媒化合物を含む添加剤濃縮物において、ディーゼル燃料中の金属触媒化合物のコロイド分散性又は可溶性を向上させるための、上記定義の油溶性又は油分散性有機化合物の使用;及び
上記定義の金属触媒化合物の油分散性又は可溶性を増強させる方法であって、上記定義の油溶性又は油分散性有機化合物の
(a) ディーゼル燃料及び金属触媒化合物を含むディーゼル燃料組成物、又は
(b) 好ましくは金属触媒化合物を含む添加剤濃縮物、又は
(c) それら両方
への添加を含む方法。
好ましい燃料油のセタン価は、少なくとも40、好ましくは45より高く、より好ましくは50より高い。燃料油はセタン価向上剤を加える前にそのようなセタン価であってもよく、又は燃料のセタン価はセタン価向上剤の添加により上昇させてもよい。
好都合には、燃料油は、低い芳香族濃度(例えば30未満、20未満、15未満、10未満又は5未満の質量パーセント)により生じる低溶解性のもの及び/又は低温、例えば-5、-10、-15又は-20℃又はそれ未満の作動が要求されるものである。
一般的に、そのようなオイルは、酸の数のグリセリドを含み、その数及び種類はオイルの起源の植物により変わる。また、好適な燃料油としては、1〜100質量%の植物油又は脂肪酸のメチルエステルと、石油ベースディーゼル燃料油との混合物が挙げられる。
脂肪酸の低級アルキルエステルとしては、例えば炭素数12〜22の脂肪酸の、例えば以下のもののエチル、プロピル、ブチル及び特にメチルエステルを含む市販の混合物が考えられる:ラウリン酸、ミリスチン酸、パルミチン酸、パルミトレイン酸、ステアリン酸、オレイン酸、エライジン酸、ペトロセリン酸(petroselic acid)、リシノール酸、エレオステアリン酸(elaeostearic acid)、リノール酸、リノレン酸、エイコサン酸、ガドレイン酸、ドコサン酸又はエルカ酸、及びロジン酸(rosin acid)及び異性体であって、ヨウ素価が50〜180、特に90〜180のもの。特に好都合な特性を有する混合物は、炭素数16〜22で、二重結合数1、2又は3の脂肪酸のメチルエステルを、主に、即ち少なくとも50質量%含むものである。好ましい脂肪酸の低級アルキルエステルは、オレイン酸、リノール酸、リノレン酸及びエルカ酸のメチルエステルである。
植物ベース燃料油として最も好ましいものは、ナタネメチルエステル(rapeseed methyl ester)である。
本発明の添加剤組成物及び/又は燃料組成物は、上記のような一つ以上の他の燃料添加剤又は添加剤補助剤(co-additives)を追加的に含んでいてもよい。例としては、他の潤滑性増強化合物(lubricity-enhancing compounds);コールドフロー向上剤、例えばエチレン不飽和エステルコポリマー、炭化水素ポリマー、極性窒素化合物、アルキル化芳香族、線状ポリマー化合物及び櫛型ポリマー;清浄剤;腐蝕防止剤(防錆添加剤);脱曇り剤(dehazars);脱乳化剤;金属活性低下剤;消泡剤;助燃剤、例えばセタン価向上剤;補助溶剤;パッケージ相溶剤(package compatibilisers); 消臭剤;及び金属ベース添加剤、例えば金属燃焼向上剤が挙げられる。
本発明の安定化組成物は、低硫黄燃料、即ち、硫黄0.2質量%未満、好ましくは0.1質量%未満、例えば硫黄0.005質量%又は0.001質量%未満の燃料に現在一般的に使用される、一つ以上の多様な潤滑性添加剤を含むのが好ましいと思われる。そのような潤滑性添加剤としては、炭素数2〜50のカルボン酸の一価又は多価アルコールエステル、例えばグリセロールモノオレート、炭素数1〜5の一価アルコールと多塩基酸のエステル、二量化カルボン酸エステル、ポリカルボン酸及びエポキシド、例えば、1,2-エポキシエタン及び1,2-エポキシプロパンの反応生成物及び脂肪酸から誘導された潤滑性添加剤、例えば植物油脂肪酸メチルエステル並びにモノエタノールアミン及びジエタノールアミンの脂肪酸アミドが挙げられる。
潤滑性添加剤成分の他の例は、以下の一般式の化合物であり、WO 97/45507及びWO 02/02720に記載されている:
-CR1R2-CHR3-
(式中、R1 は、水素又はメチルを表し; R2 はCOOR4を表し、R4 は炭素数1〜9の直鎖又は、もし炭素数2以上であれば分岐のアルキル基を表すか、又はR2 はOOCR5を表し、R5 はR4 又はHを表し; またR3はH又はCOOR4を表す)。例としては、エチレン-ビニルアセテート及びエチレン-ビニルプロピオネート及び他のコポリマーであって5〜40%がビニルエステルであるものが挙げられる。
また、本発明の添加剤は、ディーゼル性能添加剤、例えばシリコン含有消泡剤、例えばシロキサンブロックコポリマー又はセタン価向上剤、例えば2−エチルヘキシルニトレートとの組合せにおいて使用してもよい。
1.好ましくは燃料に混合物をドーピングする前に、DPF (ディーゼル粒子状物質フィルター)添加剤組成物に添加することができる。
2.DPF添加剤の添加の前又は後に別々に燃料に加えることができる。
3.燃料にその混合物をドーピングする前に、一般的な燃料添加剤組成物、例えば、潤滑性向上剤、清浄剤、コールドフロー向上剤、腐蝕防止剤、静電防止剤又はそれらの混合物を添加することができる。
4.一般的な燃料添加剤組成物の添加の前又は後に別々に燃料に添加することができる。
本発明を以下の実施例によりさらに説明する。
合成
PIB450SA (50 g)、Isopar L、パラフィン系溶媒(150 ml)及び水(4 ml、過剰量)を還流下攪拌しながら12時間加熱した(〜120℃)。
冷却後、有機層を分離し、無水MgSO4で乾燥した。ろ過後、溶媒混合物を真空下、低温で除去し、直接使用される生成物を得た。
試験する燃料の特性を以下に示した。
ディーゼル燃料F:さらなるクラス1ディーゼル燃料
安定化の実施例
表1及び2は、コロイド状セリウムベースDPF添加剤 Eolys(登録商標)、“Rhodia Electronics and Catalysis”として市販されているセリウム含有燃料油添加剤、Rhodiaグループ関連品、の安定性結果を、様々な潤滑性向上剤添加剤の存在下及びパーセンテージレベルのバイオディーゼル(ナタネ油メチルエステル-RME)の存在下において、それぞれ列挙した。安定性試験は、通常の実験室配合手順を使用して、各燃料への添加剤の別々の添加、及びその後の、80℃での貯蔵の間の、相分離及び一般的外観に関する配合燃料組成物の視覚的観察を含む。
また、その結果は、RME及び様々な潤滑性向上剤添加剤が、金属触媒化合物の安定性を安全な現場作業を確実にするのに必要とされるレベルまで向上する見込みがないことを示した。
セリウムベースDPF添加剤(Eolys(登録商標))は、これら二つの異なるディーゼル燃料において様々な潤滑性添加剤の存在下、沈殿/相分離に関して基本的に不安定であることが、表3から観察することができた。燃料への添加剤の別々の添加について、同じ試験プロトコールを行った。
表4に示す結果は、本発明の少量の安定剤分子(実施例1及び2それぞれ由来の安定剤A及びB)を使用した場合、潤滑性向上剤の存在下、ディーゼル燃料Cにおいて、80℃で、静電蓄積におけるコロイド状DPF系の安定性が有意に向上されたことを示した。
さらに、同様の濃度において、未反応の出発物質PIBSAに対する安定剤分子Aの明らかに向上された安定性性能は、潤滑性向上剤添加剤Iの存在においてセリウムコロイドを安定化させることにおいて、本発明の有効性を示した。
表5は、様々な潤滑性添加剤の存在下における、安定化Ce コロイド、 Eolys(登録商標)に関する安定性データをさらに示した。
Ceコロイド及び潤滑性向上剤の様々なサンプルコントロール(安定剤なし)は、1日以内に混濁形成及び/又は相分離を示した。同様に、未反応出発物質、PIBSAは、相分離に対して組成物を安定化する能力が低いことを示した。
表6に示す結果は、実施例1で製造した安定剤Aの安定化効果を、コロイド状酸化セリウム及び酸化鉄混合添加剤、「Eolys(登録商標) 176」上の、石油由来ディーゼル燃料D及びバイオ燃料脂肪酸メチルエステル(「FAME」)を含む燃料組成物において示した。表6において、CeFe添加剤について示した処理率は、燃料中の全金属のppm(質量)である。
さらに、潤滑性向上剤(「LI」)型V及びVI* はこの系において安定化効果を示さないことが分かった。
表7は、クラスIディーゼル燃料E又は燃料E及びバイオ燃料脂肪酸メチルエステル(「FAME」)を含む燃料組成物のいずれかに混合物をドーピングする前に、実施例1の安定剤Aを、Eolys(登録商標) 176のストック溶液に直接加えることにより優れた安定性が達成されることを示している。
結果は、燃料に混合物をドーピングする前に、コロイド状金属触媒濃縮物に直接安定剤成分を添加することにより、著しく向上した安定性が達成されることを示した。また、その結果は、石油由来ディーゼル燃料およびバイオ燃料脂肪酸メチルエステル(「FAME」)を含む燃料組成物(前記実施例8)に別々に、安定剤及びコロイド状DPF添加剤を加えることにより得られるものと比較してもよい。金属添加剤濃縮物への安定剤の予めの添加は、その油溶性又は油分散性が実質的に向上され、燃料に次に混合された時によりよい性能が導かれるという方法においてコロイド状金属複合体の再構築を生じると考えられる。
以下の表8及び9は、燃料Fに使用した場合、(i)上記二つの実施例において記載したセ
各表において、試験燃料は安定剤A25ppm(質量)を含み、さらに一定量の潤滑性添加剤LI-Iを含んでいた。
Claims (12)
- ディーゼル燃料、ディーゼル粒子状物質捕集再生用のコロイド分散性又は可溶性金属触媒化合物、及び少なくとも二つの、親油性ヒドロカルビル鎖に直接結合し、分子内で2つ又は3つの炭素原子により隔てられる官能基を有する、Mn200〜4,000のポリイソブテニルである親油性ヒドロカルビル鎖を有する油溶性又は油分散性有機化合物10 〜1,000 ppmを含有するディーゼル燃料組成物であって、金属触媒化合物が、
(d) 少なくとも一つの酸化セリウム又はセリウムの有機錯体又はその両方、又は
(e) 少なくとも一つの酸化鉄又は鉄の有機錯体又はその両方、又は
(f) それらの混合物であり、
有機化合物の、分子内で2つ又は3つの炭素原子により隔てられる官能基の少なくとも一つが、カルボン酸又はカルボキシレート基であり、残りが、カルボン酸、カルボキシレート又はエステル基から選ばれる、上記ディーゼル燃料組成物。 - 有機化合物の、分子内で2つ又は3つの炭素原子により隔てられる官能基の残りが、カルボン酸、カルボキシレート又はエステル基から選ばれる、請求項1に記載の組成物。
- 分子内で2つ又は3つの炭素原子により隔てられる官能基の少なくとも一つが、炭素数1〜22の第一又は第二アルコールのエステル、ポリオキシアルキレン化合物又はOH基2〜5を有する多価アルコールのエステルである、請求項2に記載の組成物。
- 潤滑性添加剤をさらに含む、請求項1〜3のいずれか1項に記載の組成物。
- コールドフロー添加剤をさらに含む、請求項1〜4のいずれか1項に記載の組成物。
- ディーゼル清浄剤添加剤をさらに含む、請求項1〜5のいずれか1項に記載の組成物。
- 金属触媒化合物が、酸化セリウム又は酸化鉄又はそれらの混合物を含む、請求項1〜6のいずれか1項に記載の組成物。
- ディーゼル燃料が2000ppm以下の硫黄を含む、請求項1〜7のいずれか1項に記載の組成物。
- キャリヤ液、請求項1又は7に記載のコロイド分散性又は可溶性金属触媒化合物、及び請求項1から3のいずれか1項に記載の油溶性又は油分散性有機化合物を含む安定剤添加剤3〜75質量%を含む、ディーゼル燃料添加剤濃縮物組成物。
- ディーゼル燃料組成物中で、ディーゼル燃料及び請求項1又は7に記載のコロイド分散性又は可溶性金属触媒化合物が相分離を形成する傾向を低減するための方法であって、
ディーゼル燃料組成物に請求項1から3のいずれか1項に記載の油溶性又は油分散性有機化合物を添加する工程を有する方法。 - ディーゼル燃料中において、金属触媒化合物のコロイド分散性又は可溶性を向上させるための方法であって、
請求項1又は7に記載の金属触媒化合物を含む添加剤濃縮物に請求項1から3のいずれか1項に記載の油溶性又は油分散性有機化合物を添加する工程を有する方法。 - 請求項1又は7に記載の金属触媒化合物の油分散性又は可溶性を増強させる方法であって、請求項1から3のいずれか1項に記載の油溶性又は油分散性有機化合物の
(a) ディーゼル燃料及び金属触媒化合物を含むディーゼル燃料組成物、又は
(b) 金属触媒化合物を含む添加剤濃縮物、又は
(c) それら両方
への添加を含む上記方法。
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