CN100467579C - 柴油添加剂组合物 - Google Patents
柴油添加剂组合物 Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- CN100467579C CN100467579C CNB2004100874702A CN200410087470A CN100467579C CN 100467579 C CN100467579 C CN 100467579C CN B2004100874702 A CNB2004100874702 A CN B2004100874702A CN 200410087470 A CN200410087470 A CN 200410087470A CN 100467579 C CN100467579 C CN 100467579C
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- Prior art keywords
- fuel
- diesel
- quality ppm
- oil
- metal catalyst
- Prior art date
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Classifications
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
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- C10L1/10—Liquid carbonaceous fuels containing additives
- C10L1/12—Inorganic compounds
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- C10L1/00—Liquid carbonaceous fuels
- C10L1/10—Liquid carbonaceous fuels containing additives
- C10L1/14—Organic compounds
- C10L1/18—Organic compounds containing oxygen
- C10L1/188—Carboxylic acids; metal salts thereof
- C10L1/1881—Carboxylic acids; metal salts thereof carboxylic group attached to an aliphatic carbon atom
- C10L1/1883—Carboxylic acids; metal salts thereof carboxylic group attached to an aliphatic carbon atom polycarboxylic acid
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- C10L1/14—Organic compounds
- C10L1/18—Organic compounds containing oxygen
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- C10L1/1905—Esters ester radical containing compounds; ester ethers; carbonic acid esters of di- or polycarboxylic acids
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- C10L1/19—Esters ester radical containing compounds; ester ethers; carbonic acid esters
- C10L1/191—Esters ester radical containing compounds; ester ethers; carbonic acid esters of di- or polyhydroxyalcohols
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- C10L1/192—Macromolecular compounds
- C10L1/195—Macromolecular compounds obtained by reactions involving only carbon-to-carbon unsaturated bonds
- C10L1/196—Macromolecular compounds obtained by reactions involving only carbon-to-carbon unsaturated bonds derived from monomers containing a carbon-to-carbon unsaturated bond and a carboxyl group or salts, anhydrides or esters thereof homo- or copolymers of compounds having one or more unsaturated aliphatic radicals each having one carbon bond to carbon double bond, and at least one being terminated by a carboxyl radical or of salts, anhydrides or esters thereof
- C10L1/1966—Macromolecular compounds obtained by reactions involving only carbon-to-carbon unsaturated bonds derived from monomers containing a carbon-to-carbon unsaturated bond and a carboxyl group or salts, anhydrides or esters thereof homo- or copolymers of compounds having one or more unsaturated aliphatic radicals each having one carbon bond to carbon double bond, and at least one being terminated by a carboxyl radical or of salts, anhydrides or esters thereof poly-carboxylic
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- C10L1/198—Macromolecular compounds obtained otherwise than by reactions involving only carbon-to-carbon unsaturated bonds homo- or copolymers of compounds having one or more unsaturated aliphatic radicals, each having only one carbon to carbon double bond, and at least one being terminated by an acyloxy radical of a saturated carboxylic acid, of carbonic acid
- C10L1/1985—Macromolecular compounds obtained otherwise than by reactions involving only carbon-to-carbon unsaturated bonds homo- or copolymers of compounds having one or more unsaturated aliphatic radicals, each having only one carbon to carbon double bond, and at least one being terminated by an acyloxy radical of a saturated carboxylic acid, of carbonic acid polyethers, e.g. di- polygylcols and derivatives; ethers - esters
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- C10L1/00—Liquid carbonaceous fuels
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- C10L1/14—Organic compounds
- C10L1/22—Organic compounds containing nitrogen
- C10L1/222—Organic compounds containing nitrogen containing at least one carbon-to-nitrogen single bond
- C10L1/224—Amides; Imides carboxylic acid amides, imides
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- C10L1/14—Organic compounds
- C10L1/22—Organic compounds containing nitrogen
- C10L1/234—Macromolecular compounds
- C10L1/236—Macromolecular compounds obtained by reactions involving only carbon-to-carbon unsaturated bonds derivatives thereof
- C10L1/2364—Macromolecular compounds obtained by reactions involving only carbon-to-carbon unsaturated bonds derivatives thereof homo- or copolymers derived from unsaturated compounds containing amide and/or imide groups
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- C10L1/192—Macromolecular compounds
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Abstract
含金属添加剂的柴油组合物不会发生相分离,是稳定的。柴油组合物包含胶体分散或溶解的金属催化化合物,这些化合物是由于柴油颗粒捕集再生的;稳定剂,5-1000重量ppm的油溶性或油中可分散的带直接连有至少两个相邻极性头官能团亲油烃链的有机化合物,而且官能团被不多于3个的碳原子隔开。本柴油组合物特别适于装有颗粒捕集器进行排放气体控制的柴油发动机。
Description
本发明涉及新型燃料添加剂组合物,尤其涉及防止相分离的含金属添加剂的燃料组合物。在燃料中添加金属添加剂,是因为金属添加剂除了其他用途外,还能特别有效地改善柴油发动机排气系统颗粒物捕集性能。
装备有安装在排气流中、用于捕集或收集排放气体中的颗粒、避免将之排放到大气中去的颗粒捕集装置的柴油发动机在今后几年里将得到更多的应用。
没有安装颗粒物捕集装置的柴油发动机的运行会排放未燃烧的烃(HC)、一氧化碳(CO)、氮氧化物(NOx)和颗粒物,所有这些都是现今或被提议限制排放的。这些污染物控制是一个复合问题,因为在颗粒物与氮氧化物之间存在权衡的问题:当燃烧状态调节到有利于降低氮氧化物排放时,颗粒物就会增加。颗粒捕集装置就是用来降低颗粒物排放程度的。
柴油颗粒物、其影响和控制问题是许多关注和争论的焦点。其化学和环境影响引发了复杂的问题。通常,柴油颗粒物的成分主要是碳的固体颗粒和吸附有碳氢化合物、硫酸盐、含水物质的金属化合物。这些吸附物中有醛和多环芳烃。据报道,其中有些有机物是潜在的致癌物和诱变剂。没燃烧的烃与特殊的柴油气味有关,且包括醛,如甲醛和丙烯醛。微米颗粒控制的需求很可能导致必须安装颗粒捕集装置。
柴油捕集装置的使用和改进的需求引发了大量的研究,并产生了大量的专利与技术出版物。颗粒捕集装置一般由金属或陶瓷制成,能够收集排放气体中的颗粒,还能承受含碳沉积物的氧化释放的热量,这些沉积物必须在规定的间隔时间内被烧掉。
如果颗粒捕集装置的操作温度足够高,燃烧或再生可以自发进行。然而在通常情况下,排放气体的温度并不是总维持那么高,这样,就采取了如电加热提高颗粒捕集装置的温度或在涂层使用催化剂降低颗粒的燃烧温度的辅助方法,但还不是很成功。
可用来改善柴油发动机颗粒捕集装置的操作的有机金属盐及络合物的使用在例如1994年9月6日公布的美国专利5,344467上有披露,它指出了有机金属络合物合和抗氧化剂的组合使用。有机金属络合物在柴油中是可溶或可分散的;是由含至少两个连接到烃链上的官能团的有机化合物衍生来的。
1999年7月22日公布的WO99/36488披露了燃料添加剂组合物,其包含与至少一种含碱土金属的在燃料中可溶或可分散的物质协同作用的至少一种含铁的在燃料中可溶或可分散的物质。这种金属添加剂的组合据说可以改善柴油颗粒过滤捕获装置的效果。
1994年5月26日公布的WO 94/11467指明了一种通过使用有效量的含铂系金属组分的可溶于燃料的组合物的添加剂降低来自颗粒捕集装置的未燃烧烃类和一氧化碳排放,从而改进柴油颗粒捕集装置的方法。铂系金属包括铂、钯、铑或铱。
EP 671205、EP 599717和EP 575189揭示了在燃料中使用各种铈化合物的方法。
在含可溶性或胶体分散金属如金属氧化物的柴油配方中观察到了在储存时有发生相分离趋势的问题,这可以从油品变混浊或发生真正层分离得到证实。此问题对于同样含多种添加剂的低硫柴油更显著。
本发明是基于这样一个发现,就是通过添加很少量的、在油中可以分散或可溶于油的、含两个或更多相邻极性头基(head group)的化合物,燃料就可以稳定,避免发生相分离或形成混浊。
根据本发明,已经发现,稳定的不发生相分离的柴油组合物包括柴油、用于柴油颗粒捕集装置再生的胶体分散或可溶性金属催化剂化合物、具有直接连有至少两个相邻的极性头官能团的亲油烃基链的油溶性或油中可分散的有机化合物,有机化合物要以能稳定金属催化合物,避免发生相分离的有效量存在;其中金属催化剂包括一种或多种铈、铁、钙、镁、锶、钠、锰、铂等金属的无机或有机化合物或络合物,或其混合物;其中有机化合物的至少有一个极性头基团是羧酸或羧酸盐基团,其余的选自羧酸、羧酸盐、酯或酰胺基。
在每单位重量柴油组合物中,有机化合物的量一般在5到1000,优选10到1000,更优选10到200,最优选10到50重量ppm,以便有效地稳定金属催化剂化合物。
本说明书中,术语“相邻的极性头官能团”用来代表在化合物分子中间隔不超过3个碳原子,优选不超过2个碳原子的极性(化学官能团)基团。
本发明特别适用于含作为柴油颗粒捕集器再生催化剂有效量的金属化合物的柴油组合物,其中金属化合物的量在燃料中一般足以提供1到200、1到100、1到20、1到10或1到5重量ppm的金属,并以胶体可分散或溶解形式存在于无机或有机化合物或络合物中。金属催化剂化合物优选包含一或多种铈、铁、钙、镁、锶、钠、锰和铂的无机或有机化合物,或其络合物,或其混合物。
优选,本发明涉及的金属催化剂化合物包括:
(a)至少一种铈的氧化物或铈的有机络合物,或两种物质都有,或
(b)至少一种铁的氧化物或铁的有机络合物,或两种物质都有,或
(c)上述物质的混合物。
更优选使用如氧化铈、氧化铁以及其它铁的有机金属络合物,如:二茂铁、双二茂铁、羧酸铁、高碱性铁皂,或盐类,如硫酸铁和环烷酸铁的化合物或其混合物。其它金属化合物包括那些Ca、Mg、Sr、Na,特别是Mn和Pt的化合物,尤其是这些金属的高碱性羧酸盐型皂类和它们的金属氧化物、氢氧化物、碳酸盐(以及这些物质的混合物)。
最优选,金属催化剂化合物组合物包括铈或铁的氧化物或它们的混合物。
本发明的稳定剂化合物可以用通式A-C-B表示,其中C代表烃链,其Mn(平均分子量)为200-4000,优选200-1300,更优选200-1000,如400-1000、700-1000或450-700。
稳定剂也可以用下图表示:
上式中n可以是1-20,但优选1-10,更优选1-5。当n大于1时,稳定剂包括下式的化合物,其中“PIB”是聚异丁烯基,“PIBSA”代表聚异丁烯基琥珀酸酐,R代表亲油烃基:
水解聚(PIBSA)
水解(α-烯烃-马来酸酐)交替共聚物
烃基链可以是直链,也可是带支链的,但优选带支链的烃基,因为其可以增大溶解度;优选的烃基链是分子量在上述给出的范围内的聚异丁烯基。在前述分子式中的A和B代表至少两个相邻的直接连接到亲油性C链的末端的极性头官能团。A和B中的至少一个代表羧酸或羧酸盐基团。另外一个极性头基可以选自羧酸、羧酸盐、酯和酰胺基。当基团是酯基时,优选碳原子数在1-22的简单低级伯醇或仲醇的酯、或是碳原子数在2到20且有2到5个羟基的多羟基醇的酯、或聚氧化烯化合物或聚亚氧烷基乙二醇如聚乙二醇、聚丙二醇的酯,这些化合物的分子量优选在100-1000。优选碳原子数为2到20的链烷醇胺的酰胺,如单乙醇胺、二乙醇胺或其它官能化的多胺作为酰胺基团。
带有能够与金属或者金属氧化物键合或配位的相邻两个基团的化合物在此技术中被称作二齿配位体。通过改变所使用羧酸盐衍生物的性质,在表面键合能力方面,头部基团可以变成三齿的、四齿的和多齿的。
A和B可以代表相同或不同的官能团。在一个优选实施方案中,A和B都是相邻羧酸盐残基,式中每一个基团都是-COOH或已电离的-(COO-)nMn+,其中M可以是一价或二价的金属阳离子(即,n=1或2),或季铵阳离子。典型的合适的季铵阳离子的例子有铵离子NH4 +本身,以及下面分别从叔、仲、伯胺衍生来的季铵离子R4N+、R3NH+、R2NH2 +、RNH3 +,其中R代表H或碳原子数为1-22的直链或支链烷基或芳香基。
特别优选用于本发明组合物的稳定剂是聚异丁烯琥珀酸,其中聚异丁烯基的Mn是1000,同样的聚异丁烯琥珀酸的单异丙酯以及其中聚异丁烯基的分子量为450的聚异丁烯琥珀酸。
本发明的另一实施方案包括含有稳定剂化合物、金属催化剂化合物和一种或多种其它燃料添加剂如润滑性能增强剂、柴油清洁剂或冷流添加剂的燃料组合物。
本发明的又另一实施方案包括含3-75重量%本发明的稳定剂的添加剂浓缩物与颗粒捕获装置的金属催化剂化合物的组合,任选与一种或多种其他燃料添加剂如下文所述的润滑增强添加剂、柴油清洁剂或冷流添加剂的组合。
含分散在承载液体中(例如在溶液中)的添加剂的浓缩物对添加剂的合并是很方便的。本发明的浓缩物作为将添加剂混合到大量油品如直馏燃料油中去的方式是很方便的。混合可以通过本领域熟知的方法进行。浓缩物也可以含其它需要的添加剂,并优选含有从3到75重量%,更优选3到60重量%,最优选10到50重量%的添加剂,添加剂优选以油中的溶液形式存在。承载液体的实例有有机溶剂,包括烃类溶剂,如石油馏分,例如石脑油、煤油、柴油和加热油;芳烃如芳烃馏分,例如那些以‘SOLVESSO’商品名称出售的商品;醇和/或酯;链烷烃,如已烷、戊烷和异链烷烃。优选高沸点烷烃液体。已经烷基酚,如壬基酚和2,4-二-丁基苯酚,无论单独使用还是结合上述其它任何物质,作为承载溶剂都特别好用。当然承载液体的选择必须考虑到其与添加剂和油品的兼容性。
另外的发明实施方案包括:
在含有柴油和上文定义的以胶体分散或溶解的金属催化剂化合物的柴油组合物中,为降低柴油和以胶体分散或可溶解的金属催化剂化合物随着时间的流逝在柴油中发生相分离的趋势,上文所定义的油溶性或油可分散有机化合物的使用。
在含上述定义的金属催化剂化合物的添加剂浓缩物中的、上文所定义的油可溶或油可分散的有机化合物的使用,以改善在柴油中金属催化剂化合物的胶体分散性和溶解性;和
增强上面所定义的金属催化剂化合物的油可分散性或可溶解性的方法,包括添加上文定义的油溶性或油中可分散的有机化合物
(a)到包括柴油和金属催化剂的柴油组合物中,
(b)或,优选地,到含金属催化剂化合物的浓缩物中,
(c)或,到两种中。
其它稳定剂的实例如下,其中R代表烃基。
甜菜碱
氨基酸衍生物(两性离子)
包括酰基化氨基酸部分
尤其是酰基化天冬氨酸和酰基化谷氨酸
酰基化天冬氨酸 酰基化谷氨酸
本发明的实例是谷氨酸的衍生物,其中相邻极性头基团(COOH)在空间上被3个碳原子隔开。
α-羟基酸
燃料油可以是基于石油的燃油,合适的是中间馏分燃料油,也就是通过原油炼制得到的在轻煤油、喷气式发动机燃料馏分和重燃料油馏分之间的馏分。这样的馏分燃料油沸点通常在100℃以上。燃料油包含常压馏分或减压馏分,或裂化瓦斯油,或是直馏馏分和热裂化和/或催化裂化和/或加氢处理馏分的任意比例的混合物。最常见的基于石油的燃料油是煤油、喷气式发动机燃料和优选的柴油。
燃油的硫含量可以是2000ppm或更低,优选500ppm或更低,更优选50ppm或更低,最优选10ppm或更低(基于燃料油的质量)。文献描述了降低烃中间馏分燃料中硫含量的方法,如溶剂抽提法、硫酸处理法和加氢脱硫法。
优选的燃料油的十六烷值至少为40,优选大于45,更优选大于50。燃料油的十六烷值在添加十六烷值改进添加剂前可能就能达到上述值,或通过添加十六烷值改进添加剂提高油品的十六烷值。
有利地,燃料油是那些由于低浓度的芳族化合物(例如,低于30、低于20、低于15、低于10、低于5,质量百分比)而具有溶解能力低的性质的那些,和/或那些需要在低温下操作的燃料,如在-5、-10、-15、-20℃或更低的温度下燃料。
其它燃料油例子还包括喷气式发动机燃料、费-托法合成燃料油、生物燃料,如从植物物质中提炼的燃料油,诸如菜籽甲酯(rapeseed methylester)、柴油/乙醇或柴油/水乳化液或溶液。费-托法合成燃料油,也称FT燃料,包括那些被说成是气-液燃料和煤炭转化得到的燃料油。为了生产这些燃料油,首先生成合成气(CO+H2),然后通过费-托法转化为正烷烃。然后通过例如催化裂化/重整或异构化、加氢裂化、加氢异构化等工艺进行改性,获得诸如异链烷烃、环烷烃和芳族化合物的多种烃。所得的FT燃料油可以一起本身的形式使用或与本说明书中提到的其它燃料成分和类型的燃料油组合使用。也可以使用与水和醇乳化的燃料油,其含有适当的表面活性剂,以及船用柴油机使用的残渣燃料油。WO-A-0104239、WO-A-0015740、WO-A-0151593、WO-A-9734969和WO-155282描述了柴油/水乳化液的实例。WO-A-0031216、WO-A-9817745和WO-A-0248294描述了柴油-乙醇乳化液/混合物的实例。
优选的基于植物的燃料油是一元羧酸的甘油三酯,它们通常具有如下通式分子式:
这里R是10-25个碳原子数的饱和或不饱和的脂族基团。
通常,这些油含许多酸的甘油酯,其数量和种类随着生产油的植物原料而变化。适合的燃料油还包括1-100重量%的植物油或脂肪酸甲酯与基于石油的柴油燃料油的混合物。
油和甲酯衍生燃料的例子有妥尔油、菜籽油、芜荽油、豆油、棉籽油、葵花油、蓖麻油、橄榄油、花生油、玉米油、杏仁油、棕榈仁油、椰子油、芥子油、牛脂和鱼油。优选菜籽油(它是用甘油酯化的脂肪酸的混合物),因为其可以通过压榨菜籽这种简单的方法大量获取。
另外优选的植物燃料油是植物性脂肪酸或动物油的脂肪酸的烷基酯,如甲酯。该类酯可以通过酯交换制得。
对于脂肪酸低级烷基酯,可以考虑以下,如作为商品混合物包括诸如脂肪酸的乙基、丙基、丁基酯和尤其有12到22个碳原子数的脂肪酸甲基酯,例如以下物质的混合物:月桂酸、肉豆蔻酸、棕榈酸、棕榈油酸、硬脂酸、油酸、反油酸、岩芹酸、蓖麻油酸、桐酸、亚油酸、亚麻酸、二十烷酸、顺-9-二十碳烯酸、山嵛酸、芥酸、松香酸,以及异构体,其碘值处于50到180之间,尤其是90到180之间。具有良好性能的混合物是那些主要(即至少至少50重量%)具有16到22个碳原子、有1、2或3个双键的脂肪酸的甲酯。优选的脂肪酸低级烷基酯是油酸、亚油酸、亚麻酸、芥的甲基酯。
例如,所述种类的商品混合物通过天然脂肪和油的裂解与酯化、利用其与低级脂族醇发生酯交换反应得到。为了生产脂肪酸的低级烷基酯,从具有高碘值的脂肪和油品(诸如葵花籽油、菜籽油、芜荽油、蓖麻油、豆油、棉籽油、花生油或牛脂)开始是有利的。优选以新品种的菜籽油为基础的脂肪酸的低烷基酯,其脂肪酸组分从有18个碳原子的不饱和脂肪酸衍生至大于80重量%。
最优选的植物油是菜籽甲酯。
当燃料包括上文定义的生物燃料(单独或结合从其它来源得到的其它燃料,诸如基于石油的燃料)时,发现为了达到有效稳定避免相分离的目的,所需要的稳定剂比例要高。因此,在这样的实施方案中,稳定剂化合物的量一般要超过20ppm(基于燃料的重量),更优选25到200ppm。这种影响对于脂肪酸的低级酯,诸如菜籽油和其它植物油甲酯,特别常见。
如上文所述,本发明的添加剂组合物和/或燃料组合物可以额外包括一种或多种别的燃料添加剂或助剂。例子包括其他润滑增强化合物;冷流改良剂,诸如烯-不饱和酯共聚物、烃聚合物、极性氮化合物、烷基化芳族化合物、直链聚合物化合物、梳状聚合物;清洁剂;腐蚀抑制剂(防锈剂);去混浊剂(dehazer);破乳剂;金属钝化剂;消泡剂;燃烧改进剂,如十六烷值改进剂;共溶剂;配伍剂(package compatibilizer);芳香剂(reodorant);和金属基添加剂,如金属燃烧改进剂。
发明的柴油组合物可以含其它本领域的技术人员熟知的燃料添加剂。这些包括染料、十六烷值改进剂、诸如烷基化琥珀酸和酸酐之类的防锈剂、抑菌剂、胶质抑制剂、金属钝化剂、破乳剂、上汽缸润滑剂、防冻剂和抗氧剂。
本发明的稳定组合物优选含一种或多种各种润滑添加剂,这些添加剂现在经常应用于低硫燃料,也就是硫含量低于0.2重量%、优选低于0.1重量%、诸如为0.005或0.001wt%或小于这个值的燃料。此种润滑添加剂包括C2-C50羧酸的单羟基或多羟基醇酯,诸如单油酸甘油酯、多元酸的C1-C5一元羟基醇酯、二聚羧酸酯、多元羧酸与诸如1,2-环氧乙烷和1,2-环氧丙烷之类的环氧化物的反应产物,以及由诸如植物油脂肪酸甲酯之类的脂肪酸衍生来的润滑添加剂,和单乙醇胺和二乙醇胺的脂肪酸酰胺。
其他实例是通过将上述的C2-C50羧酸的酯与无灰分散剂结合制备的润滑剂,所述无灰分散剂包括有至少10个碳原子的烃基取代的酰化氮化合物,该合物是通过酰化剂与氨基化合物反应,如聚异丁烯基(C80-C500)琥珀酸酐与有3到7个氨基氮原子的亚乙基多胺的反应得到的产物。
另一润滑添加剂实例是以下分子式代表的化合物,在WO 97/45507和WO 02/02720中有描述:
其中R1代表一个C10-32烯基,R2和R3是(-OCH2CH2)nOH、(-OCH2CHCH3)nOH或-OCH2CHOHCH2OH,n=1-10。
其它润滑添加剂是上述酯类与烯-不饱和酯共聚物的组合,该共聚物除了乙烯衍生的单元之外,还具有下式的单元
-CR1R2-CHR3-
其中R1代表氢或甲基;R2代表COOR4,其中R4代表有1到9个碳原子的直链烷基,或者,如其含2或更多碳原子的话,支化烷基,或R2代表OOCR5,其中R5代表R4或H;R3代表H或COOR4。实例有乙烯-醋酸乙烯酯和乙烯-丙酸乙烯酯和其它共聚物,其中存在5-40%的乙烯酯。
作为上述酯的替代物或与之结合,润滑添加剂可以包括涉及酯类润滑添加剂所披露的一种或多种羧酸。这些羧酸可以是一元或多元的、可以是饱和或不饱和的、直链或带支链的,可以归纳为式R1(COOH)x,其中x是1-4,R1是C2到C50的烃基。实例是癸酸、月桂酸、肉豆蔻酸、棕榈酸、油酸、反油酸、棕榈油酸、岩芹酸(petaoselic acid)、蓖麻油酸、亚油酸、亚麻酸、妥尔油脂肪酸、脱水蓖麻油脂肪酸、松香酸和异构体及其混合物。聚羧酸可以是诸如通过不饱和脂肪酸二聚作用形成的二聚酸,诸如亚油酸和油酸。
另一润滑添加剂是下面分子式代表的羟基胺
其中R1是碳原子数在4到50个碳原子的有一个或多个双键的烯基或烷基,或是下式代表的基团
其中R2、R3、R4、R5、R6和R7分别独立地是氢或低级烷基;R8是碳原子数为4到50个碳原子的有一个或多个双键的烯基或烷基;R9是碳原子数2到35,例如2到6的亚烷基,p、q、v都是1到4之间的整数;若a、b、c中的至少一个是1到75的整数,则a、b、c中任意一个都可以是0。
其他润滑添加剂是水杨酸和烷基化水杨酸的酯、胺和胺盐衍生物。
本发明的添加剂也可以与柴油性能添加剂,如含硅消泡剂,如硅氧烷嵌段共聚物,或十六烷值改进剂,诸如硝酸2-乙基己酯组合使用。
本发明的添加剂也可以与适当的载体液体或有机溶剂组合使用。载体液体的实例是包括烃类溶剂在内的有机溶剂,如石油馏分,如石脑油、煤油、柴油、加热油;芳烃,如芳香馏分,例如,那些标以‘SOLVESSO’商品名称出售的商品;链烷烃,如己烷、戊烷和异链烷烃,例如标以‘ISOPAR’商品名称出售的商品;含氧溶剂,如醇类。当然,载体液体的选择必须考虑其与添加剂和燃料的兼容性。
稳定剂组合物可以
1、优选将混合物混进燃料油之前,添加到DPF(柴油颗粒过滤器)添加剂组合物中;
2、在添加DPF添加剂之前或之后单独添加到燃料中。
3、在将混合物逐滴加入到燃料油之前,往任何常规燃料添加剂组合物中添加,例如,润滑改进剂、清洁剂、冷流改进剂、腐蚀抑制剂、抗静电剂或它们的混合物。
4、在添加任何常规燃料油添加剂之前或之后单独添加到燃料油中。
带或不带稀释剂或溶剂的本发明的添加剂组合物可以通过例如本领域的技术人员熟知的方法掺入到散装燃料油中去。如果需要助剂,可以在本发明的添加剂加入的同时掺入到散装的燃料油中去,或者不与本发明的添加剂同时掺入燃料油。
通过以下实例对本发明做进一步说明。
实施例
合成
实施例1:PIB1000(聚异丁烯,Mn为1000)琥珀酸的制备[稳定剂A]
PIB1000SA(琥珀酸酐)(10g,9.5mmol),甲苯(50ml)和去离子水(15ml,过量)在回流(~85℃)状态下搅拌加热6小时。
冷却后,分离出有机相,用无水MgSO4干燥。过滤后,在低温真空状态下除去溶剂,即得到可直接使用的产品。
红外:vCO1714(游离酸)cm-1。
%C、H、N:C,80.8;H,12.5;N,<0.1%。
TAV=1.96Meq/g;TAN=110mg KOH/g。
实施例2:PIB1000琥珀酸单异丙酯的制备[稳定剂B]
PIB1000SA(10g,9.5mmol),甲苯(50ml)和异丙醇(50ml,过量)在回流(~85℃)状态下搅拌加热6小时。
冷却后,在真空低温状态下除去溶剂混合物,得到可直接使用的部分酯化的产品。
红外吸收:vCO1713(游离酸);1734(酯)cm-1。
%C、H、N:C,81.0;H,12.5;N,0.2%。
TAV=1.37Meq/g;TAN=76mg KOH/g。
实施例3:PIB450(聚异丁烯,Mn为450)琥珀酸的制备[稳定剂C]
PIB450SA(50g),链烷烃溶剂Isopar L(150ml)和水(4ml,过量)在回流(~120℃)状态下搅拌加热12小时。
冷却后,分离出有机相,用无水MgSO4干燥。过滤后,在低温真空状态下除去溶剂混合物,即得到可直接使用的产品。
燃料油性能测试结果如下:
实例所用柴油燃料
柴油燃料A:德国低硫柴油
柴油燃料B:德国低硫柴油
柴油燃料C:西班牙300ppm硫柴油
KV@40C(cSt) | 3.133 |
硫含量(ppm) | 300 |
密度@15C(Kg/litre) | 833.9 |
浊点(℃) | +1 |
IBP | 183.7 |
10%收率 | 224.3 |
50%收率 | 281 |
95%收率 | 353.5 |
FBP | 368.9 |
柴油燃料D:瑞典1级柴油
柴油燃料E:壳牌1级柴油
柴油燃料F:另外一个1级柴油
稳定性实施例
实施例4:80℃下,胶体铈DPF体系在德国低硫(<10ppm)柴油燃料A和B中的稳定性研究
表1和2详述了基于胶体铈的DPF添加剂“Rhodia Electronicand Catatlysis”(Rhodia的子公司)市售的的含铈燃料油添加剂在低硫柴油燃料中分别在不同润滑改进添加剂和不同百分比的生物柴油(菜籽油甲酯(rapeseed oil methyl ester)-RME)的存在的情况下的稳定性结果。稳定性测试包括利用实验室普通混合方法将添加剂分别加入各个燃料中去,然后在80℃储存状态下观察混合燃料的相分离情况和外观。
结果表明,铈基胶体在低硫柴油燃料中根本是不稳定的,不溶性沉淀物的相分离在80℃下储存的第一天就可以看到,甚至在没有润滑添加剂和生物柴油存在的情况下也是如此。
结果还表明,RME和各种润滑改进添加剂不能改善金属催化剂的稳定性以达到确保满足安全野外工作的水平。
实施例5:80℃时在商业润滑添加剂存在的情况下柴油燃料C(硫含量300ppm)和柴油燃料D(瑞典1级柴油,硫含量<10ppm)中胶体铈DPF添加剂的稳定性研究
仅在很高浓度(200-1000ppm)的PIBSA-PAM聚异丁烯琥珀酰亚胺柴油清洁剂存在情况下,两种浓度(分别是25ppm和250ppm)的铈添加剂的稳定性稍好。其中所述清洁剂每个亲油链都有一个酰亚胺极性头基(即其不是本发明的实例)。
实施例6:在润滑添加剂存在下使用本发明的稳定剂时胶体铈的改善的稳定性(第1部分)
表4的结果表明,当使用低含量的本发明的稳定剂(稳定剂A和B,分别从实例1和2得到)时,在80℃静态存储中在润滑改进添加剂存在下,柴油燃料C中胶体DPF体系的稳定性明显改进。
浓度在50-100ppm的稳定剂B可以稳定铈基组合物长达7天。浓度为50-100ppm的稳定剂A能够稳定同样组合物长达12天,而对照样品从开始的样品混合即显示相分离的开始。A和B都可以在很大程度上稳定组分,使其形成透明组合物,在某些情况下稳定了更长时间(特别对于优选的稳定剂A)。相比较而言,低含量的PIBSA-PAM(10-100ppm)、每个亲油基上均有一个酰亚胺极性头基的聚异丁烯琥珀酰亚胺柴油清洁剂,没有提供足够的稳定作用以形成透明组合物。
另外,在相同浓度下,与没反应的原料PIBSA相比,稳定剂A明显改善稳定性,说明在润滑改进添加剂I存在下,本发明在稳定铈胶体方面的有效性。
实施例7:在商业润滑剂存在的情况下,使用本发明的稳定剂时,胶体铈的改进的稳定性(第二部分)
可以看出,与对照样品相比,在80℃的静态存储中,在大量(200ppm)润滑剂I和IV存在的情况下,35-50ppm的稳定剂C(来自实例3)可以稳定到8天。在润滑改进添加剂II存在情况下,50ppm同样的稳定剂可以将铈胶体稳定到5天。
不同铈胶体和润滑改进添加剂(没有添加稳定剂)的对照样品在1天内就会出现混浊和/或相分离。同样,没反应的原料PIBSA显示出更小的稳定组合物以避免发生相分离的能力。
实施例8:使用本发明稳定剂时,在燃料D中胶体金属氧化物DPF添加剂的改善的稳定性
表6给出的结果表述了,在包括石油衍生柴油燃料D和和生物燃料脂肪酸甲酯(‘FAME’)的燃料组合物中,来自实例1的稳定剂A对胶体混合的铈氧化物和铁氧化物添加剂 176”的稳定性影响。表6中,CeFe添加剂比率是在燃料中总金属的重量ppm。
表6
燃料混合物 添加剂 稳定(天数) |
燃料D组合物 10ppmCeFe 1其中含5%FAME 10ppmCeFe+10ppm稳定剂A 110ppmCeFe+25ppm稳定剂A 210ppmCeFe+50ppm稳定剂A 410ppmCeFe+75ppm稳定剂A 510ppmCeFe+100ppm稳定剂A 510ppmCeFe+200ppmLI-V 110ppmCeFe+200ppmLI-VI 1 |
燃料D组合物 10ppmCeFe 1其中含2%FAME 10ppmCeFe+10ppm稳定剂A 110ppmCeFe+25ppm稳定剂A 210ppmCeFe+50ppm稳定剂A 510ppmCeFe+75ppm稳定剂A1 210ppmCeFe+100ppm稳定剂A 510ppmCeFe+200ppmLI-V 110ppmCeFe+200ppmLI-VI 1 |
可以看出,在生物燃料FAME存在的情况下,与没有稳定剂的对比情况相对照,稳定剂A的适量添加(25-75ppm)可以明显改善胶体金属添加剂对相分离的稳定性。
另外可以看出,润滑性能改进剂(“LI”)类型V和VI*在本体系中没体现出稳定影响。
实施例9:添加到燃料之前,将本发明稳定剂直接加入胶体金属催化添加剂浓缩物对稳定性的改善的影响
结果表明,在将混合物掺入燃料之前,将稳定剂直接加入胶体金属催化剂的浓缩物中去可以得到明显改善的稳定性能。此结果可以和将稳定剂和胶体DPF分别加入含石油衍生柴油燃料和生物燃料脂肪酸甲酯(“FAME”)(前面的实例8)的燃料组合物中去的结果进行比较。可以确信,将稳定剂预加到金属添加剂的浓缩物中引起了胶体金属络合物以某种方式的重组,从而使其油溶性或油中分散性能得到明显改善,所以混入燃料中后的性能也较好。
表7
燃料混合物 添加剂 稳定(天数) |
1级柴油燃料 分别加入燃料25ppmCe 110ppmCeFe 225ppmCe+25ppm稳定剂A 425ppmCe+50ppm稳定剂A 510ppmCeFe+25ppm稳定剂A 510ppmCeFe+50ppm稳定剂A 15将稳定剂预先混入浓缩物25ppmCe+25ppmL稳定剂A 525ppmCe+50ppmL稳定剂A 1510ppmCeFe+25ppmL稳定剂A 1010ppmCeFe+50ppmL稳定剂A 15 |
含2%FAME 10ppmCeFe 1的燃料组合物稳定剂预先混入浓缩物10ppmCeFe+25ppm稳定剂A 1610ppmCeFe+50ppm稳定剂A 510ppmCeFe+75ppm稳定剂A 510ppmCeFe+100ppm稳定剂A 15 |
含5%FAME 10ppmCeFe 1的燃料组合物将稳定剂预先混入浓缩物10ppmCeFe+25ppm稳定剂A 1010ppmCeFe+50ppm稳定剂A 1210ppmCeFe+75ppm稳定剂A 1610ppmCeFe+100ppm稳定剂A 9 |
实施例10:发动机测试结果:Peugeot307车用燃料油箱中加入本发明稳定剂的影响
下面的表8和9给出了当在燃料F中使用时,对从使用(i)前述两实例描述的混合的铈和铁添加剂和(ii)使用较前一实例所描述的仅含铈的添加剂的Peogeot 307汽车燃料箱所取样品的铈和铁的分析结果。
Peugeot汽车装有(厂家标准配置)一个独立的车载柴油颗粒捕获添加剂浓缩物存储器,在车载发动机管理系统的控制下,添加剂被引入汽车燃料箱的油料中,实现颗粒捕集装置的再生。在这些测试中,用未处理过的测试燃料(即不含添加剂)将厂家装填的添加剂替换掉,以避免影响以后的测试,并且燃料箱充满已经含有混合的铈和铁添加剂以及前述的稳定剂A的测试燃料,这些添加剂已经被分别加入燃料中。此后,在运行过程中通过定期分析来评估汽车燃料箱中的燃料-添加剂混合物的稳定性。汽车正常运转期间,每一次评估中要分别从燃料箱顶部和底部采样,以指示相分离和/或金属添加剂在油中的沉降程度。
各表中,测试燃料含25重量ppm稳定剂A和恒定水平的润滑添加剂LI-I。
表8-混合的铈和铁添加剂
测试样品 铈(ppm) 铁(ppm) |
初始样品 0.1 0.5测试1小时,油箱顶部 6.1 2.7测试1小时,油箱底部 6.0 2.7测试半程,油箱顶部 6.1 2.8测试半程,油箱底部 5.8 2.7测试结束+1小时 5.2 2.4燃料耗尽 5.3 2.5 |
表8结果表明,测试中整个燃料箱金属维持在一个相当的水平,这与燃料中金属添加剂的有效稳定相一致。
表9-仅含铈添加剂
测试样品 铈(ppm),有稳定剂A |
初始样品 21测试1小时,油箱顶部 22测试1小时,油箱底部 22测试半程,油箱顶部 21测试半程,油箱底部 21测试结束+1小时 16燃料耗尽 22 |
测试样品 铈(ppm),没有稳定剂A |
初始样品 0.5测试1小时,油箱顶部 0.5测试1小时,油箱底部 0.5测试半程,油箱顶部 0.5测试半程,油箱底部 0.5测试结束+1小时 0.5燃料耗尽 0.5 |
表9中,与没有稳定剂A的对比试验相对照,稳定剂A的存在使燃料箱中的金属分布得到了保持。
Claims (33)
1、一种柴油燃料组合物,其包括:柴油燃料,用于柴油颗粒捕集器再生的胶体分散或溶解的金属催化剂化合物以及10至1000重量ppm直接连有至少两个相邻极性头官能团的亲油烃基链的油溶性或油可分散的有机化合物;其中金属催化剂化合物包括一种或多种铈、铁、钙、镁、锶、钠、锰、铂的无机化合物或有机化合物或络合物或其混合物,并且其中有机化合物的至少一个相邻极性头基团是羧酸或羧酸盐基团,其余的选自羧酸、羧酸盐、酯或酰胺基团。
2、权利要求1所述的组合物,其中金属催化剂化合物包括:
(d)至少一种铈氧化物或铈的有机络合物,或两者都有,或
(e)至少一种铁氧化物或铁的有机络合物,或两者都有,或
(f)其混合物。
3、权利要求1中所述的组合物,其中烃链是Mn为200-4000的聚异丁烯基。
4、权利要求2中所述的组合物,其中烃链是Mn为200-4000的聚异丁烯基。
5、以上权利要求中任意一项所述的组合物,其中有机化合物的其余的相邻极性头基团选自羧酸、羧酸盐或酯基团。
6、权利要求5所述的组合物,其中至少一个相邻极性头基团是具有1到22个碳原子的伯醇或仲醇的酯或有2到5个OH基的多羟基化合物或聚氧化烯化合物的酯。
7、权利要求1-4中任意一项所述的组合物,其中还包括润滑添加剂和/或冷流添加剂和/或柴油清洁剂。
8、权利要求5所述的组合物,其中还包括润滑添加剂和/或冷流添加剂和/或柴油清洁剂。
9、权利要求6所述的组合物,其中还包括润滑添加剂和/或冷流添加剂和/或柴油清洁剂。
10、权利要求1-4中任意一项所述的组合物,其中金属催化剂化合物包括铈或铁的氧化物或其混合物。
11、权利要求5所述的组合物,其中金属催化剂化合物包括铈或铁的氧化物或其混合物。
12、权利要求6所述的组合物,其中金属催化剂化合物包括铈或铁的氧化物或其混合物。
13、权利要求7所述的组合物,其中金属催化剂化合物包括铈或铁的氧化物或其混合物。
14、权利要求8所述的组合物,其中金属催化剂化合物包括铈或铁的氧化物或其混合物。
15、权利要求9所述的组合物,其中金属催化剂化合物包括铈或铁的氧化物或其混合物。
16、权利要求1-4中任意一项所述的组合物,其中柴油燃料硫含量为2000质量ppm或少于2000质量ppm。
17、权利要求5所述的组合物,其中柴油燃料硫含量为2000质量ppm或少于2000质量ppm。
18、权利要求6所述的组合物,其中柴油燃料硫含量为2000质量ppm或少于2000质量ppm。
19、权利要求7所述的组合物,其中柴油燃料硫含量为2000质量ppm或少于2000质量ppm。
20、权利要求8所述的组合物,其中柴油燃料硫含量为2000质量ppm或少于2000质量ppm。
21、权利要求9所述的组合物,其中柴油燃料硫含量为2000质量ppm或少于2000质量ppm。
22、权利要求10所述的组合物,其中柴油燃料硫含量为2000质量ppm或少于2000质量ppm。
23、权利要求11所述的组合物,其中柴油燃料硫含量为2000质量ppm或少于2000质量ppm。
24、权利要求12所述的组合物,其中柴油燃料硫含量为2000质量ppm或少于2000质量ppm。
25、权利要求13所述的组合物,其中柴油燃料硫含量为2000质量ppm或少于2000质量ppm。
26、权利要求14所述的组合物,其中柴油燃料硫含量为2000质量ppm或少于2000质量ppm。
27、权利要求15所述的组合物,其中柴油燃料硫含量为2000质量ppm或少于2000质量ppm。
28、一种柴油燃料添加剂浓缩物组合物,其中包括载体液体,胶体分散或溶解的权利要求1、2、11-15中任意一项所述的金属催化剂化合物,和3-75重量%的含权利要求1、3-6中任意一项所述的油溶性或油可分散的有机化合物的稳定剂。
29、一种柴油燃料添加剂浓缩物组合物,其中包括载体液体,胶体分散或溶解的权利要求10所述的金属催化剂化合物,和3-75重量%的含权利要求1、3-6中任意一项所述的油溶性或油可分散的有机化合物的稳定剂。
30、权利要求1、3-6中任意一项所述的油溶性或油可分散有机化合物在含柴油燃料和胶体分散或溶解的权利要求1、2、10-15中任意一项所述的金属催化剂化合物的柴油组合物中的用途,用以降低柴油燃料和胶体分散或溶解的金属催化剂化合物随时间推移产生相分离趋势。
31、权利要求1、3-6中任意一项所述的油溶性或油可分散有机化合物在含权利要求1、2、10-15中任意一项所述的金属催化剂化合物的添加剂浓缩物中的用途,用以改善金属催化剂化合物在柴油燃料中的分散和溶解性能。
32、增强权利要求1、2、10-15中任意一项所述的金属催化剂化合物的油可分散性或可溶解性能的方法,该方法包括将权利要求1、3-6中任意一项所述的油溶性或油可分散有机化合物加入:
(a)包含柴油燃料和金属催化剂化合物的柴油燃料组合物,和/或
(b)含金属催化剂化合物的添加剂浓缩物。
33、权利要求32的方法,该方法包括将权利要求1、3-6中任意一项所述的油溶性或油可分散有机化合物加入:
(b)含金属催化化合物的添加剂浓缩物。
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