JP5149185B2 - 水中懸濁性農薬組成物 - Google Patents
水中懸濁性農薬組成物 Download PDFInfo
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- JP5149185B2 JP5149185B2 JP2008529560A JP2008529560A JP5149185B2 JP 5149185 B2 JP5149185 B2 JP 5149185B2 JP 2008529560 A JP2008529560 A JP 2008529560A JP 2008529560 A JP2008529560 A JP 2008529560A JP 5149185 B2 JP5149185 B2 JP 5149185B2
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- JLQUFIHWVLZVTJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N carbosulfan Chemical compound CCCCN(CCCC)SN(C)C(=O)OC1=CC=CC2=C1OC(C)(C)C2 JLQUFIHWVLZVTJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
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- 239000003093 cationic surfactant Substances 0.000 description 1
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- SCKHCCSZFPSHGR-UHFFFAOYSA-N cyanophos Chemical compound COP(=S)(OC)OC1=CC=C(C#N)C=C1 SCKHCCSZFPSHGR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
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- 238000013461 design Methods 0.000 description 1
- FHIVAFMUCKRCQO-UHFFFAOYSA-N diazinon Chemical compound CCOP(=S)(OCC)OC1=CC(C)=NC(C(C)C)=N1 FHIVAFMUCKRCQO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
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- 229950001327 dichlorvos Drugs 0.000 description 1
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- 238000007865 diluting Methods 0.000 description 1
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- YKBZOVFACRVRJN-UHFFFAOYSA-N dinotefuran Chemical compound [O-][N+](=O)\N=C(/NC)NCC1CCOC1 YKBZOVFACRVRJN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 150000002009 diols Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 239000002552 dosage form Substances 0.000 description 1
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- 229940056881 imidacloprid Drugs 0.000 description 1
- YWTYJOPNNQFBPC-UHFFFAOYSA-N imidacloprid Chemical compound [O-][N+](=O)\N=C1/NCCN1CC1=CC=C(Cl)N=C1 YWTYJOPNNQFBPC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- ONUFESLQCSAYKA-UHFFFAOYSA-N iprodione Chemical compound O=C1N(C(=O)NC(C)C)CC(=O)N1C1=CC(Cl)=CC(Cl)=C1 ONUFESLQCSAYKA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- HOQADATXFBOEGG-UHFFFAOYSA-N isofenphos Chemical compound CCOP(=S)(NC(C)C)OC1=CC=CC=C1C(=O)OC(C)C HOQADATXFBOEGG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- UFHLMYOGRXOCSL-UHFFFAOYSA-N isoprothiolane Chemical compound CC(C)OC(=O)C(C(=O)OC(C)C)=C1SCCS1 UFHLMYOGRXOCSL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- PVTHJAPFENJVNC-MHRBZPPQSA-N kasugamycin Chemical compound N[C@H]1C[C@H](NC(=N)C(O)=O)[C@@H](C)O[C@@H]1O[C@H]1[C@H](O)[C@@H](O)[C@@H](O)[C@H](O)[C@@H]1O PVTHJAPFENJVNC-MHRBZPPQSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 230000007774 longterm Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000010721 machine oil Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229960000453 malathion Drugs 0.000 description 1
- XIGAUIHYSDTJHW-UHFFFAOYSA-N mefenacet Chemical compound N=1C2=CC=CC=C2SC=1OCC(=O)N(C)C1=CC=CC=C1 XIGAUIHYSDTJHW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- BCTQJXQXJVLSIG-UHFFFAOYSA-N mepronil Chemical compound CC(C)OC1=CC=CC(NC(=O)C=2C(=CC=CC=2)C)=C1 BCTQJXQXJVLSIG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- ZQEIXNIJLIKNTD-GFCCVEGCSA-N metalaxyl-M Chemical compound COCC(=O)N([C@H](C)C(=O)OC)C1=C(C)C=CC=C1C ZQEIXNIJLIKNTD-GFCCVEGCSA-N 0.000 description 1
- XWPZUHJBOLQNMN-UHFFFAOYSA-N metconazole Chemical compound C1=NC=NN1CC1(O)C(C)(C)CCC1CC1=CC=C(Cl)C=C1 XWPZUHJBOLQNMN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 150000004702 methyl esters Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 125000002496 methyl group Chemical group [H]C([H])([H])* 0.000 description 1
- 235000010446 mineral oil Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- LZGUHMNOBNWABZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N n-nitro-n-phenylnitramide Chemical class [O-][N+](=O)N([N+]([O-])=O)C1=CC=CC=C1 LZGUHMNOBNWABZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 125000005487 naphthalate group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 229940079888 nitenpyram Drugs 0.000 description 1
- LLLFASISUZUJEQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N orbencarb Chemical compound CCN(CC)C(=O)SCC1=CC=CC=C1Cl LLLFASISUZUJEQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- JHIPUJPTQJYEQK-ZLHHXESBSA-N orysastrobin Chemical compound CNC(=O)C(=N\OC)\C1=CC=CC=C1CO\N=C(/C)\C(=N\OC)\C(\C)=N\OC JHIPUJPTQJYEQK-ZLHHXESBSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229960000321 oxolinic acid Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 239000003002 pH adjusting agent Substances 0.000 description 1
- JZPKLLLUDLHCEL-UHFFFAOYSA-N pentoxazone Chemical compound O=C1C(=C(C)C)OC(=O)N1C1=CC(OC2CCCC2)=C(Cl)C=C1F JZPKLLLUDLHCEL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- XAMUDJHXFNRLCY-UHFFFAOYSA-N phenthoate Chemical compound CCOC(=O)C(SP(=S)(OC)OC)C1=CC=CC=C1 XAMUDJHXFNRLCY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 230000000704 physical effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000010665 pine oil Substances 0.000 description 1
- QHOQHJPRIBSPCY-UHFFFAOYSA-N pirimiphos-methyl Chemical group CCN(CC)C1=NC(C)=CC(OP(=S)(OC)OC)=N1 QHOQHJPRIBSPCY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229920001281 polyalkylene Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920001223 polyethylene glycol Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 238000006116 polymerization reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229920001021 polysulfide Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000005077 polysulfide Substances 0.000 description 1
- 150000008117 polysulfides Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920002451 polyvinyl alcohol Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000002244 precipitate Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000003755 preservative agent Substances 0.000 description 1
- WHHIPMZEDGBUCC-UHFFFAOYSA-N probenazole Chemical compound C1=CC=C2C(OCC=C)=NS(=O)(=O)C2=C1 WHHIPMZEDGBUCC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000000047 product Substances 0.000 description 1
- STJLVHWMYQXCPB-UHFFFAOYSA-N propiconazole Chemical compound O1C(CCC)COC1(C=1C(=CC(Cl)=CC=1)Cl)CN1N=CN=C1 STJLVHWMYQXCPB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- FITIWKDOCAUBQD-UHFFFAOYSA-N prothiofos Chemical compound CCCSP(=S)(OCC)OC1=CC=C(Cl)C=C1Cl FITIWKDOCAUBQD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- HZRSNVGNWUDEFX-UHFFFAOYSA-N pyraclostrobin Chemical compound COC(=O)N(OC)C1=CC=CC=C1COC1=NN(C=2C=CC(Cl)=CC=2)C=C1 HZRSNVGNWUDEFX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- ASRAWSBMDXVNLX-UHFFFAOYSA-N pyrazolynate Chemical compound C=1C=C(Cl)C=C(Cl)C=1C(=O)C=1C(C)=NN(C)C=1OS(=O)(=O)C1=CC=C(C)C=C1 ASRAWSBMDXVNLX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- CXJSOEPQXUCJSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N pyridaphenthion Chemical compound N1=C(OP(=S)(OCC)OCC)C=CC(=O)N1C1=CC=CC=C1 CXJSOEPQXUCJSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- ZLIBICFPKPWGIZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N pyrimethanil Chemical compound CC1=CC(C)=NC(NC=2C=CC=CC=2)=N1 ZLIBICFPKPWGIZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- USSIUIGPBLPCDF-KEBDBYFISA-N pyriminobac-methyl Chemical group CO\N=C(/C)C1=CC=CC(OC=2N=C(OC)C=C(OC)N=2)=C1C(=O)OC USSIUIGPBLPCDF-KEBDBYFISA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000011160 research Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000004576 sand Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000007127 saponification reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000000377 silicon dioxide Substances 0.000 description 1
- 159000000000 sodium salts Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 239000007921 spray Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000005720 sucrose Substances 0.000 description 1
- 150000003871 sulfonates Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 125000000472 sulfonyl group Chemical group *S(*)(=O)=O 0.000 description 1
- 239000002600 sunflower oil Substances 0.000 description 1
- NWWZPOKUUAIXIW-FLIBITNWSA-N thiamethoxam Chemical compound [O-][N+](=O)\N=C/1N(C)COCN\1CC1=CN=C(Cl)S1 NWWZPOKUUAIXIW-FLIBITNWSA-N 0.000 description 1
- DNVLJEWNNDHELH-UHFFFAOYSA-N thiocyclam Chemical compound CN(C)C1CSSSC1 DNVLJEWNNDHELH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- DQJCHOQLCLEDLL-UHFFFAOYSA-N tricyclazole Chemical compound CC1=CC=CC2=C1N1C=NN=C1S2 DQJCHOQLCLEDLL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- ONCZDRURRATYFI-TVJDWZFNSA-N trifloxystrobin Chemical compound CO\N=C(\C(=O)OC)C1=CC=CC=C1CO\N=C(/C)C1=CC=CC(C(F)(F)F)=C1 ONCZDRURRATYFI-TVJDWZFNSA-N 0.000 description 1
- HSMVPDGQOIQYSR-KGENOOAVSA-N triflumizole Chemical compound C1=CN=CN1C(/COCCC)=N/C1=CC=C(Cl)C=C1C(F)(F)F HSMVPDGQOIQYSR-KGENOOAVSA-N 0.000 description 1
- JARYYMUOCXVXNK-IMTORBKUSA-N validamycin Chemical compound N([C@H]1C[C@@H]([C@H]([C@H](O)[C@H]1O)O[C@H]1[C@@H]([C@@H](O)[C@H](O)[C@@H](CO)O1)O)CO)[C@H]1C=C(CO)[C@H](O)[C@H](O)[C@H]1O JARYYMUOCXVXNK-IMTORBKUSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000001238 wet grinding Methods 0.000 description 1
Classifications
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01N—PRESERVATION OF BODIES OF HUMANS OR ANIMALS OR PLANTS OR PARTS THEREOF; BIOCIDES, e.g. AS DISINFECTANTS, AS PESTICIDES OR AS HERBICIDES; PEST REPELLANTS OR ATTRACTANTS; PLANT GROWTH REGULATORS
- A01N47/00—Biocides, pest repellants or attractants, or plant growth regulators containing organic compounds containing a carbon atom not being member of a ring and having no bond to a carbon or hydrogen atom, e.g. derivatives of carbonic acid
- A01N47/08—Biocides, pest repellants or attractants, or plant growth regulators containing organic compounds containing a carbon atom not being member of a ring and having no bond to a carbon or hydrogen atom, e.g. derivatives of carbonic acid the carbon atom having one or more single bonds to nitrogen atoms
- A01N47/28—Ureas or thioureas containing the groups >N—CO—N< or >N—CS—N<
- A01N47/36—Ureas or thioureas containing the groups >N—CO—N< or >N—CS—N< containing the group >N—CO—N< directly attached to at least one heterocyclic ring; Thio analogues thereof
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01N—PRESERVATION OF BODIES OF HUMANS OR ANIMALS OR PLANTS OR PARTS THEREOF; BIOCIDES, e.g. AS DISINFECTANTS, AS PESTICIDES OR AS HERBICIDES; PEST REPELLANTS OR ATTRACTANTS; PLANT GROWTH REGULATORS
- A01N25/00—Biocides, pest repellants or attractants, or plant growth regulators, characterised by their forms, or by their non-active ingredients or by their methods of application, e.g. seed treatment or sequential application; Substances for reducing the noxious effect of the active ingredients to organisms other than pests
- A01N25/02—Biocides, pest repellants or attractants, or plant growth regulators, characterised by their forms, or by their non-active ingredients or by their methods of application, e.g. seed treatment or sequential application; Substances for reducing the noxious effect of the active ingredients to organisms other than pests containing liquids as carriers, diluents or solvents
Landscapes
- Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
- General Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
- Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
- Wood Science & Technology (AREA)
- Pest Control & Pesticides (AREA)
- Plant Pathology (AREA)
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Dentistry (AREA)
- Agronomy & Crop Science (AREA)
- Zoology (AREA)
- Environmental Sciences (AREA)
- Toxicology (AREA)
- Agricultural Chemicals And Associated Chemicals (AREA)
Description
さまざまなタイプの界面活性剤の一部分及びその他の助剤を、水中に溶解又は分散させることによって混合し、その後固体農薬成分を添加する。その後、バッチ式ビーズミルなどのビーズミルで混合物を適切に湿式粉砕して、濃厚スラリーを調製する。
水中でさまざまなタイプの界面活性剤とその他の助剤を混合する。ホモジナイザーなどで強制攪拌しながら、液状農薬成分に油脂を溶解させた油脂相を添加して、油相を水相に乳化させる。次にこの混合物を、所望の粒径になるまで適切に強制乳化させる。
液状農薬成分乳化液に対し固体農薬成分スラリーを添加(乳化液対スラリー比は例えば9:1)して、ミキサーなどで適切に混合して組成物を得る。
ソプロポールBSU(界面活性剤;ローディア社製)0.1質量部、エパンU108(界面活性剤;第一工業製薬社製)2.0質量部、ロードシル454(消泡剤;ローディア社製シリコーン)0.1質量部、ロードポール23(増粘剤;ローディア社製キサンタンガム)0.1質量部を水に溶解または分散混合して、固体農薬成分を添加した。固体農薬成分としては、ベンスルフロンメチル(一般名)単独又はベンスルフロンメチルとピリフタリド(一般名)との組み合わせを使用した。スラリー中の各有効成分濃度はベンスルフロンメチルが15%、ピリフタリドが30%になるように調整した。バッチ式ビーズミル(アイメックス社製 4筒式サンドミル 1/8ガロン、ガラスビーズ1mmを使用)で1000rpm/1時間湿式粉砕して濃厚スラリーを調整した(製剤の10倍濃度)。
水に乳化剤(エパンU108またはエパンU103またはエパンU105またはNK-PTC)、プロピレングリコール(凍結防止剤;昭和電工社製)KH2PO4(pH調整剤;日本化学工業社製)、キサンタンガム(増粘剤;ローディア社製)、プロキセルGXL(1,3−ベンズイゾチアゾリン−3−オン;防ばい剤;アーチケミカルズ社製)を混合した。各成分の添加量については表1および表2を参照のこと。ホモジナイザーで強制攪拌しながら液体農薬成分に油脂を溶解させた油相を添加して油相を水相に乳化させた。液体農薬成分としては、プレチラクロール(一般名)、S−メトラクロール(一般名)、エスプロカーブ(一般名)又はプロスルフォカーブ(一般名)を使用した。また、油脂としては、大豆油(ホーネンコーポレーション製)又は流動パラフィン(マツケン社製モレスコホワイトP−70)を使用した。各成分の添加量については表1および表2を参照のこと。約2分間強制乳化して、所要の粒径とした。
液体農薬成分乳化液に固体農薬成分スラリーを添加(乳化液:スラリー=9:1)して、プロペラ式の羽をシャフトに装着したラボミキサーで5分間混合して製剤を得た。
以上のとおりにして調製した各水中懸濁性農薬製剤について、40℃での保存安定性試験を実施し、製剤中の農薬成分の分解及び製剤中における油分またはクリーム分の発生の有無、凝集または沈殿発生の有無、上澄みの発生の有無を経時的に追跡した。その結果を表3〜6に示す。
Claims (10)
- 0.1〜60重量部で存在する液状農薬成分、0.1〜60重量部で存在する固体農薬成分、0.1〜30重量部で存在する油脂、及び0.01〜10重量部で存在するポリオキシエチレン−ポリオキシプロピレンブロックポリマーを含み、ここで当該ブロックポリマーは平均分子量10,000以上、エチレンオキシド質量比が50%以上であり、前記液状農薬成分がプレチラクロール、メトラクロール、プロジアミン、エスプロカルブ、プロスルフォカルブ、トリクロピル、フルアジフォップ、オルベンカルブ、モリネート、ジメチンアミド、ペラルゴン酸、ダラポン、ピペロホス、ブタミフォス、グリホセート・トリメシウム、セトキシジム、クレトジム、S・メトラクロール及びシンメチリンから選択され、前記固体農薬成分がベンスルフロンメチル、イマゾスルフロン、ピラゾスルフロン−エチル及びアジムスルフロンから選択されるスルホニル尿素系除草剤であり、そして前記油脂が植物油及び流動パラフィンから成る群から選択される、水中懸濁性農薬組成物。
- 油脂が、植物油及び流動パラフィンから成る群から選択される、請求項1に記載の組成物。
- 液状農薬成分がプレチラクロール、S・メトラクロール、エスプロカルブ、及びプロスルフォカルブから選択される、請求項1又は2に記載の組成物。
- 液状農薬成分がプレチラクロール、S・メトラクロール、エスプロカルブ、及びプロスルフォカルブから選択され、固体農薬成分がベンスルフロンメチルであり、そして前記油脂が植物油及び流動パラフィンから成る群から選択される、請求項1に記載の組成物。
- 固体農薬成分としてさらにピリフタリドを含む、請求項1〜4のいずれか1項に記載の組成物。
- 制御が望まれる場合に有効量の請求項1〜5のいずれか1項に記載の組成物が作用できるようにする段階を含む、有用植物の作物中の望ましくない植生を制御する方法。
- 有用植物の作物がイネである、請求項6に記載の方法。
- 有用植物の作物中の草及び雑草を制御するための請求項1〜5のいずれか1項に記載の組成物の使用。
- 有用植物の作物がイネである、請求項8に記載の使用。
- 少なくとも1つの液状農薬成分及び少なくとも1つの固体農薬成分を含む水中懸濁性農薬組成物中に油脂を配合することによる、請求項1〜5のいずれか1項に記載の組成物の調製方法。
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JP2007077044A (ja) * | 2005-09-12 | 2007-03-29 | Syngenta Japan Kk | 水中懸濁性農薬製剤 |
TW200904326A (en) * | 2007-04-18 | 2009-02-01 | Syngenta Participations Ag | Water-suspendable agricultural chemical composition |
CN102111995B (zh) * | 2008-05-28 | 2014-08-06 | 加特微胶囊有限公司 | 磺酰脲及其与氟草烟或其它农用化学品的组合在油中的混悬剂浓缩物 |
EP2181594A1 (en) | 2008-10-28 | 2010-05-05 | Cognis IP Management GmbH | Agricultural compositions |
CN102550545A (zh) * | 2010-12-17 | 2012-07-11 | 南京红太阳股份有限公司 | 一种含有植物油及其衍生物的高效氯氟氰菊酯悬浮剂及其制备方法和应用 |
CN102524267A (zh) * | 2010-12-17 | 2012-07-04 | 南京红太阳股份有限公司 | 一种含有植物油及其衍生物的吡蚜酮悬浮制剂及其制备方法和应用 |
CN102524247A (zh) * | 2010-12-17 | 2012-07-04 | 南京红太阳股份有限公司 | 一种含有植物油及其衍生物的吡虫啉悬浮制剂及其制备方法和应用 |
CN102283194A (zh) * | 2011-08-12 | 2011-12-21 | 中化化工科学技术研究总院 | 一种具有增效组分的悬浮剂及其制备方法 |
KR101131038B1 (ko) * | 2011-12-01 | 2012-03-29 | 주식회사 영일케미컬 | 글라이포세이트를 함유하는 안정한 수성현탁액 제초제 조성물 |
MX353620B (es) * | 2012-02-29 | 2018-01-22 | Sumitomo Chemical Co | Suspoemulsion. |
KR101372943B1 (ko) | 2012-06-26 | 2014-03-12 | 주식회사경농 | 무기염을 포함하는 유화가능한 고상 농약 조성물의 제조방법 |
WO2015029908A1 (ja) * | 2013-08-27 | 2015-03-05 | 石原産業株式会社 | 水性懸濁状有害生物防除用組成物 |
JP6073849B2 (ja) * | 2014-10-28 | 2017-02-01 | アース製薬株式会社 | 殺虫殺菌剤組成物 |
MX2022008464A (es) * | 2020-01-14 | 2022-10-18 | Crop Enhancement Inc | Concentrados de recubrimiento no toxicos para usos agricolas. |
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JPS6284002A (ja) * | 1985-10-07 | 1987-04-17 | Mitsubishi Petrochem Co Ltd | 水田用懸濁状除草剤組成物 |
JP2844534B2 (ja) * | 1989-06-14 | 1999-01-06 | クミアイ化学工業株式会社 | 複合懸濁状除草製剤 |
CN1181880A (zh) * | 1996-11-12 | 1998-05-20 | 湖南化工研究院 | 水稻秧田和直播田除草剂系列组合物 |
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JP4615086B2 (ja) * | 1999-03-31 | 2011-01-19 | 日本曹達株式会社 | サスポエマルジョン型の農園芸用農薬組成物 |
CN1275322A (zh) * | 1999-05-31 | 2000-12-06 | 江苏诺华农化有限公司 | 精异丙甲草胺与苄嘧磺隆的复配制剂 |
ATE254398T1 (de) | 1999-09-10 | 2003-12-15 | Monsanto Technology Llc | Stabile konzentrierte pestizide suspension |
CN1293895A (zh) * | 1999-11-01 | 2001-05-09 | 洪重阳 | 一次性稻田除草组合物 |
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JP2007077044A (ja) * | 2005-09-12 | 2007-03-29 | Syngenta Japan Kk | 水中懸濁性農薬製剤 |
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KR101339694B1 (ko) | 2013-12-11 |
CN101282648B (zh) | 2013-05-29 |
WO2007031251A3 (en) | 2008-05-08 |
JP2007077044A (ja) | 2007-03-29 |
KR20080044871A (ko) | 2008-05-21 |
MY152866A (en) | 2014-11-28 |
TW200744446A (en) | 2007-12-16 |
WO2007031251A2 (en) | 2007-03-22 |
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