JP5133055B2 - 微生物バイオサーファクタントを用いて病害虫を防除する方法 - Google Patents
微生物バイオサーファクタントを用いて病害虫を防除する方法 Download PDFInfo
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- JP5133055B2 JP5133055B2 JP2007515565A JP2007515565A JP5133055B2 JP 5133055 B2 JP5133055 B2 JP 5133055B2 JP 2007515565 A JP2007515565 A JP 2007515565A JP 2007515565 A JP2007515565 A JP 2007515565A JP 5133055 B2 JP5133055 B2 JP 5133055B2
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- biosurfactant
- pest
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- rhamnolipid
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Classifications
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- A01N25/00—Biocides, pest repellants or attractants, or plant growth regulators, characterised by their forms, or by their non-active ingredients or by their methods of application, e.g. seed treatment or sequential application; Substances for reducing the noxious effect of the active ingredients to organisms other than pests
- A01N25/30—Biocides, pest repellants or attractants, or plant growth regulators, characterised by their forms, or by their non-active ingredients or by their methods of application, e.g. seed treatment or sequential application; Substances for reducing the noxious effect of the active ingredients to organisms other than pests characterised by the surfactants
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
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- A01N—PRESERVATION OF BODIES OF HUMANS OR ANIMALS OR PLANTS OR PARTS THEREOF; BIOCIDES, e.g. AS DISINFECTANTS, AS PESTICIDES OR AS HERBICIDES; PEST REPELLANTS OR ATTRACTANTS; PLANT GROWTH REGULATORS
- A01N43/00—Biocides, pest repellants or attractants, or plant growth regulators containing heterocyclic compounds
- A01N43/02—Biocides, pest repellants or attractants, or plant growth regulators containing heterocyclic compounds having rings with one or more oxygen or sulfur atoms as the only ring hetero atoms
- A01N43/04—Biocides, pest repellants or attractants, or plant growth regulators containing heterocyclic compounds having rings with one or more oxygen or sulfur atoms as the only ring hetero atoms with one hetero atom
- A01N43/14—Biocides, pest repellants or attractants, or plant growth regulators containing heterocyclic compounds having rings with one or more oxygen or sulfur atoms as the only ring hetero atoms with one hetero atom six-membered rings
- A01N43/16—Biocides, pest repellants or attractants, or plant growth regulators containing heterocyclic compounds having rings with one or more oxygen or sulfur atoms as the only ring hetero atoms with one hetero atom six-membered rings with oxygen as the ring hetero atom
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
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- A01N—PRESERVATION OF BODIES OF HUMANS OR ANIMALS OR PLANTS OR PARTS THEREOF; BIOCIDES, e.g. AS DISINFECTANTS, AS PESTICIDES OR AS HERBICIDES; PEST REPELLANTS OR ATTRACTANTS; PLANT GROWTH REGULATORS
- A01N63/00—Biocides, pest repellants or attractants, or plant growth regulators containing microorganisms, viruses, microbial fungi, animals or substances produced by, or obtained from, microorganisms, viruses, microbial fungi or animals, e.g. enzymes or fermentates
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
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- A01N63/00—Biocides, pest repellants or attractants, or plant growth regulators containing microorganisms, viruses, microbial fungi, animals or substances produced by, or obtained from, microorganisms, viruses, microbial fungi or animals, e.g. enzymes or fermentates
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
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- A01N—PRESERVATION OF BODIES OF HUMANS OR ANIMALS OR PLANTS OR PARTS THEREOF; BIOCIDES, e.g. AS DISINFECTANTS, AS PESTICIDES OR AS HERBICIDES; PEST REPELLANTS OR ATTRACTANTS; PLANT GROWTH REGULATORS
- A01N63/00—Biocides, pest repellants or attractants, or plant growth regulators containing microorganisms, viruses, microbial fungi, animals or substances produced by, or obtained from, microorganisms, viruses, microbial fungi or animals, e.g. enzymes or fermentates
- A01N63/20—Bacteria; Substances produced thereby or obtained therefrom
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C05—FERTILISERS; MANUFACTURE THEREOF
- C05G—MIXTURES OF FERTILISERS COVERED INDIVIDUALLY BY DIFFERENT SUBCLASSES OF CLASS C05; MIXTURES OF ONE OR MORE FERTILISERS WITH MATERIALS NOT HAVING A SPECIFIC FERTILISING ACTIVITY, e.g. PESTICIDES, SOIL-CONDITIONERS, WETTING AGENTS; FERTILISERS CHARACTERISED BY THEIR FORM
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Landscapes
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- Organic Chemistry (AREA)
- Agricultural Chemicals And Associated Chemicals (AREA)
- Preparation Of Compounds By Using Micro-Organisms (AREA)
Description
化学農薬は病害虫防除において有用であるが、その使用は多くの問題を引き起こす。化学農薬は、ヒト、家畜、益虫および野生生物のような標的としていない生物を傷つけやすい。さらにその残留物が、作物に残留する傾向があり、土壌、水あるいは大気に蓄積する場合がある。別の懸念は標的生物が農薬に対する耐性を得ることである。化学農薬に関連した重大な環境問題から、より安全な農薬および代替となる病害虫防除戦略の需要は増加している。
本発明は、天然の微生物バイオサーファクタントに基づく、病害虫防除のための方法および組成物に関する。該生物防除剤で処理される病害虫の例には、アリ、アリマキ、アザミウマ、コナジラミ、カイガラムシ、シラミ、ゴキブリ、シロアリ、イエバエ、蚊などのような昆虫;ダニ(mite)、クモ、ダニ(tick)のようなクモ形類;線形動物(線虫);軟体動物;アメーバ;寄生生物;ならびに藻類が挙げられる。本発明の病害虫防除剤は、微生物源由来の天然農薬(バイオ農薬)を含む。バイオ農薬は本質的に従来の農薬ほど有害ではない。バイオ農薬は迅速に生分解することが多く、したがって曝露量は低くなり、従来の農薬によって引き起こされる公害問題を大部分は回避する。
ント化合物の使用にまで及ぶ。本発明は、バイオサーファクタント産生微生物を使用して病害虫を防除する方法にも及ぶ。本発明はさらに、該組成物そのもの、ならびに該組成物の製造方法もしくは生産方法および本明細書に示されるような病害虫防除への該組成物の適用をも包含する。本発明の他の目的は、本明細書に記述された発明について知れば当業者には明白となりうる。
1つの実施形態では、本明細書に記載の機能を発揮し、かつ結果を達成するために、単一のバイオサーファクタントあるいは異なるバイオサーファクタントの混合物を調合物中に用いることができる。
本発明は、病害虫を防除するための組成物および方法に関し、より詳細には、微生物の代謝産物または発酵代謝産物のような天然物質に由来する農薬に関する。本発明の実施形態によれば、微生物バイオサーファクタントを含有している生産された発酵ブロスを、抽出または精製せずに使用してもよい。所望であれば、バイオサーファクタントの抽出および精製は、標準的な抽出法あるいは文献に記述された技術を使用して容易に実施可能である。
たは動けなくする作用、あるいは病害虫が実質的に害を及ぼすことができないようにする作用を示す。
る。
てもよい。農薬成分あるいは助剤として使用されうるその他の油には、アーモンド油、しょうのう油、ヒマシ油、シーダー油、シトロネラ油、柑橘類の油、やし油、トウモロコシ油、ユーカリ油、魚油、ゼラニウム油、レシチン、レモングラス油、あまに油、鉱油、ミント油もしくは薄荷油、オリーブオイル、マツ油、菜種油、サフラワー油、セージ油、ゴマ油、橙花油、チミアン油、植物油およびウインターグリーン油が挙げられる。本発明の調合物に含まれうる他の適切な添加剤は、そのような調製物に慣習的に使用されるあらゆる物質である。そのような添加剤の例には、助剤、サーファクタント、乳化剤、植物栄養素、賦形剤、可塑剤、滑沢剤、流動促進剤、着色剤、色素、苦味剤、緩衝剤、溶解度調整剤、pH調節剤、保存剤、安定化剤および紫外線耐性剤が含まれる。堅化剤または硬化剤も、調合物を強化し、かつ、該調合物を土壌、根の張り出し部や樹木への注入用タブレットのようなある種の適用において圧力あるいは力に耐えるのに十分な強度にするために組込まれてもよい。
重炭酸ナトリウムまたは炭酸ナトリウム、硫酸ナトリウム、リン酸ナトリウム、重リン酸ナトリウムなどの多塩基酸としての塩の水性調製物のような追加の成分を、調合物に含めることが可能である。
顆粒状としても、粉末状としてもよい。顆粒状または粉末状の材料をプレスしてタブレットとしてもよいし、あるいはあらかじめ製造されたゼラチンカプセルまたはシェルに詰めて用いてもよい。半固形調合物を、ペースト、ろう、ゲルあるいはクリーム状の調製物に調製することもできる。
本発明の組成物は、活性化合物を土壌へ導入するために使用されてもよい。これらの調製物を植物の根の近くの土壌に組み入れることも考えられる。本発明の組成物は液体、ベイト、粉末、散剤または顆粒剤の形態とすることが考えられるし、あるいは、タブレット、スパイク、ロッドあるいは他の形状の成形物として土壌に挿入される。
本発明の固体または半固形組成物を、ポリエチレングリコール、ゼラチン、ソルビトール、ゴム、糖あるいはポリビニルアルコールのような医薬品工業において使用されるフィルム・コーティング化合物を使用して、コーティングすることが可能である。これは、農薬調合物において使用されるタブレットまたはカプセルにとって特に不可欠である。フィルム・コーティングにより、取扱い者が調合物中の活性成分と直接接触しないように保護することが可能である。さらに、安息香酸デナトリウムまたはカッシンのような苦味剤が農薬の調合物、コーティング剤あるいは両方に組み入れられてもよい。
該組成物の調合物中の成分の濃度および施用速度は、病害虫、処理される植物または領域、あるいは施用方法によって様々であってよい。より詳細に以下に記述されるように、本発明の組成物および方法は、昆虫および他の無脊椎動物、藻類、病原微生物、ならびに状況によっては雑草または他の植物を含む、様々な病害虫を防除するために使用することが可能である。
自然にコナジラミが群棲したトマト樹に、水で希釈した0.1%のラムノリピド混合物をスプレーした。対照のトマト樹には水のみをスプレーした。ラムノリピドがスプレーされたコナジラミは葉に張り付き、処理後は移動することができなかった。十分な防除は6分未満で達成された。
時間で生きている蚊の幼虫が1匹だけ残っていた。対照の処理では死滅は観察されなかった。この重要な発見は、西ナイルウイルスの媒介生物の防除および蔓延において非常に重要である。別の研究では、濃度100ppmのラムノリピドの添加により蚊の卵の孵化が抑制されることが見出された。
農薬の調製:
例A:5%のラムノリピド溶液を、ジェネイル・バイオテク(Jeneil Biotech)から供給された25%の精製ラムノリピド濃縮物を使用して調製した。
例E:10%亜リン酸および8%カリウムの濃縮溶液を、70%の亜リン酸、45%の水酸化カリウムおよび水を混合することにより調製した。該溶液は、pH5.8のクエン酸/グルコン酸で緩衝した。該混合物を使用に先立って水で100倍に希釈した。
各処理について、6匹のイナゴに、例A、B、CまたはDを水で10倍または100倍に希釈して調製した溶液をスプレーした。10倍希釈では、例Cの処置が最も有効であり、処理されたイナゴが10分以内にすべて死滅した。10倍希釈の例Aの処理では、即座にイナゴの動きが遅くなったが、処理したものの半分が施用から20分以内に回復した。10倍希釈の例Bの処理では、ラムノリピド単独の効果と同様の効果があった。100倍希釈では、例Aは有効ではなかった。例Bの処理は33%有効であり、例Cの処理は84%有効であった。水による処理はイナゴに対する効果はなかった。
例A、B、CまたはDの希釈溶液を、ウドンコ病に極度に感染したカボチャおよびバラにスプレーした。バラの処理結果を表2に示す。興味深いことに、100倍希釈で例Cの調合物をバラにスプレーすると、感染領域が葉から完全になくなった。カボチャの処理結果はバラの処理と同様であったが、カボチャはこのスプレー溶液に対する感受性がより高かった。10倍希釈では、カボチャの葉はスプレー施用後24時間以内に組織の壊死を生じ、同植物は3日以内に死滅した。例EおよびFはバラについてのみ試験した。ウドンコ病治療における重要な発見は、ラムノリピド単独でも亜リン酸単独でも使用した濃度では
ウドンコ病に対してあまり有効ではなかったが、ラムノリピド/亜リン酸の組合せはウドンコ病の治療に非常に有効だったということである。ウドンコ病は鞭毛菌類のグループには属さないが、ラムノリピドが、膜という障害を通り抜けて、あるいは菌の保護層への浸透により、亜リン酸の活性および作用様式を増強すると考えられる。
該バイオサーファクタントの、特に油と組み合わせたときの強力な微小乳化活性および浸透活性により、該バイオサーファクタントは有害な雑草を防除するための非選択的除草剤として使用することが可能である。0.5%およびそれ以上のラムノリピド濃度では、一部の植物に壊死が観察された。この結果は、油、特にゴマ油または綿実油の存在下では非常に拡大される。濃度0.05%のラムノリピドおよび2%の油では、処理された多くの雑草あるいは植物が処理から数日以内に死滅した。
線虫についての予備試験を下記の手順に従って実施した。この試験で使用した土は、自然に線虫が群棲したジャガイモ畑から分離した。75グラムの土(最初の水分含量15%
)を、二重に折り重ねられたチーズクロスで包み、ストレーナーに取り付けた。土が入っているこのストレーナーを、450mlの水(対照)または0.75%のラムノリピド混合物を含んでいるプラスチック漏斗中で穏やかに懸濁させた。土が入ったストレーナーの底面が実験の間中処理溶液に接しているように維持した。様々な時点で、漏斗の脚部にクランプで接続されたチューブを通して25mlの試料を採取した。上清の溶液を、顕微鏡を使用して検査するためにペトリ皿に直接移した。生き残っている有害線虫の数を、24時間間隔で7日間記録した。個々の線虫が運動不能で、針に固定したまつ毛で邪魔をしても反応しない場合、死んでいるものと判断した。試験は3連で実施した。結果を表3に示す。
線虫の実験が終了した後、プラスチック漏斗の中にある線虫処理溶液において意外な発見が観察された。日の当たる場所にわずか数週間放置された後、対照(水のみ)の溶液では藻類の増殖が生じたことが観察された。これに対して、ラムノリピド処理では、藻類の増殖のない透明な溶液が維持された。この結果を検証するために、0(対照としての水)、0.005、0.01、0.1および1%のラムノリピド濃度で処理する別のセットについて実施した。この実験で使用した水は、藻類が群棲した池から採取した。ラムノリピド処理ではいずれも藻類の増殖は生じなかった。しかしながら、最低濃度のラムノリピドでは、実験開始の6週間後に藻類の増殖が再発した。他の処理では3か月の実験期間中藻類のない状態であった。対照の処理(池の水)は、変色して緑がかり、藻類が水中で繁茂した。
線虫の瘤が蔓延しているトマト樹の根から得られた1組の線虫卵を、水25mlまたは250ppmのラムノリピドを含む水25mlのいずれかが入ったペトリ皿へ移した。この卵を顕微鏡で定期的に検査した。ラムノリピドで処理された卵の色は実験する間に褐色を帯びた色に変化し、7日後には卵は弱って崩壊した。水で処理した場合は卵の色または形状の変化は観察されなかった。
生物バイオサーファクタントを得る工程(102)から始まる。本明細書に記述されるように、バイオサーファクタントは、バイオサーファクタントを施用する前の製造工程または培養工程(104)により得ることが可能である。別例として、バイオサーファクタントは、病害虫の環境に炭素基質を施用する工程(106)、ならびに天然に存在する微生物が該基質上で成長し、その結果バイオサーファクタントの生産が可能となる工程(108)により得ることが可能である。いずれの場合も、バイオサーファクタントは、病害虫が実質的に防除されるように、病害虫あるいは病害虫の環境に施用される(110)。
Claims (12)
- 線虫からなる病害虫を防除する方法であって、
ラムノリピドを含有する微生物バイオサーファクタントを得る工程と、
病害虫に、あるいは病害虫のいる環境に、該病害虫が防除される量の前記微生物バイオサーファクタントを施用する工程と
からなる方法。 - バイオサーファクタントを得る工程が、バイオサーファクタントを産生する微生物を培養する工程からなる、請求項1に記載の方法。
- 微生物を培養する工程が、バイオサーファクタントを含有する発酵ブロスを生産する工程からなる、請求項2に記載の方法。
- 発酵ブロスの精製または発酵ブロスからのバイオサーファクタントの抽出を行わずにバイオサーファクタントを得る、請求項3に記載の方法。
- 微生物を培養する工程が、発酵ブロスからバイオサーファクタントを抽出することからさらになる、請求項3に記載の方法。
- 微生物を培養する工程が、発酵ブロスを精製することからさらになる、請求項3に記載の方法。
- 前記微生物バイオサーファクタントは、液体、溶液、懸濁液、粉末、ペースト、ろう、ゲル、クリーム、ロッド、ブロック、カプセル、タブレット、ピル、ペレット、スパイク、またはストリップから選択された剤形の製剤である、請求項1に記載の方法。
- 微生物バイオサーファクタントは、
緑膿菌(P.aeruginosa)、プチダ菌(P.putida)、シュードモナス・フロレセンス(P.florescens)、シュードモナス・フラギ(P.fragi)、およびシュードモナス・シリンゲ(P.syringae)から選択されるシュードモナス属菌群からなる微生物により産生されたものである、請求項1に記載の方法。 - 前記微生物バイオサーファクタントが溶解度調整剤または油と組み合わされる請求項1に記載の方法。
- 微生物バイオサーファクタントは、別個の助剤を使用せずに病害虫に浸透する浸透剤である、請求項1に記載の方法。
- 前記施用する工程は、前記病害虫、土壌、またはそれらの組み合わせに施用することを含む、請求項1に記載の方法。
- 防除された病害虫は死滅させ、機能を失わせ、または動けなくされる、請求項1に記載の方法。
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CA2566864C (en) | 2015-04-28 |
CA2566864A1 (en) | 2005-12-15 |
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