JP5108006B2 - 複合材料 - Google Patents
複合材料 Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- JP5108006B2 JP5108006B2 JP2009511579A JP2009511579A JP5108006B2 JP 5108006 B2 JP5108006 B2 JP 5108006B2 JP 2009511579 A JP2009511579 A JP 2009511579A JP 2009511579 A JP2009511579 A JP 2009511579A JP 5108006 B2 JP5108006 B2 JP 5108006B2
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- JP
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- Prior art keywords
- auxetic
- composite material
- matrix
- fibers
- component
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
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Images
Classifications
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- Y10T—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
- Y10T442/00—Fabric [woven, knitted, or nonwoven textile or cloth, etc.]
- Y10T442/10—Scrim [e.g., open net or mesh, gauze, loose or open weave or knit, etc.]
- Y10T442/102—Woven scrim
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
- Y10T—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
- Y10T442/00—Fabric [woven, knitted, or nonwoven textile or cloth, etc.]
- Y10T442/10—Scrim [e.g., open net or mesh, gauze, loose or open weave or knit, etc.]
- Y10T442/184—Nonwoven scrim
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
- Y10T—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
- Y10T442/00—Fabric [woven, knitted, or nonwoven textile or cloth, etc.]
- Y10T442/40—Knit fabric [i.e., knit strand or strip material]
- Y10T442/406—Including parallel strips
Landscapes
- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Materials Engineering (AREA)
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Medicinal Chemistry (AREA)
- Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
- Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
- Polymers & Plastics (AREA)
- Organic Chemistry (AREA)
- Manufacturing & Machinery (AREA)
- Laminated Bodies (AREA)
- Reinforced Plastic Materials (AREA)
- Moulding By Coating Moulds (AREA)
- Manufacture Of Alloys Or Alloy Compounds (AREA)
- Glass Compositions (AREA)
Description
容積割合0.62、軸方向ポアッソン比+0.2、横方向ポアッソン比+0.28、軸方向ヤング率230GPa、横方向ヤング率3GPa、軸方向熱膨張係数−6×10-7K-1、および横方向熱膨張係数7×10-6K-1を有する非オーセチック一方向繊維構成要素;
容積割合0.19、等方性ポアッソン比+0.38、等方性ヤング率3GPa、等方性熱膨張係数5.4×10-5K-1を有する非オーセチックマトリックス構成要素;ならびに
容積割合0.19、等方性ポアッソン比−2、等方性ヤング率3GPa、等方性熱膨張係数9.61×10-5K-1を有するオーセチックマトリックス構成要素
を含み、複合材料は、繊維の方向に対して平行および垂直の両方で、ゼロの熱膨張係数を有する。
容積割合0.62、軸方向ポアッソン比+0.2、横方向ポアッソン比+0.28、軸方向ヤング率230GPa、横方向ヤング率3GPa、軸方向熱膨張係数−6×10-7K-1、および横方向熱膨張係数7×10-6K-1を有する非オーセチック一方向繊維構成要素;
容積割合0.3455、等方性ポアッソン比+0.38、等方性ヤング率3GPa、等方性熱膨張係数5.4×10-5K-1を有する非オーセチックマトリックス構成要素;ならびに
容積割合0.0345、等方性ポアッソン比−4、等方性ヤング率3GPa、等方性熱膨張係数2.86×10-4K-1を有するオーセチックマトリックス構成要素
を含み、複合材料は、繊維の方向に対して平行および垂直の両方で、ゼロの熱膨張係数を有する。
a)長手方向および横方向(すなわち、第1の方向に対して平行および垂直)で等しい熱膨張係数;
b)本発明の複合材料が積層体の形態にある場合、オーセチック構成要素を含む積層複合材料における熱膨張挙動の方向性依存の除去の結果として、オーセチック構成要素を含まない積層複合材料に比べて、必要とされる材料の層の数の減少;
c)従来技術の複合材料に比べて残留応力のレベル減少;
d)別個のバランス層の必要の除去(これは設計分析減少、さらなる設計選択余地、複合材料性能改善および複合材料質量減少を与える);
e)冷却工程中の変形減少;ならびに
f)オーセチック構成要素を欠く材料についてのこのような結合に比べて、異なる膨張率を有する本発明の複合材料と周囲材料との間の結合の性能改善。この改善は、複合材料内または複合材料と周囲材料との間の中間層、例えば、フィルム接着剤内のオーセチック構成要素の追加によって、複合材料の熱膨張挙動を周囲材料と適合させる能力による。
a)支持テーブル上に3−相のプレプレグ補強繊維−エポキシ−オーセチック材料を配置する工程。該プレプラグは、部分的に硬化したエポキシマトリックス中の連続一方向補強繊維および連続一方向オーセチック繊維からなる。
a)ゲルコートをオープン型に塗布する工程。
a)補強繊維およびオーセチック繊維を、樹脂浴を通過させる工程。
a)3−相のプレプレグ補強繊維−エポキシ−オーセチック材料を支持テーブル上に配置する工程。該プレプレグは、オーセチック充填剤粒子を含む部分的に硬化したエポキシマトリックス中の連続一方向補強繊維からなる。
a)ゲルコートをオープン型に塗布する工程。
a)補強繊維を、樹脂内にオーセチック充填剤粒子を含む樹脂浴を通過させる工程。
a)かなりの重量の減少または性能の増加、例えば、荷重耐力が望ましく、かつオーセチック材料の積層体中への導入による内部応力の減少によって達成され得る複合材料構造。用途には、航空機、道路車両、オフロード車、軍用車両、精密機械、ボート、船舶、および潜水艦用の構成要素が含まれる。
図1は、従来技術による一方向複合積層体を表した図を示す;
図2は、本発明による一方向複合積層体を表した図を示す;
図3は、図2の積層体について、第3相のポアッソン比の関数として熱膨張係数を表すグラフを示す;
図4は、非オーセチックマトリックスおよび第3オーセチック相に対して等しい容積割合を有する図2の積層体について、補強繊維の容積割合の関数として第3相のポアッソン比および熱膨張係数を表すグラフを示す;
図5は、非オーセチックマトリックスの容積割合10%に等しい第3オーセチック相の容積割合を有する図2の積層体について、補強繊維の容積割合の関数として第3相のポアッソン比および熱膨張係数を表すグラフを示す;
図6は、30℃から80℃そして30℃に戻す加熱サイクルを受けるオーセチックポリプロピレン繊維について、時間の関数として長さを表すグラフを示す;
図7は、図2の積層体について第3相のヤング率の関数として熱膨張係数を表すグラフを示す;
図8は、繰返し単位のそれぞれの場所にあるマトリックス相および第3(繊維)相により囲まれた中央の補強繊維相を含む3−相複合材料の有限要素モデル(FEM)を示す;
図9は、複合材料を120℃まで加熱する結果として補強繊維相に作用する軸方向歪みのFEMモデルを示す;
図10は、複合材料を120℃まで加熱する結果として非オーセチックマトリックス相に作用する軸方向歪みのFEMモデルを示す;
図11は、複合材料を120℃まで加熱する結果として第3相に作用する軸方向歪みのFEMモデルを示す;
図12は、複合材料を120℃まで加熱する結果として非オーセチック第3相に作用する横方向(z方向)歪みのFEMモデルを示す;
図13は、複合材料を120℃まで加熱する結果としてオーセチック第3相に作用する横方向(z方向)のFEMモデルを示す;
図14は、複合材料を150℃まで加熱する結果として2−相複合材料(非オーセチックマトリックスによって囲まれた中央の補強繊維相を含む)に作用する横方向(z方向)のFEMモデルを示す;および
図15は、複合材料を150℃まで加熱する結果として3−相複合材料(オーセチック第3相を有する非オーセチックマトリックスによって囲まれた中央の補強繊維相を含む)に作用する横方向(z方向)歪みのFEMモデルを示す。
従来技術の複合材料
図1の複合材料1の補強繊維2が、密接に結合した界面であると仮定される場合、繊維層2の方向(x1)に対して沿ったおよび横方向の熱膨張係数は、以下の式(Kollar, L.P.およびSpringer, G.S.、Mechanics of Composite Structure、Cambridge、443〜444頁):
によってよく再現されることが知られている
(ここで、
α1およびα2は、それぞれ、繊維層2に対して沿うおよび横方向の複合材料1の熱膨張係数であり、
VfおよびVmは、それぞれ、繊維層2およびマトリックス3の容積割合であり、
Ef1およびEmは、それぞれ、繊維層2の軸方向ヤング率およびマトリックス層3のヤング率であり、
αf1,αf2およびαmは、それぞれ、繊維2軸方向、繊維2径方向およびマトリックス3の熱膨張係数であり、そして
vf12およびvmは、それぞれ、繊維2軸方向およびマトリックス3のポアッソン比である)。
式(1)および(2)に示されるような確立された分析モデルを、第3相の存在を含めるように拡張することができ、図2の3−相複合材料4の熱膨張係数は、
で与えられる
(ここで、
Vaは、第3オーセチック相7の容積割合であり、
Eaは、第3オーセチック相7のヤング率であり、
αaは、第3オーセチック相7の熱膨張係数であり、
vaは、第3相7のポアッソン比であり、
他の符号は式(1)および(2)について既に定義したとおりである)。
図1に概略的に示される2−相の炭素−エポキシ複合構造1は通常、高温で硬化され、その後周囲温度まで冷却される。冷却の間に、マトリックス3および補強材2は異なる速度で縮小する。これはそれぞれの構成要素に熱的に生じた機械的応力をもたらす。
容積割合0.62、軸方向ポアッソン比+0.2、軸方向ヤング率230GPa、軸方向熱膨張係数−6×10-7K-1、および横方向熱膨張係数7×10-6K-1を有する非オーセチック一方向補強繊維構成要素81;
容積割合0.19、等方性ポアッソン比+0.38、等方性ヤング率3GPa、等方性熱膨張係数5.4×10-5K-1を有する非オーセチックマトリックス構成要素82;ならびに
容積割合0.19、等方性ヤング率3GPa、および等方性熱膨張係数5.4×10-5K-1を有する第3相一方向繊維構成要素83。
容積割合0.62、軸方向ポアッソン比+0.2、軸方向ヤング率230GPa、軸方向熱膨張係数−6×10-7K-1、および横方向熱膨張係数7×10-6K-1を有する非オーセチック一方向補強繊維構成要素141;ならびに
容積割合0.38、等方性ポアッソン比+0.38、等方性ヤング率3GPa、および等方性熱膨張係数5.4×10-5K-1を有する非オーセチックマトリックス構成要素142。
容積割合0.62、軸方向ポアッソン比+0.2、軸方向ヤング率230GPa、軸方向熱膨張係数−6×10-7K-1、および横方向熱膨張係数7×10-6K-1を有する非オーセチック一方向補強繊維構成要素151;
容積割合0.19、等方性ポアッソン比+0.38、等方性ヤング率3GPa、および等方性熱膨張係数5.4×10-5K-1を有する非オーセチックマトリックス構成要素152;ならびに
容積割合0.19、等方性ポアッソン比−0.6、等方性ヤング率0.3GPa、および等方性熱膨張係数8.5×10-5K-1を有するオーセチック一方向性繊維構成要素153。
実施例1
柔軟化された冷硬化エポキシマトリックス内に埋め込まれたオーセチックポリプロピレン繊維を含む図2に示される種類の複合材料系を調製した。オーセチック繊維を、Plast−Labor S.A.によって製造され、Univar Plc.によって供給されるグレードPB0580ポリプロピレンパウダーの溶融押出しを用いて製造した。用いた冷硬化エポキシ樹脂は、硬化剤HY5084を添加したAraldite LY5052であった。硬化処理の間の架橋結合に対する抑制剤としてジブチルフタレートを樹脂に添加し、このように図2に示される種類の最終の製造された複合材料系における架橋結合の程度の慎重な調節を可能にした。
冷硬化エポキシマトリックス内に埋め込まれたオーセチックポリプロピレン繊維およびガラス補強繊維を含む図2に示される種類の複合材料系を調製した。オーセチック繊維を、Plast−Labor S.A.によって製造され、Univar Plc.によって供給されるグレードPB0580ポリプロピレンパウダーの溶融押出しを用いて製造した。ガラス繊維は、PPM Glassによって提供された。冷硬化エポキシ樹脂は、図2に示される種類の、Huntsmanによって供給される硬化剤HY5082を添加したAraldite LY5052であった。
Claims (15)
- マトリックスに結合した繊維の層を含む複合材料であって、前記マトリックスおよび繊維の一方が、第1の方向に沿った荷重に対してオーセチック挙動を示す第1の構成要素を含み、前記マトリックスおよび繊維の他方が、第1の方向に沿った荷重に対して非オーセチック挙動を示す第2の構成要素を含み、
複合材料を構成するそれぞれの層の熱膨張係数が、第1の方向に対して平行および垂直で測定して、等しい、複合材料。 - 前記繊維の層が、第1の構成要素を含み、前記マトリックスが第2の構成要素を含む、請求項1に記載の複合材料。
- 前記繊維の層が、第2の構成要素を含み、前記マトリックスが第1の構成要素を含む、請求項1に記載の複合材料。
- 前記繊維の層が、前記マトリックスに埋め込まれるか、前記マトリックスに部分的に埋め込まれるか、または前記マトリックスと接触した別個の層を形成する、請求項1から3のいずれか一項に記載の複合材料。
- 前記繊維の層が、一方向の繊維または織られた、編まれたもしくは不織のメッシュを含む、請求項1から4のいずれか一項に記載の複合材料。
- 前記繊維の層が、一方向の繊維を含み、オーセチック挙動の評価のためにそれに沿って荷重がかけられる第1の方向が、前記繊維の方向と平行である、請求項5に記載の複合材料。
- 前記第2の構成要素の容積割合が、60から70%である、請求項1から6のいずれか一項に記載の複合材料。
- 前記第1の構成要素の容積割合が、40%未満である、請求項1から7のいずれか一項に記載の複合材料。
- 前記複合材料が、第1の方向に沿った荷重に対して非オーセチック挙動を示すマトリックス材料をさらに含む、請求項1から8のいずれか一項に記載の複合材料。
- 前記非オーセチックマトリックス材料の容積割合が、40%未満である、請求項9に記載の複合材料。
- 前記オーセチック材料が、オーセチック熱可塑性(ポリエステルウレタン)、熱硬化性(シリコーンゴム)および金属(銅)発泡体、オーセチック熱可塑性微小孔ポリマーシリンダー(超高分子量ポリエチレン(UHMWPE)、ポリプロピレン(PP)、およびナイロン)、モノフィラメント(PP、ナイロンおよびポリエステル)およびフィルム(PP)、天然ポリマー(結晶性セルロース)、複合積層体(炭素繊維補強エポキシ、ガラス繊維補強エポキシおよびアラミド補強エポキシ)、ならびに結晶性シリカ(α-クリストバライトおよびα−石英)の天然多形体から選択される、請求項1から10のいずれか一項に記載の複合材料。
- 前記マトリックス材料が、熱硬化性ポリマー、熱可塑性ポリマー、または熱硬化性と熱可塑性両方のポリマーから選択される1つまたは複数のポリマー材料を含む、請求項1から11のいずれか一項に記載の複合材料。
- 前記マトリックス材料が、硬化剤、硬化促進剤、顔料、柔軟剤、難燃剤および強化剤の任意のものを単独または組合せのいずれかで含む1つまたは複数の構成要素をさらに含む、請求項1から12のいずれか一項に記載の複合材料。
- 繊維の層および未硬化マトリックスを含み、それにより前記マトリックスの硬化が請求項1に記載の複合材料を生じる複合材料。
- 前記マトリックスが、硬化中に繊維の層に含浸する、請求項14に記載の複合材料。
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SI (1) | SI1989249T1 (ja) |
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ZA (1) | ZA200809544B (ja) |
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CN101448877A (zh) | 2009-06-03 |
US7989057B2 (en) | 2011-08-02 |
EP2157121A1 (en) | 2010-02-24 |
ES2340629T3 (es) | 2010-06-07 |
RU2008143994A (ru) | 2010-05-10 |
CN102766343A (zh) | 2012-11-07 |
RU2011125685A (ru) | 2012-12-27 |
AU2008101138B4 (en) | 2009-04-23 |
AU2007253060B2 (en) | 2009-01-08 |
GB0610272D0 (en) | 2006-07-05 |
SI1989249T1 (sl) | 2010-05-31 |
AU2007253060A1 (en) | 2007-11-29 |
ZA200809544B (en) | 2009-06-24 |
PT1989249E (pt) | 2010-02-11 |
US20110281481A1 (en) | 2011-11-17 |
DK1989249T3 (da) | 2010-03-22 |
CA2652996C (en) | 2010-04-27 |
JP2009537359A (ja) | 2009-10-29 |
US20110064909A1 (en) | 2011-03-17 |
KR20090024128A (ko) | 2009-03-06 |
EP1989249A1 (en) | 2008-11-12 |
PL1989249T3 (pl) | 2010-06-30 |
WO2007135447A1 (en) | 2007-11-29 |
AU2008101138A4 (en) | 2009-01-08 |
DE602007003077D1 (de) | 2009-12-17 |
RU2430119C2 (ru) | 2011-09-27 |
BRPI0711828A2 (pt) | 2012-01-17 |
ATE447595T1 (de) | 2009-11-15 |
EP1989249B1 (en) | 2009-11-04 |
CA2652996A1 (en) | 2007-11-29 |
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