JP5049356B2 - テクスチャ空間分解に基づく統計的顔モデリングにおける指向性照明変動性の分離 - Google Patents
テクスチャ空間分解に基づく統計的顔モデリングにおける指向性照明変動性の分離 Download PDFInfo
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Description
(i)訓練データ集合に基づいて構築され、均一照明部分空間(ULS:Uniform Lighting Subspace)及び指向性照明部分空間(DLS:Directional Lighting Subspace)の構成要素を有するモデル構成要素の部分集合を含むオブジェクトのクラスを含む、新たな線形テクスチャモデルを適用し;
(ii)、新たな線形テクスチャモデルの一又は複数のモデル構成要素の一又は複数の個々の値を調節することを含む、場面における顔又は特定の他の物体への前記新たなモデルの適合を得て;
(iii)当該場面での顔又は特定の他の物体への新たなモデルの得られた適合に基づいて、顔又は特定の他の物体の特徴を決定し、及び、
(iv)当該決定された特徴を含む補正された顔画像又は特定の他の物体を、電子的に格納し、送信し、顔又は他の物体認識プログラムの適用により編集し、表示し、或いはこれらについて組み合わせる。
(v)新たな線形テクスチャモデルの一又は複数のモデル構成要素の一又は複数の値を変更して、さらに調整された物体モデルを生成することをさらに含み;
(vi)新たな線形テクスチャモデルの一又は複数のモデル構成要素の一又は複数の個々の値を調節することを含み、場面中の顔又は特定の他の物体への新たなモデルの適合を得ること;及び、
(vii)場面中の顔又は特定の他の物体への新たなモデルの得られた適合に基づいて、顔又は特定の他の物体の特徴を決定する。
形状は、興味のある物体(すなわち顔)の輪郭について最もよく説明するのに使用される沢山の目印、と定義される。形状ベクトルは、すべての目印の点の連結した座標により、(x1,x2,...,xL,y1,y2,...,yL)Tとして与えられ、ここでLは目印の点の数である。
s=s+PHISbS (1)
t=t+PHItbt (2)
テクスチャモデルを構築するために、エール顔データベースBからの画像が使用された(以下、及びA.S.Georghiades、P.N.Belhumeur、及びD.J.Kriegman、「少数から多数まで:変わりやすい姿勢及び照射の下での認識のための生成的モデル。」FG、2000年、277頁から284頁中を参照されたい)。まず、形状モデル及びテクスチャモデルは、一定の前面照射で、異なる個人から作られる(図1及び図2を参照されたい)。形状及びテクスチャモデルは、式(1)及び(2)に記述されるように、さらに同じ表記法を維持しながら作られる。この種の照射は、均一な照射条件のための近似として有効である。得られたテクスチャの固有空間は、個人の均一照明部分空間(ULS:Uniform Lighting Subspace)又は均一照射(illumination)部分空間と呼ばれる。
bt_opt=PHIt T(g−t) (3)
gfilt=t+PHIt bt_opt (4)
gres=g−gfilt=g−t−PHItbt_opt (5)
gres=g res+PHIgbg (6)
DLSは、ULSの上の投影の後に続く残留物(差分)画像から作られる。
したがって、DLSはULSに対して直交する。結合されたテクスチャモデルは、以下の式(7)によって与えられる:
tfused=t+PHItbt+PHIgbg (7)
c=(Wsbs;bt;Wgbg) (8)
能動的な外観モデル(AAM:Active Appearance Model)は、日本国奈良県での自動の顔及び身振り認識に関する第3回国際会議の議事録における、G.J.エドワーズ,C.J.テーラー,及びT.F.クーツの「能動的な外観モデルを使用して顔画像を解釈する」でのように、外観の統計的モデルのパラメータを最適化するために使用される、一般的な技術である。「適応性のある能動的な外観モデル」(第14巻、第11号、1707頁−1721頁、2005年11月)でA.U.Batur及びM.H.ヘイズによって実証されたように、訓練画像から作られた勾配推定を使用する標準AAMアルゴリズムは、照射条件における重要な変化が存在する場合には、一般に画像に関して成功裡に適用することができない。これは、推定された勾配が、それが作られるデータセットの平均値の前後で特殊化するからである。
典型的な統計的モデルを構築するために、標準のエール顔データベースBは、続く例の中で使用され、引用される。このデータベースは、576の観察条件(9の姿勢×64の照射条件)の下で各々見られる10の被写体の5760の単一光源画像を含んでいる。このデータベース中の画像は、特設の照射装置を使用して捕らえられた。この装置は、64のコンピューターに制御されるストロボが装備される。特定の姿勢における被写体の64の画像は、約2秒でのカメラフレーム率(30フレーム/秒)で得られ、したがって、それらの64の(+1つの周囲の)画像のための頭部姿勢及び顔の表情にだけ小さな変化がある。当該獲得された画像は8ビット(グレースケール)であり、また、各画像のサイズは、640(幅)×480(高さ)である。
修正されたAAMベースの適合するスキームは、上述された、照明が増強された顔モデルに適応される。同一性と照明変化との間に明瞭な分離があるモデルを得ていることは、この特定のタイプのモデルで成功裡に適用することができたAAMベースのふさわしいスキームのデザインを促進する。
上に提案されたフィッティング技術の1つの弱点は、画像フレームの内部のモデルのより正確な初期化(すなわち顔の位置及びサイズ)についての要求である。ここで提案される現実的解決案は、第1に、P.A.ビオラ及びM.J.ジョーンズの「頑強なリアルタイム顔検出。」(コンピューター・ビジョンの国際ジャーナル、第57巻、第2号、137頁−154頁、2004年)に記述された顔検出器を使用することであり、そして次に、これらの顔局在化パラメータのその返された評価を、顔モデルと共に使用される特定参照形状の重心及びサイズの中心に合わせる。例えば、計算上の学習理論に関するヨーロッパ会議、1995年、23頁−37頁でのY.フロインド及びR.E.Schapireによる「オンライン学習の決定理論的な一般化及びブースティングへの適用」に記述されたAdaBoostアルゴリズムに基づいた、ビオラ−ジョーンズ顔検出器は、このようにして第1に適用され、顔の中心及びサイズを評価する。画像フレームの内部の統計的モデルの初期化ステップは、トレーニングセットから学習された統計関係を使用して、顔検出器で調整される。顔位置及びサイズ(長方形領域)のための顔検出器評価と、画像フレームの内部の参照形状の位置及びサイズの統計関係は、1連の訓練する画像から最初に(オフライン)学習される。この関係は、その後、使用された顔検出アルゴリズムで調整されて、参照形状のためにより正確な初期化を得るために使用される。さらに、適合したアルゴリズムの収束を保証するために、実在する値に対して合理的に接近している初期化を有することが重要である。
(グレースケール・データベースから生成された)指向性照明サブモデルの顕著な適用可能性は、色付きの顔モデルに有効にそれを組み入れることができる、ということである。当該正当化は、理論上、指向性(白)照明変化が、このようにグレースケール上で扱うことができた問題である、色画像の強度構成要素の変化を生み出すということである。しかし、色の画像で働いている場合、指向性照明変化は、クロミナンス成分への通常より少ない有意な効果ではあるが、強度構成要素だけではなく、生産物同様の状態で影響することが、実際にはわかる。それにもかかわらず、グレースケール用に上に記述した、主に同じ技術に基づいて設計された色顔モデルは、色テクスチャベクトルを代わりに使用して、標準AAMに基づいた等価物に関する区分化精度の点から、著しい利点を提示することが証明される。
treal=t unif+PHIgbg_opt (9)
インカメラ及び外部画像処理アプリケーションは、さらなる実施の形態で、ここに提供される特徴部分(features)と結合することができる。画像処理の実施の形態では、上述されたような線形テクスチャ又はAAMモデルの、あるいは他のところの特徴部分は、画像から不必要な周期的なノイズ成分を正確に除去するプログラムと結合することで、増強される(米国特許公開第2006/0257047号明細書を参照されたい)。再構成ユニットは、周期的なノイズ成分なしで人間の顔を表わす複数のサンプル画像を使用して、AAMの方法に従って生成された数学モデルと、顔探知装置によって画像中に検知された顔領域と、の適合により、周期的なノイズ成分のない再生像を生成することができる。周期的なノイズ成分は、顔領域と再生像との間の差異によって抽出されることができ、また、ノイズ成分の頻度が決定されることができる。当該決定された頻度のノイズ成分は、その後、画像から除去されることができる。
Claims (15)
- デジタル画像中で捕らえられた場面内の顔の特徴を決定する方法であって、
(a)各々が指向性照明変化とは無関係に獲得された、異なる個々の顔を含む複数の画像から、各顔に対して中間の形状ベクトル(s)、中間のテクスチャベクトル(t)、及び第1のテクスチャベクトル(b t )を含む第1のモデルを作り、
(b)各々が種々の指向性照明で獲得された画像の各セットから、前記画像に対する前記中間の形状ベクトル(s)及び各々の第2のテクスチャベクトル(g)を含む第2のモデルを作り、
(c)前記第1のモデルによって広げられた部分空間に前記第2のテクスチャベクトル(g)を投影して、前記画像のセットの各画像に対してフィルタリングされたテクスチャベクトル(g filt )を提供し、
(d)前記第2のテクスチャベクトル(g)から前記フィルタリングされたテクスチャベクトル(g filt )を減算して、前記画像のセットの各画像に対して残余のテクスチャベクトル(g res )を提供し、
(e)前記残余のテクスチャベクトル(g res )の平均値に基づいた前記画像のセットに対して、各画像に対するテクスチャベクトル(b g )を含み前記第1のモデルに直交する第2のモデルを作り、
(f)各画像に対して前記第1及び第2のテクスチャベクトル(b t ,b g )を結合させて、結合されたテクスチャモデル(t fused )を提供し、
(g)場面内に顔を含むデジタル画像を獲得し、
(h)場面における顔の初期位置を決定し、
(i)前記結合されたモデルを前記初期位置に適用して前記顔に対する前記結合されたモデルの適合に基づく能動的な外観を得て、
(j)前記場面における前記顔への結合されたモデルの得られた適合に基づいて、当該顔の少なくとも1つの特徴を決定し;そして、
(k)当該決定された特徴を含む補正された顔画像を、電子的に格納し、送信し、顔認識プログラムの適用により編集し、表示し、或いはこれらにつき組み合わせること
を含む方法。 - モデル構成要素として固有ベクトルを含み、前記テクスチャの値は前記固有ベクトルの固有値を含む請求項1記載の方法。
- 前記少なくとも1つの決定された特徴は、指向性照明に依存しない特徴部分(feature)を含む請求項1記載の方法。
- さらに、訓練データ集合に基づき且つ周期的なノイズ成分の無い1セットのモデル構成要素を含むオブジェクトのクラスを含んだ第2の線形テクスチャモデルへの、顔の第2の適合を得ることを含み、前記獲得されたデジタル画像から再生像を周期的なノイズ成分無しで生成することを含む請求項1記載の方法。
- (i)顔と再構築された画像との間の差異を決定することを含む周期的なノイズ成分を抽出し、
(ii)ノイズ成分の頻度を決定し、そして、
(iii)該決定された頻度の周期的なノイズ成分を除去すること
をさらに含む請求項4記載の方法。 - さらに、顔と、訓練データ集合に基づき且つ露光量変化についての依存性を示す1セットのモデル構成要素を含むオブジェクトのクラスを含んだ第2の線形テクスチャモデルと、の適合を得ることを含み、前記獲得されたデジタル画像の顔に対する露光量を決定することを含む、請求項1記載の方法。
- さらに、影によって引き起こされたバックグラウンド領域又は密度コントラスト或いは両方の影響を弱めることを含むことを含める、請求項6記載の方法。
- さらに、参照テーブルを参照することでフラッシュ制御条件を得て当該フラッシュ制御条件に従って閃光放射を制御することを含み、獲得される前記デジタル画像に正確に照明条件を反映するようにフラッシュを制御することを含む、請求項1記載の方法。
- さらに、影又は黒圧縮、または白圧縮あるいはこれらの組み合わせによって引き起こされた濃淡の効果を減少させることを含む、請求項8記載の方法。
- さらに、前記獲得されたデジタル画像の鮮鋭度値を調節又は決定すること或いはこの両方を含み、以下を含む:
(i)訓練データ集合に基づいて構築され、鮮鋭度変化についての依存性を示すモデル構成要素の部分集合を含むオブジェクトのクラスを含む第2の線形テクスチャモデルを適用し、
(ii)前記第2の線形テクスチャモデルの一又は複数のモデル構成要素の一又は複数の個々の値を調節することを含み、場面における前記顔への前記第2のモデルの適合を得て、;そして、
(e)場面中の前記顔への前記第2のモデルの得られた適合に基づいて、第2の線形テクスチャモデルの一又は複数のモデル構成要素の一又は複数の値を変更することを含み、顔の鮮鋭度を調節して、さらに調節された物体モデルを生成する
請求項1記載の方法。 - さらに、前記獲得されたデジタル画像の顔から汚点を除去することを含み、以下を含む:
(i) 訓練データ集合に基づいて構築され、そのような汚点を含んでいないモデル構成要素の部分集合を含むオブジェクトのクラスを含んだ第2の線形テクスチャモデルを適用し;
(ii)前記第2の線形テクスチャモデルの一又は複数のモデル構成要素の一又は複数の個々の値を調節することを含み、場面中の前記顔への前記第2のモデルの適合を得て;そして、
(e)場面中の前記顔への第2のモデルの得られた適合に基づき、第2の線形テクスチャモデルの一又は複数のモデル構成要素の一又は複数の値を変更することを含み、顔から汚点を除去して、さらに調節された物体モデルを生成する
請求項1記載の方法。 - 前記汚点は、にきび汚点または他の皮膚汚点、または写真の人為結果を含む請求項11記載の方法。
- さらに、前記獲得されたデジタル画像の粒状性値を調節又は決定或いはこの両方を行うことを含み、以下を含む:
(i)訓練データ集合に基づいて構築され、粒状性変化についての依存性を示すモデル構成要素の部分集合を含むオブジェクトのクラスを含んでいる第2の線形テクスチャモデルを適用し、
(ii)前記第2の線形テクスチャモデルの一又は複数のモデル構成要素の一又は複数の個々の値を調節することを含み、場面における前記顔への前記第2のモデルの適合を得て;そして
(e)場面中の前記顔への第2のモデルの得られた適合に基づき、第2の線形テクスチャモデルの一又は複数のモデル構成要素の一又は複数の値を変更することを含み、顔の粒状性を調節して、さらに調節された物体モデルを生成する
請求項1記載の方法。 - さらに、前記獲得されたデジタル画像の解像度値を変換すること、調節すること、または決定すること、或いはこれらの組み合わせを含み、以下を含む:
(i)訓練データ集合に基づいて構築され、前記顔としてほぼ同じ解像度を示すモデル構成要素の部分集合を含むオブジェクトのクラスを含んだ第2の線形テクスチャモデルを適用し、
(ii)前記第2の線形テクスチャモデルの一又は複数のモデル構成要素の一又は複数の個々の値を調節することを含み、場面における前記顔への前記第2のモデルの適合を得て;そして、
(e)場面中の前記顔への第2のモデルの得られた適合に基づいて、前記第2の線形テクスチャモデルの一又は複数のモデル構成要素の一又は複数の値を変更することを含み、顔の解像度を変換して、さらに調節された物体モデルを生成する
請求項1記載の方法。 - デジタル画像を獲得するための光電子工学システムと、
請求項1乃至14のいずれか記載の方法に従って、デジタル画像中で捕らえられた場面内の顔の特徴を決定する方法を遂行するようにプロセッサーをプログラミングするための、プロセッサー判読可能なコードを格納したデジタル記憶部と、
を含むデジタル画像獲得装置。
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JP2010520521A (ja) | 2010-06-10 |
ATE472140T1 (de) | 2010-07-15 |
US20130182920A1 (en) | 2013-07-18 |
WO2008104549A2 (en) | 2008-09-04 |
US8224039B2 (en) | 2012-07-17 |
US20080205712A1 (en) | 2008-08-28 |
US20130182149A1 (en) | 2013-07-18 |
US20130182148A1 (en) | 2013-07-18 |
US20090003661A1 (en) | 2009-01-01 |
US8582896B2 (en) | 2013-11-12 |
EP2115662B1 (en) | 2010-06-23 |
DE602008001607D1 (de) | 2010-08-05 |
US8509561B2 (en) | 2013-08-13 |
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