JP5048495B2 - 炭化水素油の脱硫方法 - Google Patents
炭化水素油の脱硫方法 Download PDFInfo
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- JP5048495B2 JP5048495B2 JP2007529216A JP2007529216A JP5048495B2 JP 5048495 B2 JP5048495 B2 JP 5048495B2 JP 2007529216 A JP2007529216 A JP 2007529216A JP 2007529216 A JP2007529216 A JP 2007529216A JP 5048495 B2 JP5048495 B2 JP 5048495B2
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- JP
- Japan
- Prior art keywords
- desulfurization
- agent
- desulfurizing agent
- dibenzothiophenes
- activated carbon
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
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- 238000006477 desulfuration reaction Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 137
- 230000023556 desulfurization Effects 0.000 title claims abstract description 137
- 150000002430 hydrocarbons Chemical class 0.000 title claims abstract description 66
- 229930195733 hydrocarbon Natural products 0.000 title claims abstract description 62
- 239000004215 Carbon black (E152) Substances 0.000 title claims abstract description 60
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 55
- 239000003795 chemical substances by application Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 182
- 230000003009 desulfurizing effect Effects 0.000 claims abstract description 100
- IYYZUPMFVPLQIF-UHFFFAOYSA-N dibenzothiophene Chemical class C1=CC=C2C3=CC=CC=C3SC2=C1 IYYZUPMFVPLQIF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 70
- 239000000446 fuel Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 68
- 239000003350 kerosene Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 66
- FCEHBMOGCRZNNI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1-benzothiophene Chemical class C1=CC=C2SC=CC2=C1 FCEHBMOGCRZNNI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 60
- 229910052717 sulfur Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 39
- 239000011593 sulfur Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 37
- NINIDFKCEFEMDL-UHFFFAOYSA-N Sulfur Chemical compound [S] NINIDFKCEFEMDL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 36
- 239000007787 solid Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 11
- OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon Chemical compound [C] OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 114
- 239000003921 oil Substances 0.000 claims description 69
- 150000003464 sulfur compounds Chemical class 0.000 claims description 61
- 239000011973 solid acid Substances 0.000 claims description 60
- MCMNRKCIXSYSNV-UHFFFAOYSA-N Zirconium dioxide Chemical compound O=[Zr]=O MCMNRKCIXSYSNV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 32
- 239000011148 porous material Substances 0.000 claims description 30
- 229910052751 metal Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 29
- 239000002184 metal Substances 0.000 claims description 29
- PXHVJJICTQNCMI-UHFFFAOYSA-N Nickel Chemical compound [Ni] PXHVJJICTQNCMI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 28
- PNEYBMLMFCGWSK-UHFFFAOYSA-N aluminium oxide Inorganic materials [O-2].[O-2].[O-2].[Al+3].[Al+3] PNEYBMLMFCGWSK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 24
- QAOWNCQODCNURD-UHFFFAOYSA-L sulfate group Chemical group S(=O)(=O)([O-])[O-] QAOWNCQODCNURD-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 claims description 21
- 238000003860 storage Methods 0.000 claims description 17
- 239000003575 carbonaceous material Substances 0.000 claims description 15
- 229910052759 nickel Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 14
- UQSXHKLRYXJYBZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Iron oxide Chemical compound [Fe]=O UQSXHKLRYXJYBZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 11
- XOLBLPGZBRYERU-UHFFFAOYSA-N tin dioxide Chemical compound O=[Sn]=O XOLBLPGZBRYERU-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 8
- QPLDLSVMHZLSFG-UHFFFAOYSA-N Copper oxide Chemical group [Cu]=O QPLDLSVMHZLSFG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 7
- 239000005751 Copper oxide Substances 0.000 claims description 7
- 229910000431 copper oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 7
- 239000003930 superacid Substances 0.000 claims description 7
- 229910001887 tin oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 7
- PBYZMCDFOULPGH-UHFFFAOYSA-N tungstate Chemical compound [O-][W]([O-])(=O)=O PBYZMCDFOULPGH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 7
- ATJFFYVFTNAWJD-UHFFFAOYSA-N Tin Chemical compound [Sn] ATJFFYVFTNAWJD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- 238000012423 maintenance Methods 0.000 abstract description 4
- 230000002035 prolonged effect Effects 0.000 abstract 1
- 238000001179 sorption measurement Methods 0.000 description 41
- 239000010457 zeolite Substances 0.000 description 25
- HNPSIPDUKPIQMN-UHFFFAOYSA-N dioxosilane;oxo(oxoalumanyloxy)alumane Chemical compound O=[Si]=O.O=[Al]O[Al]=O HNPSIPDUKPIQMN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 24
- 229910021536 Zeolite Inorganic materials 0.000 description 23
- -1 alkyl dibenzothiophenes Chemical class 0.000 description 20
- IJGRMHOSHXDMSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N Atomic nitrogen Chemical compound N#N IJGRMHOSHXDMSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 16
- 125000000623 heterocyclic group Chemical group 0.000 description 14
- 238000006243 chemical reaction Methods 0.000 description 13
- 238000004821 distillation Methods 0.000 description 13
- 239000003054 catalyst Substances 0.000 description 12
- 150000003568 thioethers Chemical class 0.000 description 12
- 239000007789 gas Substances 0.000 description 11
- YTPLMLYBLZKORZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Thiophene Chemical group C=1C=CSC=1 YTPLMLYBLZKORZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 10
- 239000003463 adsorbent Substances 0.000 description 10
- 125000000217 alkyl group Chemical group 0.000 description 10
- QGJOPFRUJISHPQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon disulfide Chemical compound S=C=S QGJOPFRUJISHPQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 9
- 150000001768 cations Chemical class 0.000 description 9
- 239000011734 sodium Substances 0.000 description 9
- RYGMFSIKBFXOCR-UHFFFAOYSA-N Copper Chemical compound [Cu] RYGMFSIKBFXOCR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 8
- VYPSYNLAJGMNEJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Silicium dioxide Chemical compound O=[Si]=O VYPSYNLAJGMNEJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 8
- 239000002253 acid Substances 0.000 description 8
- 229910052802 copper Inorganic materials 0.000 description 8
- 239000010949 copper Substances 0.000 description 8
- 239000001257 hydrogen Substances 0.000 description 8
- 229910052739 hydrogen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 8
- 229910052680 mordenite Inorganic materials 0.000 description 8
- 229910052757 nitrogen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 8
- 150000003254 radicals Chemical class 0.000 description 8
- 229930192474 thiophene Natural products 0.000 description 8
- 229910018072 Al 2 O 3 Inorganic materials 0.000 description 7
- UFHFLCQGNIYNRP-UHFFFAOYSA-N Hydrogen Chemical compound [H][H] UFHFLCQGNIYNRP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 7
- XEEYBQQBJWHFJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N Iron Chemical compound [Fe] XEEYBQQBJWHFJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 7
- 125000003118 aryl group Chemical group 0.000 description 7
- 238000010438 heat treatment Methods 0.000 description 7
- RWSOTUBLDIXVET-UHFFFAOYSA-N Dihydrogen sulfide Chemical class S RWSOTUBLDIXVET-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 6
- GWEVSGVZZGPLCZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Titan oxide Chemical compound O=[Ti]=O GWEVSGVZZGPLCZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 6
- 150000001875 compounds Chemical class 0.000 description 6
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 description 6
- 239000012013 faujasite Substances 0.000 description 6
- 125000005842 heteroatom Chemical group 0.000 description 6
- 125000001997 phenyl group Chemical group [H]C1=C([H])C([H])=C(*)C([H])=C1[H] 0.000 description 6
- 125000004434 sulfur atom Chemical group 0.000 description 6
- 150000003577 thiophenes Chemical class 0.000 description 6
- 229910004298 SiO 2 Inorganic materials 0.000 description 5
- 239000000047 product Substances 0.000 description 5
- DGAQECJNVWCQMB-PUAWFVPOSA-M Ilexoside XXIX Chemical compound C[C@@H]1CC[C@@]2(CC[C@@]3(C(=CC[C@H]4[C@]3(CC[C@@H]5[C@@]4(CC[C@@H](C5(C)C)OS(=O)(=O)[O-])C)C)[C@@H]2[C@]1(C)O)C)C(=O)O[C@H]6[C@@H]([C@H]([C@@H]([C@H](O6)CO)O)O)O.[Na+] DGAQECJNVWCQMB-PUAWFVPOSA-M 0.000 description 4
- KDLHZDBZIXYQEI-UHFFFAOYSA-N Palladium Chemical compound [Pd] KDLHZDBZIXYQEI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 239000002585 base Substances 0.000 description 4
- 239000011230 binding agent Substances 0.000 description 4
- 238000009835 boiling Methods 0.000 description 4
- 230000000052 comparative effect Effects 0.000 description 4
- 239000013078 crystal Substances 0.000 description 4
- 150000002019 disulfides Chemical class 0.000 description 4
- 239000008188 pellet Substances 0.000 description 4
- BASFCYQUMIYNBI-UHFFFAOYSA-N platinum Chemical compound [Pt] BASFCYQUMIYNBI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 230000009467 reduction Effects 0.000 description 4
- 239000000377 silicon dioxide Substances 0.000 description 4
- 229910052708 sodium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 4
- UHOVQNZJYSORNB-UHFFFAOYSA-N Benzene Chemical group C1=CC=CC=C1 UHOVQNZJYSORNB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- QMMFVYPAHWMCMS-UHFFFAOYSA-N Dimethyl sulfide Chemical compound CSC QMMFVYPAHWMCMS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- ZOKXTWBITQBERF-UHFFFAOYSA-N Molybdenum Chemical compound [Mo] ZOKXTWBITQBERF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- HCHKCACWOHOZIP-UHFFFAOYSA-N Zinc Chemical compound [Zn] HCHKCACWOHOZIP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 230000002378 acidificating effect Effects 0.000 description 3
- 238000004458 analytical method Methods 0.000 description 3
- QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N atomic oxygen Chemical compound [O] QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 230000007423 decrease Effects 0.000 description 3
- 238000011049 filling Methods 0.000 description 3
- 150000002391 heterocyclic compounds Chemical class 0.000 description 3
- 238000009616 inductively coupled plasma Methods 0.000 description 3
- 229910052742 iron Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 description 3
- QSHDDOUJBYECFT-UHFFFAOYSA-N mercury Chemical compound [Hg] QSHDDOUJBYECFT-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 229910052753 mercury Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- 229910052750 molybdenum Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- 239000011733 molybdenum Substances 0.000 description 3
- OFBQJSOFQDEBGM-UHFFFAOYSA-N n-pentane Natural products CCCCC OFBQJSOFQDEBGM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 239000001301 oxygen Substances 0.000 description 3
- 229910052760 oxygen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- 238000011002 quantification Methods 0.000 description 3
- 238000011144 upstream manufacturing Methods 0.000 description 3
- 229910052725 zinc Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- 239000011701 zinc Substances 0.000 description 3
- XMJGGBXHGFRPAS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1,2,3,4,6-pentamethyldibenzothiophene Chemical compound S1C2=C(C)C(C)=C(C)C(C)=C2C2=C1C(C)=CC=C2 XMJGGBXHGFRPAS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- IDAGNSMSGNFFLD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1,2,3,4-tetramethyldibenzothiophene Chemical compound C1=CC=C2C3=C(C)C(C)=C(C)C(C)=C3SC2=C1 IDAGNSMSGNFFLD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- OIOFXRJWSMUAPD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1,2,3-trimethyldibenzothiophene Chemical compound S1C2=CC=CC=C2C2=C1C=C(C)C(C)=C2C OIOFXRJWSMUAPD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- FOJGPFUFFHWGFQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1-(Methylthio)pentane Chemical compound CCCCCSC FOJGPFUFFHWGFQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- PMBXCGGQNSVESQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1-Hexanethiol Chemical compound CCCCCCS PMBXCGGQNSVESQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- ZRKMQKLGEQPLNS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1-Pentanethiol Chemical compound CCCCCS ZRKMQKLGEQPLNS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- ZDDDFDQTSXYYSE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1-ethylsulfanylpropane Chemical compound CCCSCC ZDDDFDQTSXYYSE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 238000004438 BET method Methods 0.000 description 2
- CETBSQOFQKLHHZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Diethyl disulfide Chemical compound CCSSCC CETBSQOFQKLHHZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- LSDPWZHWYPCBBB-UHFFFAOYSA-N Methanethiol Chemical compound SC LSDPWZHWYPCBBB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- VDJXDNLYBDHPHP-UHFFFAOYSA-N Methyl pentyl disulfide Chemical compound CCCCCSSC VDJXDNLYBDHPHP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- PUCHCUYBORIUSM-UHFFFAOYSA-N Methyl propyl disulfide Chemical compound CCCSSC PUCHCUYBORIUSM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- BQCADISMDOOEFD-UHFFFAOYSA-N Silver Chemical compound [Ag] BQCADISMDOOEFD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- QAOWNCQODCNURD-UHFFFAOYSA-N Sulfuric acid Chemical compound OS(O)(=O)=O QAOWNCQODCNURD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 150000001336 alkenes Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- 239000002168 alkylating agent Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229940100198 alkylating agent Drugs 0.000 description 2
- 229910052782 aluminium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 150000004945 aromatic hydrocarbons Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- WTEOIRVLGSZEPR-UHFFFAOYSA-N boron trifluoride Chemical compound FB(F)F WTEOIRVLGSZEPR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- WQAQPCDUOCURKW-UHFFFAOYSA-N butanethiol Chemical compound CCCCS WQAQPCDUOCURKW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 229910052793 cadmium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- BDOSMKKIYDKNTQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N cadmium atom Chemical compound [Cd] BDOSMKKIYDKNTQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
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- 229910052749 magnesium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
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- WPBNNNQJVZRUHP-UHFFFAOYSA-L manganese(2+);methyl n-[[2-(methoxycarbonylcarbamothioylamino)phenyl]carbamothioyl]carbamate;n-[2-(sulfidocarbothioylamino)ethyl]carbamodithioate Chemical compound [Mn+2].[S-]C(=S)NCCNC([S-])=S.COC(=O)NC(=S)NC1=CC=CC=C1NC(=S)NC(=O)OC WPBNNNQJVZRUHP-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 2
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- 125000003396 thiol group Chemical group [H]S* 0.000 description 2
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- 238000007655 standard test method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000004575 stone Substances 0.000 description 1
- 150000003460 sulfonic acids Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- YRGLXIVYESZPLQ-UHFFFAOYSA-I tantalum pentafluoride Chemical compound F[Ta](F)(F)(F)F YRGLXIVYESZPLQ-UHFFFAOYSA-I 0.000 description 1
- WMXCDAVJEZZYLT-UHFFFAOYSA-N tert-butylthiol Chemical compound CC(C)(C)S WMXCDAVJEZZYLT-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000012360 testing method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910052719 titanium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000010936 titanium Substances 0.000 description 1
- 231100000331 toxic Toxicity 0.000 description 1
- 230000002588 toxic effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229910000314 transition metal oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- ZNOKGRXACCSDPY-UHFFFAOYSA-N tungsten trioxide Chemical compound O=[W](=O)=O ZNOKGRXACCSDPY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000009834 vaporization Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000008016 vaporization Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000005406 washing Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910052726 zirconium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910001928 zirconium oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
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- C10G17/00—Refining of hydrocarbon oils in the absence of hydrogen, with acids, acid-forming compounds or acid-containing liquids, e.g. acid sludge
- C10G17/095—Refining of hydrocarbon oils in the absence of hydrogen, with acids, acid-forming compounds or acid-containing liquids, e.g. acid sludge with "solid acids", e.g. phosphoric acid deposited on a carrier
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- C10G53/00—Treatment of hydrocarbon oils, in the absence of hydrogen, by two or more refining processes
- C10G53/02—Treatment of hydrocarbon oils, in the absence of hydrogen, by two or more refining processes plural serial stages only
- C10G53/08—Treatment of hydrocarbon oils, in the absence of hydrogen, by two or more refining processes plural serial stages only including at least one sorption step
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- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
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- C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
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- C10G2300/00—Aspects relating to hydrocarbon processing covered by groups C10G1/00 - C10G99/00
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- C10G—CRACKING HYDROCARBON OILS; PRODUCTION OF LIQUID HYDROCARBON MIXTURES, e.g. BY DESTRUCTIVE HYDROGENATION, OLIGOMERISATION, POLYMERISATION; RECOVERY OF HYDROCARBON OILS FROM OIL-SHALE, OIL-SAND, OR GASES; REFINING MIXTURES MAINLY CONSISTING OF HYDROCARBONS; REFORMING OF NAPHTHA; MINERAL WAXES
- C10G2300/00—Aspects relating to hydrocarbon processing covered by groups C10G1/00 - C10G99/00
- C10G2300/20—Characteristics of the feedstock or the products
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- C10G2300/00—Aspects relating to hydrocarbon processing covered by groups C10G1/00 - C10G99/00
- C10G2300/40—Characteristics of the process deviating from typical ways of processing
- C10G2300/4068—Moveable devices or units, e.g. on trucks, barges
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Description
従って、還元処理や水素を必要とせず、また、加圧を必要としない常温から150℃程度までの温度で、ベンゾチオフェン類とジベンゾチオフェン類との両方の硫黄化合物を効率的に除去することができる脱硫剤及び脱硫方法が求められていた。
固体酸系脱硫剤と活性炭系脱硫剤とを組み合わせてベンゾチオフェン類やジベンゾチオフェン類を含む灯油などの炭化水素油を脱硫処理する炭化水素油の脱硫方法である。
また、硫黄分の除去は、好ましくは活性炭系脱硫剤の場合100℃以下の温度で、固体酸系脱硫剤の場合5〜150℃の温度で行われる。
また、前記固体酸系脱硫剤は、硫酸根ジルコニア、硫酸根アルミナ、硫酸根酸化すず、硫酸根酸化鉄、タングステン酸ジルコニア、及びタングステン酸酸化すずよりなる群から選ばれる少なくとも一つの固体超強酸であることが好ましい。
さらに、活性炭系脱硫剤は、比表面積が500m2/g以上であり、マイクロポア比表面積Smicro[m2/g]、マイクロポア外部細孔容積Vext[cm3/g]及びマイクロポア外部比表面積Sext[m2/g]が、次の式(1):
Smicro×2×Vext/Sext>3.0 ・・・ (1)
を満足する炭素材料を含むことが好ましい。
あるいは、移動タンク貯蔵所、サービスステーション、油槽所、及び製油所の少なくともいずれかにおいて、活性炭系脱硫剤によりジベンゾチオフェン類の全て又は一部を除去し、次いで燃料電池システムにおいて固体酸系脱硫剤によりベンゾチオフェン類の全て又は一部を除去してもよい。
さらに、本発明の脱硫方法は、燃料電池システム、移動タンク貯蔵所、サービスステーション、油槽所、および製油所の少なくともいずれかにおいて、固体酸系脱硫剤により炭化水素油中のベンゾチオフェン類およびジベンゾチオフェン類の全て又は一部を除去し、次いで活性炭系脱硫剤により残存するジベンゾチオフェン類の全て又は一部を除去することもできる。
また、本発明の脱硫方法は、脱硫後の炭化水素油の硫黄分が20ppb以下であることが好ましい。
炭化水素油は、ベンゾチオフェン類やジベンゾチオフェン類の他に、その他の微量硫黄化合物を含有する炭化水素油が、本発明の効果を得ることができる。このような炭化水素油としては、燃料電池の原燃料となり得る、ベンゾチオフェン類やジベンゾチオフェン類を含有する炭化水素油であればよく、代表的には灯油が挙げられ、灯油にナフサなどの軽質な炭化水素油が配合されたかたちのもの、灯油に軽油などの重質な炭化水素油が配合されたかたちのもの、市販の灯油よりも沸点範囲の狭いもの、市販の灯油から芳香族分などの特定成分を除去したものであってもよい。
一方、ジベンゾチオフェン類、特にアルキル基の多いアルキルジベンゾチオフェン類に対して、上記固体酸系脱硫剤は活性が低く、所望の脱硫性能を長期間維持することが困難である。このようなジベンゾチオフェン類に対しては、活性炭系脱硫剤を100℃以下の温度で使用することが効率的である。活性炭系脱硫剤はベンゾチオフェン類の除去性能は低いが、ジベンゾチオフェン類の除去性能は高い。また、その他の微量硫黄化合物については、上記固体酸系脱硫剤及び活性炭系脱硫剤で相当量除去することができるが、除去することが困難な硫黄化合物であっても、金属系脱硫剤により除去することが可能である。金属系脱硫剤を用いる場合、温度は100℃以上が好ましい。
燃料電池ユーザーが燃料電池専用の特別な灯油を購入することなく、灯油ストーブと同一の灯油を使用して燃料電池を運転することができるためには、すべての脱硫剤(2種類又は3種類の脱硫剤)を燃料電池システム内で使用することが好ましい。固体酸系脱硫剤及び金属系脱硫剤は加温した方が好ましいことから燃料電池のユニットの内部又は近傍に設置して燃料電池のユニットの排熱を利用することが好ましい。活性炭系脱硫剤は加熱が不要なので、燃料電池のユニットの内部又は近傍に設置する必要はなく、灯油タンクから燃料電池システムへの配管の途中に設置すれば良い。
硫黄分が0.5質量ppm以下である特殊灯油を使用することが必要な燃料電池システムにおいて、硫黄分が0.5質量ppmより大きい灯油ストーブで使用する灯油を使用したい場合でも、灯油タンクから燃料電池システムまでの間に本発明の脱硫システムを設置すれば良い。
特に、各家庭などに灯油を配送する移動タンク貯蔵所に脱硫器を装備した場合、当該脱硫器に灯油を通さなければ、従来同様に灯油ストーブで使用する灯油を同一移動タンク貯蔵所から供給することも可能である。本脱硫方法により、サービスステーションまでは灯油ストーブで使用する灯油を流通し、脱硫器を装備した小型移動タンク貯蔵所で灯油を脱硫することにより、脱硫が容易な灯油を必要な量だけ調製することが可能となる。
燃料電池用の特別な炭化水素油を油槽所や製油所などで製造する場合には、第一の脱硫剤あるいは第一の脱硫剤と第二の脱硫剤を油槽所や製油所などで使用することが好ましい。
固体酸系脱硫剤は、好ましくは、プロトンタイプのフォージャサイト型ゼオライト、プロトンタイプのモルデナイト及びプロトンタイプのβゼオライトの中から選ばれる少なくとも1種のゼオライトである。特には、これらのゼオライトは、シリカ/アルミナ比が小さい方が吸着サイトとなる酸量が多いことから、シリカ/アルミナ比が100mol/mol以下であることが好ましく、さらには30mol/mol以下である好ましい。
炭素材料として、比表面積は500m2/g以上が好ましく、2000m2/g以上がさらに好ましく、また、マイクロポア比表面積Smicro[m2/g]、マイクロポア外部細孔容積Vext[cm3/g]及びマイクロポア外部比表面積Sext[m2/g]が、次の式(1)を満足することが好ましい。
Smicro×2×Vext/Sext>3.0 ・・・ (1)
x/V/(1-x)=1/Vm/CB+(CB-1)x/Vm/CB ・・・ (2)
ここで、xは相対圧、Vは相対圧がxである時の吸着量、Vmは単分子層吸着量、そして、CBは定数(>0)である。すなわち、BET法では定数CBは正の値である必要があり、負となる場合は適当ではない。
定数CB<0となった場合には、Langmuir法で比表面積、細孔径、細孔容積などのパラメータを求める場合が多い。Langmuir法では、次式(3)に基づいて炭素材料の比表面積が求められる。
x/V=x/Vm+1/Vm/CL ・・・ (3)
ここで、xは相対圧、Vは相対圧がxである時の吸着量、Vm:単分子層吸着量、そして、CLは定数(>0)である。それゆえ、Langmuir法でも定数CLが負となる場合は適当ではない。
V=αt+β (t>tB) ・・・ (4)
Sext=α×103×D ・・・ (5)
Vmicro=β×D ・・・ (6)
Smicro=Sa-Sext ・・・ (7)
Vext=Va-Vmicro ・・・ (8)
ここで、α[cm3(STP)/g/nm]は吸着層の厚さtが領域tBよりも大きい領域におけるtプロットの直線の傾き、β[cm3(STP)/g]は吸着層の厚さtが領域tBよりも大きい領域におけるtプロットの直線の縦軸との切片、Dは密度変換係数(ガスとして窒素使用時は0.001547)[cm3liq/cm3(STP)]、Saは全比表面積[m2/g]、Vaは全細孔容積[cm3/g]である。ただし、Saは先に述べたBET法やLangmuir法などで求めた全比表面積である。Vaは、飽和蒸気圧に近い圧力における吸着ガス量を液体に換算した値と定義することが可能であり、例えば、相対圧0.95の時の吸着量[cm3(STP)/g]にDを掛けた値である。
特にジベンゾチオフェン類の除去が困難であることから、ジベンゾチオフェン類の除去を、製油所、油槽所、サービスステーション、移動タンク貯蔵所上などのスペースや用役を十分に確保可能な場所で、活性炭系脱硫剤を用いて最初に行うことが好ましい。活性炭系脱硫剤は、芳香族溶剤などで洗浄することにより再生が可能であることから、適宜再生を行うことがより好ましい。
ジベンゾチオフェン類を除去した炭化水素油は、固体酸系脱硫剤などで容易に硫黄分50質量ppb以下まで脱硫することが可能である。さらに、残存した硫黄化合物については、次いで金属系脱硫剤で除去することが好ましい。固体酸系脱硫剤で処理した後に金属系脱硫剤で処理することにより、大部分の硫黄化合物は固体酸系脱硫剤で除去されていることから、金属系脱硫剤は少量の使用で良い。固体酸系脱硫剤の量は、例えば1年間の燃料電池の運転に必要な炭化水素油を脱硫するのに十分な量とし、1年毎に交換すれば良い。
なお、硫黄分は燃料酸化-紫外蛍光法硫黄分析装置を用いて、硫黄化合物のタイプはガスクロマトグラフ-誘導結合プラズマ質量分析装置(Gas Chromatograph Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometer:GC-ICP-MS)を用いて分析した。
Claims (14)
- ベンゾチオフェン類とジベンゾチオフェン類を含む炭化水素油を、硫酸根ジルコニア、硫酸根アルミナ、硫酸根酸化すず、硫酸根酸化鉄、タングステン酸ジルコニア、及びタングステン酸酸化すずよりなる群から選ばれる固体超強酸である固体酸系脱硫剤と活性炭系脱硫剤とを組み合わせて脱硫処理することを特徴とする炭化水素油の脱硫方法。
- 活性炭系脱硫剤により炭化水素油中のジベンゾチオフェン類の全て又は一部を除去し、次いで固体酸系脱硫剤によりベンゾチオフェン類の全て又は一部を除去することを特徴とする請求項1の脱硫方法。
- 固体酸系脱硫剤により炭化水素油中のベンゾチオフェン類およびジベンゾチオフェン類の全て又は一部を除去し、次いで活性炭系脱硫剤により残存するジベンゾチオフェン類の全て又は一部を除去することを特徴とする請求項1の脱硫方法。
- 炭化水素油が灯油であることを特徴とする請求項1〜3のいずれかに記載の脱硫方法。
- 活性炭系脱硫剤による硫黄分の除去が100℃以下の温度で行われることを特徴とする請求項1〜4のいずれかに記載の脱硫方法。
- 固体酸系脱硫剤による硫黄分の除去が5〜150℃の温度で行われることを特徴とする請求項1〜5のいずれかに記載の脱硫方法。
- 活性炭系脱硫剤が、比表面積500m 2 /g以上で、マイクロポア比表面積Smicro[m 2 /g]、マイクロポア外部細孔容積Vext[cm 3 /g]及びマイクロポア外部比表面積Sext[m 2 /g]が、次式(1):
Smicro×2×Vext/Sext>3.0 ・・・ (1)
を満足する炭素材料を含むことを特徴とする請求項1〜6のいずれかに記載の脱硫方法。 - 固体酸系脱硫剤および活性炭系脱硫剤により灯油を脱硫した後、さらに金属系脱硫剤により残存微量硫黄化合物を除去することを特徴とする請求項1〜7のいずれかに記載の脱方法。
- 金属系脱硫剤による微量硫黄化合物の除去が10〜300℃の温度で行われることを特徴とする請求項8に記載の脱硫方法。
- 金属系脱硫剤が酸化銅系脱硫剤及び/又はニッケル系脱硫剤であることを特徴とする請求項8又は請求項9に記載の脱硫方法。
- 燃料電池システム、移動タンク貯蔵所、サービスステーション、油槽所、および製油所の少なくともいずれかにおいて、活性炭系脱硫剤によりジベンゾチオフェン類の全て又は一部を除去し、次いで固体酸系脱硫剤によりベンゾチオフェン類の全て又は一部を除去することを特徴とする請求項2に記載の脱硫方法。
- 移動タンク貯蔵所、サービスステーション、油槽所、及び製油所の少なくともいずれかにおいて、活性炭系脱硫剤によりジベンゾチオフェン類の全て又は一部を除去し、次いで燃料電池システムにおいて固体酸系脱硫剤によりベンゾチオフェン類の全て又は一部を除去することを特徴とする請求項2に記載の脱硫方法。
- 少なくとも燃料電池システム、移動タンク貯蔵所、サービスステーション、油槽所、および製油所のいずれかにおいて、固体酸系脱硫剤により炭化水素油中のベンゾチオフェン類およびジベンゾチオフェン類の全て又は一部を除去し、次いで活性炭系脱硫剤により残存するジベンゾチオフェン類の全て又は一部を除去することを特徴とする請求項3に記載の脱硫方法。
- 脱硫後の灯油の硫黄分が20ppb以下であることを特徴とする請求項1〜13のいずれかに記載の脱硫方法。
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