JP4481653B2 - 金属の装入材料を装入しつつ連続的なスチール製造をするための方法及び装置 - Google Patents
金属の装入材料を装入しつつ連続的なスチール製造をするための方法及び装置 Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- JP4481653B2 JP4481653B2 JP2003568106A JP2003568106A JP4481653B2 JP 4481653 B2 JP4481653 B2 JP 4481653B2 JP 2003568106 A JP2003568106 A JP 2003568106A JP 2003568106 A JP2003568106 A JP 2003568106A JP 4481653 B2 JP4481653 B2 JP 4481653B2
- Authority
- JP
- Japan
- Prior art keywords
- vessel
- gas
- reburning
- recombustion
- dissolution
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Expired - Lifetime
Links
Images
Classifications
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C21—METALLURGY OF IRON
- C21B—MANUFACTURE OF IRON OR STEEL
- C21B13/00—Making spongy iron or liquid steel, by direct processes
- C21B13/02—Making spongy iron or liquid steel, by direct processes in shaft furnaces
- C21B13/023—Making spongy iron or liquid steel, by direct processes in shaft furnaces wherein iron or steel is obtained in a molten state
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C21—METALLURGY OF IRON
- C21C—PROCESSING OF PIG-IRON, e.g. REFINING, MANUFACTURE OF WROUGHT-IRON OR STEEL; TREATMENT IN MOLTEN STATE OF FERROUS ALLOYS
- C21C5/00—Manufacture of carbon-steel, e.g. plain mild steel, medium carbon steel or cast steel or stainless steel
- C21C5/56—Manufacture of steel by other methods
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C21—METALLURGY OF IRON
- C21B—MANUFACTURE OF IRON OR STEEL
- C21B13/00—Making spongy iron or liquid steel, by direct processes
- C21B13/14—Multi-stage processes processes carried out in different vessels or furnaces
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C21—METALLURGY OF IRON
- C21C—PROCESSING OF PIG-IRON, e.g. REFINING, MANUFACTURE OF WROUGHT-IRON OR STEEL; TREATMENT IN MOLTEN STATE OF FERROUS ALLOYS
- C21C5/00—Manufacture of carbon-steel, e.g. plain mild steel, medium carbon steel or cast steel or stainless steel
- C21C5/56—Manufacture of steel by other methods
- C21C5/562—Manufacture of steel by other methods starting from scrap
- C21C5/565—Preheating of scrap
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C21—METALLURGY OF IRON
- C21C—PROCESSING OF PIG-IRON, e.g. REFINING, MANUFACTURE OF WROUGHT-IRON OR STEEL; TREATMENT IN MOLTEN STATE OF FERROUS ALLOYS
- C21C5/00—Manufacture of carbon-steel, e.g. plain mild steel, medium carbon steel or cast steel or stainless steel
- C21C5/56—Manufacture of steel by other methods
- C21C5/567—Manufacture of steel by other methods operating in a continuous way
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F27—FURNACES; KILNS; OVENS; RETORTS
- F27B—FURNACES, KILNS, OVENS OR RETORTS IN GENERAL; OPEN SINTERING OR LIKE APPARATUS
- F27B1/00—Shaft or like vertical or substantially vertical furnaces
- F27B1/02—Shaft or like vertical or substantially vertical furnaces with two or more shafts or chambers, e.g. multi-storey
- F27B1/025—Shaft or like vertical or substantially vertical furnaces with two or more shafts or chambers, e.g. multi-storey with fore-hearth
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F27—FURNACES; KILNS; OVENS; RETORTS
- F27B—FURNACES, KILNS, OVENS OR RETORTS IN GENERAL; OPEN SINTERING OR LIKE APPARATUS
- F27B3/00—Hearth-type furnaces, e.g. of reverberatory type; Electric arc furnaces ; Tank furnaces
- F27B3/06—Hearth-type furnaces, e.g. of reverberatory type; Electric arc furnaces ; Tank furnaces with movable working chambers or hearths, e.g. tiltable, oscillating or describing a composed movement
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F27—FURNACES; KILNS; OVENS; RETORTS
- F27B—FURNACES, KILNS, OVENS OR RETORTS IN GENERAL; OPEN SINTERING OR LIKE APPARATUS
- F27B3/00—Hearth-type furnaces, e.g. of reverberatory type; Electric arc furnaces ; Tank furnaces
- F27B3/08—Hearth-type furnaces, e.g. of reverberatory type; Electric arc furnaces ; Tank furnaces heated electrically, with or without any other source of heat
- F27B3/085—Arc furnaces
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F27—FURNACES; KILNS; OVENS; RETORTS
- F27D—DETAILS OR ACCESSORIES OF FURNACES, KILNS, OVENS OR RETORTS, IN SO FAR AS THEY ARE OF KINDS OCCURRING IN MORE THAN ONE KIND OF FURNACE
- F27D3/00—Charging; Discharging; Manipulation of charge
- F27D3/16—Introducing a fluid jet or current into the charge
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C21—METALLURGY OF IRON
- C21C—PROCESSING OF PIG-IRON, e.g. REFINING, MANUFACTURE OF WROUGHT-IRON OR STEEL; TREATMENT IN MOLTEN STATE OF FERROUS ALLOYS
- C21C5/00—Manufacture of carbon-steel, e.g. plain mild steel, medium carbon steel or cast steel or stainless steel
- C21C5/28—Manufacture of steel in the converter
- C21C5/30—Regulating or controlling the blowing
- C21C5/305—Afterburning
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F27—FURNACES; KILNS; OVENS; RETORTS
- F27B—FURNACES, KILNS, OVENS OR RETORTS IN GENERAL; OPEN SINTERING OR LIKE APPARATUS
- F27B1/00—Shaft or like vertical or substantially vertical furnaces
- F27B1/10—Details, accessories or equipment specially adapted for furnaces of these types
- F27B1/16—Arrangements of tuyeres
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F27—FURNACES; KILNS; OVENS; RETORTS
- F27B—FURNACES, KILNS, OVENS OR RETORTS IN GENERAL; OPEN SINTERING OR LIKE APPARATUS
- F27B3/00—Hearth-type furnaces, e.g. of reverberatory type; Electric arc furnaces ; Tank furnaces
- F27B3/10—Details, accessories or equipment, e.g. dust-collectors, specially adapted for hearth-type furnaces
- F27B3/19—Arrangements of devices for discharging
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F27—FURNACES; KILNS; OVENS; RETORTS
- F27D—DETAILS OR ACCESSORIES OF FURNACES, KILNS, OVENS OR RETORTS, IN SO FAR AS THEY ARE OF KINDS OCCURRING IN MORE THAN ONE KIND OF FURNACE
- F27D17/00—Arrangements for using waste heat; Arrangements for using, or disposing of, waste gases
- F27D17/10—Arrangements for using waste heat
- F27D17/102—Arrangements for using waste heat including pyrolising the waste gases
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F27—FURNACES; KILNS; OVENS; RETORTS
- F27D—DETAILS OR ACCESSORIES OF FURNACES, KILNS, OVENS OR RETORTS, IN SO FAR AS THEY ARE OF KINDS OCCURRING IN MORE THAN ONE KIND OF FURNACE
- F27D3/00—Charging; Discharging; Manipulation of charge
- F27D3/16—Introducing a fluid jet or current into the charge
- F27D2003/162—Introducing a fluid jet or current into the charge the fluid being an oxidant or a fuel
- F27D2003/163—Introducing a fluid jet or current into the charge the fluid being an oxidant or a fuel the fluid being an oxidant
- F27D2003/164—Oxygen
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F27—FURNACES; KILNS; OVENS; RETORTS
- F27D—DETAILS OR ACCESSORIES OF FURNACES, KILNS, OVENS OR RETORTS, IN SO FAR AS THEY ARE OF KINDS OCCURRING IN MORE THAN ONE KIND OF FURNACE
- F27D3/00—Charging; Discharging; Manipulation of charge
- F27D3/16—Introducing a fluid jet or current into the charge
- F27D2003/162—Introducing a fluid jet or current into the charge the fluid being an oxidant or a fuel
- F27D2003/165—Introducing a fluid jet or current into the charge the fluid being an oxidant or a fuel the fluid being a fuel
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F27—FURNACES; KILNS; OVENS; RETORTS
- F27D—DETAILS OR ACCESSORIES OF FURNACES, KILNS, OVENS OR RETORTS, IN SO FAR AS THEY ARE OF KINDS OCCURRING IN MORE THAN ONE KIND OF FURNACE
- F27D3/00—Charging; Discharging; Manipulation of charge
- F27D3/16—Introducing a fluid jet or current into the charge
- F27D2003/167—Introducing a fluid jet or current into the charge the fluid being a neutral gas
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F27—FURNACES; KILNS; OVENS; RETORTS
- F27D—DETAILS OR ACCESSORIES OF FURNACES, KILNS, OVENS OR RETORTS, IN SO FAR AS THEY ARE OF KINDS OCCURRING IN MORE THAN ONE KIND OF FURNACE
- F27D3/00—Charging; Discharging; Manipulation of charge
- F27D3/16—Introducing a fluid jet or current into the charge
- F27D2003/168—Introducing a fluid jet or current into the charge through a lance
- F27D2003/169—Construction of the lance, e.g. lances for injecting particles
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F27—FURNACES; KILNS; OVENS; RETORTS
- F27D—DETAILS OR ACCESSORIES OF FURNACES, KILNS, OVENS OR RETORTS, IN SO FAR AS THEY ARE OF KINDS OCCURRING IN MORE THAN ONE KIND OF FURNACE
- F27D19/00—Arrangements of controlling devices
- F27D2019/0006—Monitoring the characteristics (composition, quantities, temperature, pressure) of at least one of the gases of the kiln atmosphere and using it as a controlling value
- F27D2019/0012—Monitoring the composition of the atmosphere or of one of their components
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F27—FURNACES; KILNS; OVENS; RETORTS
- F27D—DETAILS OR ACCESSORIES OF FURNACES, KILNS, OVENS OR RETORTS, IN SO FAR AS THEY ARE OF KINDS OCCURRING IN MORE THAN ONE KIND OF FURNACE
- F27D99/00—Subject matter not provided for in other groups of this subclass
- F27D99/0001—Heating elements or systems
- F27D99/0006—Electric heating elements or system
- F27D2099/0021—Arc heating
- F27D2099/0023—DC arc heating
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F27—FURNACES; KILNS; OVENS; RETORTS
- F27D—DETAILS OR ACCESSORIES OF FURNACES, KILNS, OVENS OR RETORTS, IN SO FAR AS THEY ARE OF KINDS OCCURRING IN MORE THAN ONE KIND OF FURNACE
- F27D3/00—Charging; Discharging; Manipulation of charge
- F27D3/12—Travelling or movable supports or containers for the charge
- F27D3/123—Furnace cars
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F27—FURNACES; KILNS; OVENS; RETORTS
- F27M—INDEXING SCHEME RELATING TO ASPECTS OF THE CHARGES OR FURNACES, KILNS, OVENS OR RETORTS
- F27M2001/00—Composition, conformation or state of the charge
- F27M2001/10—Scrap material used as charge
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02P—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES IN THE PRODUCTION OR PROCESSING OF GOODS
- Y02P10/00—Technologies related to metal processing
- Y02P10/20—Recycling
Landscapes
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Materials Engineering (AREA)
- General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Manufacturing & Machinery (AREA)
- Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
- Metallurgy (AREA)
- Organic Chemistry (AREA)
- Environmental & Geological Engineering (AREA)
- Vertical, Hearth, Or Arc Furnaces (AREA)
- Furnace Details (AREA)
- Waste-Gas Treatment And Other Accessory Devices For Furnaces (AREA)
- Treatment Of Steel In Its Molten State (AREA)
- Refinement Of Pig-Iron, Manufacture Of Cast Iron, And Steel Manufacture Other Than In Revolving Furnaces (AREA)
- Carbon Steel Or Casting Steel Manufacturing (AREA)
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| DE10205660A DE10205660B4 (de) | 2002-02-12 | 2002-02-12 | Verfarhen und Vorrichtung zur kontinuierlichen Stahlherstellung unter Einsatz von metallischen Einsatzmaterial |
| PCT/EP2003/000123 WO2003068995A1 (de) | 2002-02-12 | 2003-01-09 | Verfahren und vorrichtung zur kontinuierlichen stahlherstellung unter einsatz von metallischen einsatzmaterialien |
Publications (3)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| JP2005517806A JP2005517806A (ja) | 2005-06-16 |
| JP2005517806A5 JP2005517806A5 (https=) | 2006-01-19 |
| JP4481653B2 true JP4481653B2 (ja) | 2010-06-16 |
Family
ID=27588547
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| JP2003568106A Expired - Lifetime JP4481653B2 (ja) | 2002-02-12 | 2003-01-09 | 金属の装入材料を装入しつつ連続的なスチール製造をするための方法及び装置 |
Country Status (12)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| US (2) | US7897100B2 (https=) |
| EP (1) | EP1481101B1 (https=) |
| JP (1) | JP4481653B2 (https=) |
| KR (1) | KR100950236B1 (https=) |
| CN (1) | CN1303224C (https=) |
| AT (1) | ATE439455T1 (https=) |
| AU (1) | AU2003208320A1 (https=) |
| DE (2) | DE10205660B4 (https=) |
| RU (1) | RU2301835C2 (https=) |
| TW (1) | TWI282819B (https=) |
| UA (1) | UA76588C2 (https=) |
| WO (1) | WO2003068995A1 (https=) |
Families Citing this family (14)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| DE10205660B4 (de) * | 2002-02-12 | 2010-11-25 | Sms Siemag Aktiengesellschaft | Verfarhen und Vorrichtung zur kontinuierlichen Stahlherstellung unter Einsatz von metallischen Einsatzmaterial |
| DE102004046728A1 (de) * | 2004-09-25 | 2006-04-06 | Sms Demag Ag | Verfahren und Einrichtung zum Herstellen von flüssigem Stahl |
| DE102004046727A1 (de) | 2004-09-25 | 2006-04-06 | Sms Demag Ag | Verfahren und Einrichtung zum Herstellen von flüssigem Stahl |
| DE102004058492A1 (de) * | 2004-12-04 | 2006-06-14 | Sms Demag Ag | Verfahren und Anlage zur Sekundärstahlerzeugung auf Schrottbasis |
| DE102005028158A1 (de) * | 2005-06-17 | 2006-12-28 | Sms Demag Ag | Verfahren und Schachtofen zur thermischen Behandlung von Reststoffen wie beispielsweise Schrott |
| DE102007016018A1 (de) * | 2007-04-03 | 2008-10-09 | Sms Demag Ag | Brenneranordnung |
| JP5574468B2 (ja) * | 2009-04-16 | 2014-08-20 | 株式会社木下製作所 | 鋳鉄の精錬方法及び精錬装置 |
| US20120107759A1 (en) * | 2010-10-27 | 2012-05-03 | Christopher Moran | Flameless impingement preheating furnace |
| AT510686B1 (de) * | 2011-02-23 | 2012-06-15 | Sgl Carbon Se | Verfahren zum aufarbeiten von verbrauchtem kohlenstoffhaltigen kathodenmaterial |
| CN102563858B (zh) * | 2012-01-13 | 2013-12-25 | 云南泛亚能源科技有限公司 | 低温余热发电用补燃装置 |
| RU2548871C2 (ru) * | 2012-08-28 | 2015-04-20 | Общество С Ограниченной Ответственностью Промышленная Компания "Технология Металлов" | Способ прямого получения металла из содержащих оксиды железа материалов (варианты) и устройство для его осуществления |
| AT513281B1 (de) * | 2013-02-19 | 2014-03-15 | Seirlehner Leopold Dipl Ing | Verfahren und eine Vorrichtung zur kontinuierlichen Erzeugung einer flüssigen Stahlschmelze aus Schrott |
| RU2760199C9 (ru) * | 2020-12-30 | 2021-12-21 | федеральное государственное бюджетное образовательное учреждение высшего образования "Национальный исследовательский университет "МЭИ" (ФГБОУ ВО "НИУ "МЭИ") | Агрегат непрерывного получения стали |
| CN116712935B (zh) * | 2023-08-08 | 2023-11-28 | 福建优力特材料科技有限公司 | 氧化亚氮制备用熔化锅双路预处理投料装置及投料方法 |
Family Cites Families (17)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| DE101952C (https=) * | ||||
| FR1335004A (fr) * | 1962-06-09 | 1963-08-16 | Snecma | Générateur de gaz à écoulement non homogène |
| DE1433431B2 (de) * | 1963-10-29 | 1971-12-16 | Fried Krupp GmbH, 4300 Essen | Schmelzofen zur herstellung von stahl und verfahren zum betrieb des ofens |
| JPS5143015B2 (https=) * | 1972-05-04 | 1976-11-19 | ||
| DE2325593C2 (de) * | 1973-05-19 | 1975-03-27 | Kloeckner-Werke Ag, 4100 Duisburg | Kontinuierliche Stahlerzeugung |
| US4120696A (en) * | 1973-05-19 | 1978-10-17 | Klockner-Werke Ag | Process for the production of steel |
| DE2342959B1 (de) * | 1973-08-25 | 1975-02-13 | Kloeckner Werke Ag | Vorrichtung zur kontinuierlichen Erzeugung von Stahl aus Erz |
| DE8437922U1 (de) * | 1984-12-22 | 1987-10-29 | Kortec AG, Zug | Vorrichtung zum Erhitzen von Chargiergut |
| ATE51033T1 (de) * | 1986-08-12 | 1990-03-15 | Voest Alpine Ind Anlagen | Huettenwerk sowie verfahren zum betrieb eines solchen huettenwerkes. |
| DE3735150A1 (de) * | 1987-10-16 | 1989-05-03 | Kortec Ag | Verfahren zum zufuehren von waermeenergie in eine metallschmelze |
| SE462630B (sv) * | 1988-03-16 | 1990-07-30 | Flaekt Ab | Foerfarande och anordning foer aatervinning av energi vid metallurgiska processer |
| US5286277A (en) * | 1992-05-26 | 1994-02-15 | Zaptech Corporation | Method for producing steel |
| US5885323A (en) * | 1997-04-25 | 1999-03-23 | Ltv Steel Company, Inc. | Foamy slag process using multi-circuit lance |
| DE19753184A1 (de) * | 1997-11-21 | 1999-06-10 | Mannesmann Ag | Schmelzofenanlage |
| DE19755890A1 (de) * | 1997-12-05 | 1999-06-17 | Mannesmann Ag | Beschickungseinrichtung für Schachtöfen |
| IT1310768B1 (it) * | 1999-09-06 | 2002-02-22 | Danieli Off Mecc | Forno per la riduzione diretta di ossidi di ferro |
| DE10205660B4 (de) * | 2002-02-12 | 2010-11-25 | Sms Siemag Aktiengesellschaft | Verfarhen und Vorrichtung zur kontinuierlichen Stahlherstellung unter Einsatz von metallischen Einsatzmaterial |
-
2002
- 2002-02-12 DE DE10205660A patent/DE10205660B4/de not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 2002-12-31 TW TW091137993A patent/TWI282819B/zh not_active IP Right Cessation
-
2003
- 2003-01-09 WO PCT/EP2003/000123 patent/WO2003068995A1/de not_active Ceased
- 2003-01-09 CN CNB038037912A patent/CN1303224C/zh not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 2003-01-09 JP JP2003568106A patent/JP4481653B2/ja not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 2003-01-09 KR KR1020047007504A patent/KR100950236B1/ko not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 2003-01-09 EP EP03706351A patent/EP1481101B1/de not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 2003-01-09 US US10/498,632 patent/US7897100B2/en active Active
- 2003-01-09 RU RU2004127233/02A patent/RU2301835C2/ru active
- 2003-01-09 AU AU2003208320A patent/AU2003208320A1/en not_active Abandoned
- 2003-01-09 DE DE50311806T patent/DE50311806D1/de not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 2003-01-09 AT AT03706351T patent/ATE439455T1/de active
- 2003-09-01 UA UA20040907420A patent/UA76588C2/uk unknown
-
2011
- 2011-02-11 US US13/025,856 patent/US8172922B2/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| KR100950236B1 (ko) | 2010-03-29 |
| ATE439455T1 (de) | 2009-08-15 |
| KR20040074987A (ko) | 2004-08-26 |
| US8172922B2 (en) | 2012-05-08 |
| RU2004127233A (ru) | 2005-05-10 |
| TW200303923A (en) | 2003-09-16 |
| JP2005517806A (ja) | 2005-06-16 |
| CN1633508A (zh) | 2005-06-29 |
| DE50311806D1 (de) | 2009-09-24 |
| DE10205660A1 (de) | 2003-08-14 |
| US7897100B2 (en) | 2011-03-01 |
| US20050155457A1 (en) | 2005-07-21 |
| EP1481101B1 (de) | 2009-08-12 |
| CN1303224C (zh) | 2007-03-07 |
| WO2003068995A1 (de) | 2003-08-21 |
| AU2003208320A1 (en) | 2003-09-04 |
| DE10205660B4 (de) | 2010-11-25 |
| TWI282819B (en) | 2007-06-21 |
| US20110126672A1 (en) | 2011-06-02 |
| EP1481101A1 (de) | 2004-12-01 |
| RU2301835C2 (ru) | 2007-06-27 |
| UA76588C2 (en) | 2006-08-15 |
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