JP2023536789A - リチウムイオン電池用炭素被覆シリコン粒子の製造方法 - Google Patents
リチウムイオン電池用炭素被覆シリコン粒子の製造方法 Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
Description
N型試料熱電対を含むカスケード制御を用いて、Carbolite GmbH製の1200℃の三ゾーン管状炉(TFZ12/65/550/E301)で炭化を行った。記載されている温度は、熱電対の部位での管状炉の内部温度を指す。いずれの場合も炭化される出発材料を石英ガラス(QCS GmbH)製の1個以上の燃焼ボートに秤量し、石英ガラス製の作業管に導入した。炭化に用いた構成及びプロセスパラメータをそれぞれの例で報告する。
炭化又は化学的気相成長後に得られたC被覆Si粉末から、ステンレス鋼篩上で水を用いたAS200基本篩分け機(Retsch GmbH)による湿式篩分けにより20μmを超える過大サイズ粒子を除いた。粉状生成物は、超音波処理(Hielscher UIS250V、振幅80%、サイクル:0.75、期間:30分)によりエタノール中に分散(固形分含有量20%)し、篩(20μm)を有する篩塔に適用した。篩分けは、無限時間の事前選択及び50~70%の振幅で、水流を通過させて行った。底部から流出したシリコン含有懸濁液を200nmナイロン膜で濾過し、フィルタ残渣を100℃、50~80mbarの真空乾燥オーブン中で恒量まで乾燥させた。
顕微鏡分析を、Zeiss Ultra55走査型電子顕微鏡及びエネルギー分散性INCA x-サイトx線分光計を用いて行った。分析前に、帯電現象を防止するために、Baltec SCD500スパッタ/炭素被覆ユニットで試料に炭素の蒸着を行った。
C含有率はLeco CS230分析器を用い決定し、Leco TCH-600分析器を用いてO及びN含有率を測定した。得られた炭素被覆シリコン粒子中の他の元素の定性的及び定量的決定をICP(誘導結合プラズマ)発光分析(Perkin Elmer製Optima 7300DV)により行った。これのために、試料をマイクロ波(Anton Paar製Microwave 3000)で酸分解(HF/HNO3)させた。ICP-OESの決定は、ISO11885「Water quality - Determination of selected elements by inductively-coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry(ICP-OES)(ISO11885:2007)、ドイツ語版EN ISO11885:2009」の指針に基づき、このISOは酸性水溶液(例えば、酸性化飲料水、排水、その他の水試料並びに土壌及び堆積物の王水抽出物)の分析に用いられる。
粒径分布は、Horiba LA950を用いた静的レーザー散乱によりISO13320に従って決定した。試料の調製にあたって、測定溶液中に粒子を分散させる際には、測定されるのが弱凝集体のサイズではなく、個々の粒子のサイズであることを確認するため、特別の注意を払わなければならない。ここで分析したC被覆Si粒子については、粒子をエタノール中に分散させた。測定に先立ち、LS24d5ソノトロードを備えたHielscher UIS250v実験室超音波装置において、必要ならば、分散液を250Wで4分間超音波処理した。
この決定は篩分析により行う。強凝集度は、エタノール中に分散させ、同時に超音波処理した後、特定の場合に分析を行う粒子組成物の体積加重粒径分布のd90値の2倍に相当するメッシュサイズを有する篩を通過しない粒子の割合に相当する。
材料の比表面積は、DIN ISO9277:2003-05に従ったBET法により、Sorptomatic 199090機器(Porotec)又はSA-9603MP機器(Horiba)を用いて窒素によるガス吸着により測定した。
C被覆Si粒子中のシリコンの液体媒体に対する利用性は、(元素分析から)既知のシリコン含有率の材料について、以下の試験方法を用いて決定した。0.5~0.6gのC被覆シリコンを、まず超音波処理によりNaOH(4M、H2O)とエタノールとの混合物(1:1体積)20mlで分散させた後、40℃で120分間撹拌した。粒子を200nmナイロン膜に通して濾過し、水で中性のpHまで洗浄し、次いで100℃/50~80mbarの乾燥オーブン中で乾燥させた。NaOH処理後のシリコン含有率を測定し、試験前のSi含有率と比較した。不浸透性(imperviosity)は、アルカリ処理後のパーセントで表される試料のSi含有率と未処理のC被覆粒子のパーセントで表されるSi含有率との比に相当する。
C被覆試料の比抵抗は、圧力チャンバ(ダイ半径6mm)及び油圧ユニット(Caver製、USA、モデル3851CE-9、S/N:130306)からなるKeithley 2602システムソースメーターID266404測定システムにおいて、制御された圧力下(60MPaまで)で決定した。
<粉砕によるシリコン粒子の製造>
流動床ジェットミル(Netzsch-Condux CGS16、粉砕ガスとして7bar、90m3/時の窒素を用いる)中で太陽光シリコンの製造から粗いSi砂粒を粉砕することにより、先行技術に従ってシリコン粉末を製造した。
粒径分布:単峰性、D10:2.19μm、D50:4.16μm、D90:6.78μm、(D90-D10)/D50=1.10、(D90-D10)=4.6μm。
強凝集度:0%。
比表面積(BET):2.662m2/g。
Si不浸透性:0%。
粉末導電率:2.15μS/cm。
<C前駆体としてのポリビニルピロリドン(PVP)及び酸化熱処理を用いて製造したC被覆シリコン粒子>
実施例1からの15.02gのシリコン粉末(D50=4.16μm)及び2.65gのポリビニルピロリドン(PVP、Mw=3600g/mol)をボールミルローラーベッド(Siemens/Groschopp)を用いて80rpmで3時間機械的に混合した。
加熱速度2℃/分、温度250℃、保持時間2時間。
加温速度5℃/分、温度1000℃、保持時間3時間、Ar流速200ml/分。
粒径分布:単峰性、D10:2.23μm、D50:4.79μm、D90:7.13μm、(D90-D10)/D50=1.02。
強凝集度:3.3%。
比表面積(BET):2.72m2/g。
Si不浸透性:約100%(不浸透)。
粉末導電率:12078.19μS/cm。
<C前駆体としてポリビニルピロリドン(PVP)を用いたが、不活性熱処理を用いて製造したC被覆シリコン粒子>
実施例1からの15.00gのシリコン粉末(D50=4.16μm)及び2.65gのポリビニルピロリドン(PVP、Mw=3600g/mol)をボールミルローラーベッド(Siemens/Groschopp)を用いて80rpmで3時間機械的に混合した。
初期加熱速度2℃/分、温度250℃、保持時間2時間、Ar流速200ml/分、続いて直ちに加熱速度5℃/分、温度1000℃、保持時間3時間、Ar流速200ml/分を続けた。
粒径分布:単峰性、D10:2.45μm、D50:4.60μm、D90:7.19μm、(D90-D10)/D50=1.03。
強凝集度:2.8%。
比表面積(BET):2.42m2/g。
Si不浸透性:約100%(不浸透)。
粉末導電率:11298.83μS/cm。
<C前駆体としてのピッチ及び酸化性熱処理を用いて作製したC被覆シリコン粒子>
実施例1からの47.60gのシリコン粉末(D50=4.16μm)及び0.96gのピッチ(Petromasse ZL250M)をボールミルローラーベッド(Siemens/Groschopp)を用いて80rpmで3時間機械的に混合した。
加熱速度2℃/分、温度350℃、保持時間2時間。
加温速度5℃/分、温度1000℃、保持時間3時間、Ar流速200ml/分。
粒径分布:単峰性、D10:3.51μm、D50:5.43μm、D90:8.57μm、(D90-D10)/D50=0.93。
強凝集度:1.7%。
比表面積(BET):1.4m2/g。
Si不浸透性:約100%(不浸透)。
粉末導電率:21006.14μS/cm。
<C前駆体としてのポリアクリロニトリル(PAN)及び酸化性熱処理を用いて作製したC被覆シリコン粒子>
実施例1からの54.00gのシリコン粉末(D50=4.16μm)及び10.80gのポリアクリロニトリル(PAN)をボールミルローラーベッド(Siemens/Groschopp)を用いて80rpmで3時間機械的に混合した。
加熱速度2℃/分、温度250℃、保持時間2時間。
加温速度5℃/分、温度1000℃、保持時間3時間、Ar流速200ml/分。
元素組成:Si≧97重量%;C0.8重量%;H<0.01重量%;N0.2重量%;O0.69重量%。
強凝集度:2.3%。
比表面積(BET):1.3m2/g。
Si不浸透性:約100%(不浸透)。
粉末導電率:14752.73μS/cm。
<実施例2からのC被覆シリコン粒子を含むアノード及びリチウムイオン電池での電気化学的試験>
ポリアクリル酸29.71g(85℃で恒量まで乾燥、Sigma-Aldrich、Mw約450000g/mol)及び脱イオン水756.60gをシェーカー(290L/分)によりポリアクリル酸が完全に溶解するまで2.5時間撹拌した。水酸化リチウム一水和物(Sigma-Aldrich)を、pHが7.0になるまで少しずつ溶液に加えた(WTW pH 340i pHメーター及びSenTix RJDプローブを用いて測定)。その後、この溶液をさらに4時間シェーカーにより混合した。
<比較例3からのC被覆シリコン粒子を含むアノード及びリチウムイオン電池での電気化学的試験>
実施例6で前述したようにリチウムイオン電池を作製し、試験したが、比較例3からの炭素被覆シリコン粒子を用いた点が異なっていた。
<比較例4からのC被覆シリコン粒子を含むアノード及びリチウムイオン電池での電気化学的試験>
実施例6で前述したようにチウムイオン電池を作製し、試験したが、比較例4からの炭素被覆シリコン粒子を用いた点が異なっていた。
<比較例5からのC被覆シリコン粒子を含むアノード及びリチウムイオン電池での電気化学的試験>
実施例6で前述したようにリチウムイオン電池を作製し、試験したが、比較例5からの炭素被覆シリコン粒子を用いた点が異なっていた。
Claims (14)
- シリコン粒子と、1個以上の酸素原子及び窒素、硫黄、リンからなる群から選択される1個以上のヘテロ原子を含む1種以上の高分子炭素前駆体とを含む乾燥混合物を、酸化性雰囲気中で200~400℃の温度で処理し(熱処理)、次いでこれを不活性雰囲気中で炭化することにより、1~15μmの平均粒径d50を有し、いずれも炭素被覆シリコン粒子の総重量に基づいて10重量%以下の炭素及び90重量%以上のシリコンを含有する非強凝集炭素被覆シリコン粒子を製造する方法。
- 前記1種以上の高分子炭素前駆体が、アミド、ラクタム、イミド、カルバメート、ウレタン、硫酸塩、硫酸エステル、亜硫酸塩、亜硫酸エステル、スルホン酸、スルホン酸エステル、チオエステル、リン酸、リン酸エステル、リン酸アミド、ホスホン酸、ホスホン酸エステル、及びホスホン酸アミドを含む群から選択される1つ以上の官能基を含むことを特徴とする、請求項1に記載の非強凝集炭素被覆シリコン粒子を製造する方法。
- 前記1種以上の高分子炭素前駆体が、ポリビニルラクタム、ポリアミド、ポリイミド、ポリウレタン、ポリペプチド、タンパク質、及びビニルピロリドンを含む群から選択されることを特徴とする、請求項1又は2に記載の非強凝集炭素被覆シリコン粒子を製造する方法。
- 前記高分子炭素前駆体が、200~2000000g/molの分子量Mwを有することを特徴とする、請求項1~3のいずれか一項に記載の非強凝集炭素被覆シリコン粒子を製造する方法。
- 前記乾燥混合物が、前記高分子炭素前駆体を、前記乾燥混合物の総重量に基づいて1重量%~80重量%の程度で含有することを特徴とする、請求項1~4のいずれか一項に記載の非強凝集炭素被覆シリコン粒子を製造する方法。
- 前記酸化性雰囲気が、酸素、二酸化炭素、酸化窒素、二酸化硫黄、オゾン、過酸化物、及び水蒸気を含む群から選択される1種以上の酸化性ガスを含むことを特徴とする、請求項1~5のいずれか一項に記載の非強凝集炭素被覆シリコン粒子を製造する方法。
- 前記酸化性雰囲気が空気を含むことを特徴とする、請求項1~6のいずれか一項に記載の非強凝集炭素被覆シリコン粒子を製造する方法。
- 前記シリコン粒子が、1~15μm未満の直径パーセンタイルd50を有する体積加重粒径分布を有することを特徴とする、請求項1~7のいずれか一項に記載の非強凝集炭素被覆シリコン粒子を製造する方法。
- 前記炭化が400超~1400℃の温度で行われることを特徴とする、請求項1~8のいずれか一項に記載の非強凝集炭素被覆シリコン粒子を製造する方法。
- 前記炭素被覆シリコン粒子が、40%以下の強凝集度(篩分析による定量)を有することを特徴とする、請求項1~9のいずれか一項に記載の非強凝集炭素被覆シリコン粒子を製造する方法。
- 前記炭素被覆シリコン粒子の炭素皮膜が、1~100nmの範囲内の平均層厚を有することを特徴とする、請求項1~10のいずれか一項に記載の非強凝集炭素被覆シリコン粒子を製造する方法。
- 前記炭素被覆シリコン粒子の体積荷重粒径分布d50と前記炭素被覆シリコン粒子を製造するための出発材料として用いた前記シリコン粒子の体積荷重粒径分布d50との間の相違が5μm以下であることを特徴とする、請求項1~11のいずれか一項に記載の非凝集炭素被覆シリコン粒子を製造する方法。
- 平均粒子径d50が1~15μmで、いずれの場合も請求項1~12のいずれか一項に記載の方法によって得られる炭素被覆シリコン粒子の総重量に基づいて、10重量%以下の炭素及び90重量%以上のシリコンを含有する、非凝集炭素被覆シリコン粒子。
- 請求項1~12のいずれか一項に記載の方法によって得られた炭素被覆シリコン粒子をアノード用のアノード活物質として用いるリチウムイオン電池を製造する方法。
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