JP2023529489A - 正極活物質およびこれを含むリチウム二次電池 - Google Patents
正極活物質およびこれを含むリチウム二次電池 Download PDFInfo
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- JP2023529489A JP2023529489A JP2022576486A JP2022576486A JP2023529489A JP 2023529489 A JP2023529489 A JP 2023529489A JP 2022576486 A JP2022576486 A JP 2022576486A JP 2022576486 A JP2022576486 A JP 2022576486A JP 2023529489 A JP2023529489 A JP 2023529489A
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- composite oxide
- lithium composite
- lithium
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- 239000003273 ketjen black Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000005453 ketone based solvent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052745 lead Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910002102 lithium manganese oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- QEXMICRJPVUPSN-UHFFFAOYSA-N lithium manganese(2+) oxygen(2-) Chemical class [O-2].[Mn+2].[Li+] QEXMICRJPVUPSN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910000686 lithium vanadium oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- ACFSQHQYDZIPRL-UHFFFAOYSA-N lithium;bis(1,1,2,2,2-pentafluoroethylsulfonyl)azanide Chemical compound [Li+].FC(F)(F)C(F)(F)S(=O)(=O)[N-]S(=O)(=O)C(F)(F)C(F)(F)F ACFSQHQYDZIPRL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 230000014759 maintenance of location Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000002844 melting Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000002931 mesocarbon microbead Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000011302 mesophase pitch Substances 0.000 description 1
- 150000002739 metals Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 230000005012 migration Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000013508 migration Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000012046 mixed solvent Substances 0.000 description 1
- PYLWMHQQBFSUBP-UHFFFAOYSA-N monofluorobenzene Chemical compound FC1=CC=CC=C1 PYLWMHQQBFSUBP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910017604 nitric acid Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 150000002825 nitriles Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 150000005181 nitrobenzenes Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 239000005486 organic electrolyte Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000001590 oxidative effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000003208 petroleum Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000011301 petroleum pitch Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000011295 pitch Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229920002239 polyacrylonitrile Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920000139 polyethylene terephthalate Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000005020 polyethylene terephthalate Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229920000098 polyolefin Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 230000008569 process Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000000047 product Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229920001384 propylene homopolymer Polymers 0.000 description 1
- UMJSCPRVCHMLSP-UHFFFAOYSA-N pyridine Natural products COC1=CC=CN=C1 UMJSCPRVCHMLSP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000002296 pyrolytic carbon Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000001008 quinone-imine dye Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000005096 rolling process Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000002153 silicon-carbon composite material Substances 0.000 description 1
- HKZLPVFGJNLROG-UHFFFAOYSA-M silver monochloride Chemical compound [Cl-].[Ag+] HKZLPVFGJNLROG-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
- 239000002356 single layer Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910021384 soft carbon Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000006104 solid solution Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910001220 stainless steel Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000010935 stainless steel Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000003756 stirring Methods 0.000 description 1
- HXJUTPCZVOIRIF-UHFFFAOYSA-N sulfolane Chemical class O=S1(=O)CCCC1 HXJUTPCZVOIRIF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910052717 sulfur Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000011593 sulfur Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000008961 swelling Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000003786 synthesis reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000002194 synthesizing effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- TXEYQDLBPFQVAA-UHFFFAOYSA-N tetrafluoromethane Chemical compound FC(F)(F)F TXEYQDLBPFQVAA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- YLQBMQCUIZJEEH-UHFFFAOYSA-N tetrahydrofuran Natural products C=1C=COC=1 YLQBMQCUIZJEEH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000002411 thermogravimetry Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000002733 tin-carbon composite material Substances 0.000 description 1
- BDZBKCUKTQZUTL-UHFFFAOYSA-N triethyl phosphite Chemical compound CCOP(OCC)OCC BDZBKCUKTQZUTL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910001935 vanadium oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 238000004457 water analysis Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000005303 weighing Methods 0.000 description 1
- 235000015041 whisky Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- PAPBSGBWRJIAAV-UHFFFAOYSA-N ε-Caprolactone Chemical compound O=C1CCCCCO1 PAPBSGBWRJIAAV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
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Abstract
Description
LiwNi1-(x+y+z+z′)CoxByM1zM2z′O2
r<(19,153×x1)+x2
y1≦r≦y1+(y2×(1-y3)×18,429)
本発明の一態様によれば、リチウムのインターカレーションおよびデインターカレーションが可能なリチウム複合酸化物である一次粒子が複数個凝集した二次粒子を含む正極活物質が提供される。
LiwNi1-(x+y+z+z′)CoxByM1zM2z′O2
LiaBbOc
0≦a≦8、0<b≦8、2≦c≦13である)
すなわち、前記ボロン含有酸化物は、borate系化合物またはLBO(lithium borate)系化合物であり、前記borate系化合物またはLBO(lithium borate)系化合物の非制限的な例としては、B2O3、Li2O-B2O3、Li3BO3、Li2B4O7、Li2B2O7、Li2B8O13などがある。
r<(19,153×x1)+x2
x1は、水洗前の前記リチウム複合酸化物中ボロンの含有量(mol%)であり、
x2は、水洗前の前記リチウム複合酸化物に対して前記中和滴定法によってHCl投入量に対するpH値を微分して示した微分グラフにおいて最小のx軸値に現れる第1ピークのx軸値に対応するHCl消耗量から換算したLiOHの量(ppm)であり、
rは、水洗後の前記リチウム複合酸化物に対するLiOHの溶出量(ppm)である)
Li3BO3+H2O→LiOH+H3BO3
y1≦r≦y1+(y2×(1-y3)×18,429)
y1は、水洗後の前記リチウム複合酸化物に対して前記中和滴定法によってHCl投入量に対するpH値を微分して示した微分グラフにおいて最小のx軸値に対応するHCl消耗量から換算したLiOHの量(ppm)であり、
y2は、水洗前の前記リチウム複合酸化物中ボロンの含有量(mol%)であり、
y3は、水洗前後に前記リチウム複合酸化物中ボロンの含有量の変化率であり、0超過0.90以下の値を有し、
rは、水洗後の前記リチウム複合酸化物に対するLiOHの溶出量(ppm)である)
LidM3eOf
M3は、Ni、Mn、Co、Fe、Cu、Nb、Mo、Ti、Al、Cr、Zr、Zn、Na、K、Ca、Mg、Pt、Au、P、Eu、Sm、W、Ce、V、Ba、Ta、Sn、Hf、Ce、GdおよびNdから選ばれる少なくとも1つであり、
0≦d≦8、0<e≦8、2≦f≦13である)
本発明の他の態様によれば、正極集電体と、前記正極集電体上に形成された正極活物質層とを含む正極を提供することができる。ここで、前記正極活物質層は、正極活物質として上述した本発明の様々な実施例によるリチウム複合酸化物を含んでもよい。
したがって、リチウム複合酸化物に関する具体的な説明を省略し、以下では、残りの前述しない構成のみについて説明する。また、以下では、便宜上、上述したリチウム複合酸化物を正極活物質と称することとする。
実施例1
共沈法(co-precipitation method)によって球状のNi0.80Co0.12Mn0.08(OH)2水酸化物前駆体を合成した。具体的には、90L級の反応器で硫酸ニッケル、硫酸コバルトおよび硫酸マンガンを80:12:8のモル比で混合した1.5Mの複合遷移金属硫酸水溶液に25wt%のNaOHと30wt%のNH4OHを投入した。反応器内のpHは、11.5を維持させ、この際の反応器の温度は、60℃に維持し、不活性ガスであるN2を反応器に投入して、製造された前駆体が酸化しないようにした。合成撹拌の完了後、Filter press(F/P)装備を通じてろ過し、Ni0.80Co0.12Mn0.08(OH)2水酸化物前駆体(ニッケル複合前駆体)を得た。
・一次水洗
まず、前記リチウム複合酸化物と蒸留水を1:1の重量比となるように混合した後、25℃で30分間撹拌して、混合物を製造した。次に、前記混合物を前駆体合成時に使用した前記複合遷移金属硫酸水溶液に投入すると同時に、NaOHおよびNH4OHを投入して、30分間撹拌した。
一次水洗が完了した後、前記リチウム複合酸化物の全重量と同じ重量の蒸留水を使用して前記リチウム複合酸化物を水洗した後、F/P装備を通じてろ過した後、乾燥させて、最終的に正極活物質を得た。
H3BO3を前記ニッケル複合前駆体に対して0.5mol%となるように混合したことを除いて、実施例1と同様に正極活物質を製造した。
H3BO3を前記ニッケル複合前駆体に対して2.0mol%となるように混合したことを除いて、実施例1と同様に正極活物質を製造した。
二次水洗時、前記リチウム複合酸化物の全重量に対して2倍の重量の蒸留水を使用して前記リチウム複合酸化物を水洗したことを除いて、前記実施例1と同様に正極活物質を製造した。
二次水洗時、前記リチウム複合酸化物の全重量に対して0.5倍の重量の蒸留水を使用して前記リチウム複合酸化物を水洗したことを除いて、前記実施例1と同様に正極活物質を製造した。
水洗後に乾燥した前記リチウム複合酸化物に前記リチウム複合酸化物に対して0.15mol%のAl2O3および0.3mol%のTiO2を混合した後、焼成炉でO2雰囲気を維持しつつ、680℃まで毎分2℃昇温して8時間さらに熱処理したことを除いて、前記実施例1と同様に正極活物質を製造した。
H3BO3を混合しない前記ニッケル複合前駆体および前記リチウム化合物の混合物に対する熱処理結果として得られた前記リチウム複合酸化物を水洗しないことを除いて、実施例1と同様に正極活物質を製造した。
前記ニッケル複合前駆体の熱処理前にH3BO3を混合しないことを除いて、実施例1と同様に正極活物質を製造した。
前記ニッケル複合前駆体、前記リチウム化合物およびH3BO3の混合物に対する熱処理結果として得られた前記リチウム複合酸化物を水洗しないことを除いて、実施例1と同様に正極活物質を製造した。
二次水洗時、前記リチウム複合酸化物の全重量に対して3倍の重量の蒸留水を使用して前記リチウム複合酸化物を水洗したことを除いて、前記実施例1と同様に正極活物質を製造した。
二次水洗時、前記リチウム複合酸化物の全重量に対して0.2倍の重量の蒸留水を使用して前記リチウム複合酸化物を水洗したことを除いて、前記実施例1と同様に正極活物質を製造した。
製造例1によって製造された正極活物質それぞれ92wt%、人造黒鉛4wt%、PVDFバインダー4wt%をN-メチル-2ピロリドン(NMP)30gに分散させて正極スラリーを製造した。前記正極スラリーを厚さ15μmのアルミニウム薄膜に均一に塗布し、135℃で真空乾燥して、リチウム二次電池用正極を製造した。
(1)水洗前後のリチウム複合酸化物中ボロンの含有量の測定
水洗前後のリチウム複合酸化物中ボロン(B)の含有量を測定するために、前記正極活物質に対するICP分析を行った。
水洗前後のリチウム複合酸化物中、リチウム含有不純物(LiOH)の含有量を測定するために、pH滴定分析を行った。
r<(19,153×x1)+x2
y1≦r≦y1+(y2×(1-y3)×18,429)
製造例2で製造されたリチウム二次電池(コインセル)に対して電気化学分析装置(Toyo、Toscat-3100)を用いて25℃、電圧範囲3.0V~4.3V、0.1Cの放電率を適用して充放電実験を実施して、充電および放電容量を測定した
(1)正極活物質の熱的安定性の評価
製造例1によって製造された正極活物質の熱的安定性を評価するために、熱重量分析装置(TA Instruments、Q20)を用いて常圧のAr雰囲気下で25℃から350℃まで10℃/minの昇温速度で重量損失を測定した。この際、それぞれの正極活物質で重量損失(熱分解)ピークが現れる開始温度(On-set Temp)を下記の表5に示した。
製造例2によって製造されたリチウム二次電池を定電流0.2Cで4.25Vまで充電した後、60℃で14日間保管して、リチウム二次電池内ガス発生に起因するリチウム二次電池の体積変化を測定した。体積変化の測定結果は、下記の表6に示した。
Claims (12)
- 少なくともLi、NiおよびBを含む一次粒子および前記一次粒子が凝集した二次粒子を含むリチウム複合酸化物で構成された正極活物質であって、
前記二次粒子の表面のうち少なくとも一部にボロン含有酸化物を含むコーティング層が存在し、
前記二次粒子の表面から前記コーティング層のうち少なくとも一部が除去された、正極活物質。 - 前記一次粒子は、下記の化学式1で表される、請求項1に記載の正極活物質。
[化学式1]
LiwNi1-(x+y+z+z′)CoxByM1zM2z′O2
(ここで、
M1は、MnおよびAlから選ばれる少なくとも1つであり、
M2は、Mn、Ba、Ce、Hf、Ta、Cr、F、Mg、Al、Cr、V、Ti、Fe、Zr、Zn、Si、Y、Nb、Ga、Sn、Mo、W、P、Sr、Ge、Nd、GdおよびCuから選ばれる少なくとも1つであり、
M1とM2は、互いに異なる元素であり、
0.5≦w≦1.5、0≦x≦0.50、0<y≦0.20、0≦z≦0.20、0≦z′≦0.20である) - 前記コーティング層は、下記の化学式2で表される少なくとも1つのボロン含有酸化物を含む、請求項1に記載の正極活物質。
[化学式2]
LiaBbOc
(ここで、
0≦a≦8、0<b≦8、2≦c≦13である) - 前記コーティング層は、下記の化学式3で表される少なくとも1つの金属酸化物をさらに含む、請求項1に記載の正極活物質。
[化学式3]
LidM3eOf
(ここで、
M3は、Ni、Mn、Co、Fe、Cu、Nb、Mo、Ti、Al、Cr、Zr、Zn、Na、K、Ca、Mg、Pt、Au、P、Eu、Sm、W、Ce、V、Ba、Ta、Sn、Hf、Ce、GdおよびNdから選ばれる少なくとも1つであり、
0≦d≦8、0<e≦8、2≦f≦13である) - 前記コーティング層は、前記リチウム複合酸化物の前駆体とボロン含有原料物質の混合物の熱処理によって形成された、請求項1に記載の正極活物質。
- 前記コーティング層は、前記リチウム複合酸化物に対する水洗を通じて前記二次粒子の表面から少なくとも一部が除去された、請求項1に記載の正極活物質。
- 前記リチウム複合酸化物に対する水洗後の前記リチウム複合酸化物中残留ボロンの含有量は、0.3mol%以下である、請求項6に記載の正極活物質。
- 前記正極活物質に対してHClを用いた中和滴定法によって測定されるLiOHの溶出量は、下記の式1を満たす、請求項1に記載の正極活物質。
[式1]
r<(19,153×x1)+x2
(ここで、
x1は、水洗前の前記リチウム複合酸化物中ボロンの含有量(mol%)であり、
x2は、水洗前の前記リチウム複合酸化物に対して前記中和滴定法によってHCl投入量に対するpH値を微分して示した微分グラフにおいて最小のx軸値に現れる第1ピークのx軸値に対応するHCl消耗量から換算したLiOHの量(ppm)であり、
rは、水洗後の前記リチウム複合酸化物に対するLiOHの溶出量(ppm)である) - 前記正極活物質に対してHClを用いた中和滴定法によって測定されるLiOHの溶出量は、下記の式2を満たす、請求項1に記載の正極活物質。
[式2]
y1≦r≦y1+(y2×(1-y3)×18,429)
(ここで、
y1は、水洗後の前記リチウム複合酸化物に対して前記中和滴定法によってHCl投入量に対するpH値を微分して示した微分グラフにおいて最小のx軸値に現れる第1ピークのx軸値に対応するHCl消耗量から換算したLiOHの量(ppm)であり、
y2は、水洗前の前記リチウム複合酸化物中ボロンの含有量(mol%)であり、
y3は、水洗前後に前記リチウム複合酸化物中ボロンの含有量の変化率であり、0超過0.90以下の値を有し、
rは、水洗後の前記リチウム複合酸化物に対するLiOHの溶出量(ppm)である) - 前記リチウム複合酸化物に対する水洗後の前記二次粒子内空隙率/水洗前の前記二次粒子内空隙率の比は、1.7以上である、請求項6に記載の正極活物質。
- 請求項1から10のいずれか一項に記載の正極活物質を含む正極。
- 請求項11に記載の正極を使用するリチウム二次電池。
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