JP2022530294A - 電解液及び電気化学装置 - Google Patents
電解液及び電気化学装置 Download PDFInfo
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- JP2022530294A JP2022530294A JP2021523465A JP2021523465A JP2022530294A JP 2022530294 A JP2022530294 A JP 2022530294A JP 2021523465 A JP2021523465 A JP 2021523465A JP 2021523465 A JP2021523465 A JP 2021523465A JP 2022530294 A JP2022530294 A JP 2022530294A
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- Prior art keywords
- positive electrode
- active material
- electrode active
- lithium
- compound represented
- Prior art date
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- 239000003792 electrolyte Substances 0.000 title description 12
- 150000001875 compounds Chemical class 0.000 claims abstract description 71
- 239000008151 electrolyte solution Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 58
- 239000007774 positive electrode material Substances 0.000 claims description 136
- 239000002245 particle Substances 0.000 claims description 90
- 239000000654 additive Substances 0.000 claims description 56
- 230000000996 additive effect Effects 0.000 claims description 49
- 229910052744 lithium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 30
- WHXSMMKQMYFTQS-UHFFFAOYSA-N Lithium Chemical compound [Li] WHXSMMKQMYFTQS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 24
- 229910018119 Li 3 PO 4 Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 22
- 229910013716 LiNi Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 16
- 230000006835 compression Effects 0.000 claims description 13
- 238000007906 compression Methods 0.000 claims description 13
- 229910052698 phosphorus Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 13
- OAICVXFJPJFONN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Phosphorus Chemical compound [P] OAICVXFJPJFONN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 12
- 239000011574 phosphorus Substances 0.000 claims description 12
- 125000003118 aryl group Chemical group 0.000 claims description 11
- 229910052736 halogen Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 11
- 150000002367 halogens Chemical class 0.000 claims description 11
- 125000003342 alkenyl group Chemical group 0.000 claims description 9
- 229910012258 LiPO Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 8
- 229910003473 lithium bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imide Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 6
- QSZMZKBZAYQGRS-UHFFFAOYSA-N lithium;bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)azanide Chemical compound [Li+].FC(F)(F)S(=O)(=O)[N-]S(=O)(=O)C(F)(F)F QSZMZKBZAYQGRS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 6
- VAYTZRYEBVHVLE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1,3-dioxol-2-one Chemical compound O=C1OC=CO1 VAYTZRYEBVHVLE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 5
- SBLRHMKNNHXPHG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 4-fluoro-1,3-dioxolan-2-one Chemical compound FC1COC(=O)O1 SBLRHMKNNHXPHG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 5
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- 229910052748 manganese Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 5
- IAHFWCOBPZCAEA-UHFFFAOYSA-N succinonitrile Chemical compound N#CCCC#N IAHFWCOBPZCAEA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 5
- 125000004209 (C1-C8) alkyl group Chemical group 0.000 claims description 4
- 229910010941 LiFSI Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 4
- 229910052742 iron Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 4
- VDVLPSWVDYJFRW-UHFFFAOYSA-N lithium;bis(fluorosulfonyl)azanide Chemical compound [Li+].FS(=O)(=O)[N-]S(F)(=O)=O VDVLPSWVDYJFRW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 4
- 238000006467 substitution reaction Methods 0.000 claims description 4
- 125000000008 (C1-C10) alkyl group Chemical group 0.000 claims description 3
- ALGVJKNIAOBBBJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 3-[2,3-bis(2-cyanoethoxy)propoxy]propanenitrile Chemical compound N#CCCOCC(OCCC#N)COCCC#N ALGVJKNIAOBBBJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- 125000004648 C2-C8 alkenyl group Chemical group 0.000 claims description 3
- 125000004649 C2-C8 alkynyl group Chemical group 0.000 claims description 3
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- VEWLDLAARDMXSB-UHFFFAOYSA-N ethenyl sulfate;hydron Chemical compound OS(=O)(=O)OC=C VEWLDLAARDMXSB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
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- XKLXIRVJABJBLQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N lithium;2-(trifluoromethyl)-1h-imidazole-4,5-dicarbonitrile Chemical compound [Li].FC(F)(F)C1=NC(C#N)=C(C#N)N1 XKLXIRVJABJBLQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- YZYKZHPNRDIPFA-UHFFFAOYSA-N tris(trimethylsilyl) borate Chemical compound C[Si](C)(C)OB(O[Si](C)(C)C)O[Si](C)(C)C YZYKZHPNRDIPFA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- QJMMCGKXBZVAEI-UHFFFAOYSA-N tris(trimethylsilyl) phosphate Chemical compound C[Si](C)(C)OP(=O)(O[Si](C)(C)C)O[Si](C)(C)C QJMMCGKXBZVAEI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- SXLDJBWDCDALLM-UHFFFAOYSA-N hexane-1,2,6-tricarbonitrile Chemical compound N#CCCCCC(C#N)CC#N SXLDJBWDCDALLM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- QBHSCXQMHIQUMU-UHFFFAOYSA-N OC(C(O)=O)=O.OC(C(O)=O)=O.OC(C(O)=O)=O.P.P Chemical compound OC(C(O)=O)=O.OC(C(O)=O)=O.OC(C(O)=O)=O.P.P QBHSCXQMHIQUMU-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims 1
- 239000002253 acid Substances 0.000 claims 1
- 238000003860 storage Methods 0.000 abstract description 22
- 239000000126 substance Substances 0.000 abstract description 6
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- AFCARXCZXQIEQB-UHFFFAOYSA-N N-[3-oxo-3-(2,4,6,7-tetrahydrotriazolo[4,5-c]pyridin-5-yl)propyl]-2-[[3-(trifluoromethoxy)phenyl]methylamino]pyrimidine-5-carboxamide Chemical compound O=C(CCNC(=O)C=1C=NC(=NC=1)NCC1=CC(=CC=C1)OC(F)(F)F)N1CC2=C(CC1)NN=N2 AFCARXCZXQIEQB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 12
- 229910003002 lithium salt Inorganic materials 0.000 description 12
- 159000000002 lithium salts Chemical class 0.000 description 12
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- 238000007086 side reaction Methods 0.000 description 11
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- KRKNYBCHXYNGOX-UHFFFAOYSA-N citric acid Chemical compound OC(=O)CC(O)(C(O)=O)CC(O)=O KRKNYBCHXYNGOX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 6
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- SMZOUWXMTYCWNB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-(2-methoxy-5-methylphenyl)ethanamine Chemical compound COC1=CC=C(C)C=C1CCN SMZOUWXMTYCWNB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
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Images
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Abstract
Description
前記電解液には式Iで示される化合物を含み、
前記正極活物質1gあたり、必要とされる前記式Iで示される化合物の量は約0.001~約0.064gである、電気化学装置を提供する。
本発明の電気化学装置は、電気化学反応を発生させるいずれかの装置を含み、その具体的な実例は、全ての種類の、一次電池、二次電池、燃料電池、太陽電池又はキャパシタを含む。特に、その電気化学装置は、リチウム金属二次電池、リチウムイオン二次電池、リチウム重合体二次電池又はリチウムイオン重合体二次電池を含むリチウム二次電池である。一部の実施例において、本発明の電気化学装置は、正極、負極、セパレータ及び電解液を含む。
一部の実施例において、正極は、集電体及びその集電体上に位置する正極活物質層を含み、前記正極活物質層は正極活物質を含む。
本発明の電気化学装置に使用される負極の材料、構成及びその製造方法は、先行技術に開示された任意の技術を含んでもよい。一部の実施例において、負極は米国特許出願US9812739Bに記載の負極であり、その全内容は援用により本発明に組み込まれる。
一部の実施例において、本発明の電気化学装置は、正極と負極との間に短絡を防ぐためのセパレータを備えている。本発明の電気化学装置に使用されるセパレータの材料及び形状は特に制限されず、先行技術に開示された任意の技術であってもよい。一部の実施例において、セパレータは、本発明の電解液に対して安定な材料で形成された重合体又は無機物等を含む。
本発明の一部の実施例における電気化学装置は、正極、負極、セパレータ及び電解液を含み、中には、前記正極は集電体及び正極活物質層を含み、前記正極活物質層は正極活物質を含み、
前記電解液は式Iで示される化合物を含み、
前記正極活物質1gあたり、必要とされる前記式Iで示される化合物の量は約0.001g~約0.064gである。
ここで、R31及びR32はそれぞれ独立して、置換又は無置換のC1-10アルキル基、又は、置換又は無置換のC2-8アルケニル基から選択され、置換とは、一つ又は複数のハロゲンに置換されたことであり、前記電解液の総重量に対して、前記式IIで示される化合物の含有量は約0.5重量%~約50重量%である。
本発明の電気化学装置の使用は、特に限定されず、例えば、ノートコンピューター、ペン入力型コンピューター、モバイルコンピューター、電子書籍プレーヤー、携帯電話、ポータブルファックス、ポータブルコピー機、ポータブルプリンター、ステレオヘッドセット、ビデオレコーダー、液晶テレビ、ポータブルクリーナー、ポータブルCDプレーヤー、ミニディスク、トランシーバー、電子ノートブック、電卓、メモリーカード、ポータブルレコーダー、ラジオ、バックアップ電源、モーター、自動車、オートバイ、補助自転車、自転車、照明器具、玩具、ゲーム機、時計、電動工具、フラッシュ、カメラ、家庭用大型蓄電池又はリチウムイオンキャパシター等の公知の様々な用途に使用されてもよい。
以下において、実施例及び比較例を挙げて本発明をさらに具体的に説明するが、その主旨から逸脱しない限り、本発明はそれらの実施例に限定されるものではない。
対比例1-1、対比例1-2、及び実施例1-1~実施例1-21におけるリチウムイオン電池の調製プロセスは以下の通りである。
負極活物質である人造黒鉛、増粘剤であるカルボキシメチルセルロースナトリウム(CMC)、バインダーであるスチレンブタジエンゴム(SBR)を重量比97:1:2で混合し、脱イオン水を添加し、真空ミキサーの作用下で負極スラリーが得られ、負極スラリーの固形分含有量は54重量%であった。負極スラリーを均一に負極集電体である銅箔の上に塗工し、塗工された銅箔を85℃で乾燥させ、そして、コールドプレスを経て、負極活物質層が得られた。さらに、カット、スリットをしてから、120℃、真空の条件下で12時間乾燥させ、負極が得られた。
液相混合方法でLi3PO4により変性された正極活物質を調製した。LiNi0.84Co0.13Mn0.06O2 99グラム、H3PO4 1グラムを超音波で無水エタノールに10分間分散させ、そして、磁力で60分間撹拌し、そして80℃のオイルバスに移し、エタノールが完全に揮発するまで撹拌し、Li3PO4により変性された三元系活物質が得られ、破砕及びメッシュで篩い分け、粒子径の異なる正極活物質が得られた。
乾燥のアルゴン雰囲気のグローブボックスで、エチレンカーボネート(EC)、プロピレンカーボネート(PC)、エチルメチルカーボネート(EMC)、ジエチルカーボネート(DEC)を質量比EC:PC:EMC:DEC=20:10:30:40で混合し、次に添加剤を入れ、溶解させて十分に撹拌した後にリチウム塩であるLiPF6を添加し、均一に混合し、電解液が得られた。中には、LiPF6の濃度は1.10mol/Lであった。電解液に使用された添加剤の具体的な種類及び含有量は表1に示された通りであった。表1において、添加剤の含有量は、変性された正極活物質1gあたり、必要とされるグラム重量で計算された。
厚さ9マイクロメートルのポリエチレン(PE)セパレータを選択し、ポリフッ化ビニリデン(PVDF)スラリー、Al2O3スラリーで塗工して、乾燥させた後に、最終のセパレータが得られた。
セパレータが正極と負極との間に介在して隔離の役割を果たすように、正極、セパレータ、負極を順に積層する。そして、巻取り、タブを溶接し、外装箔であるアルミニウムプラスチックフィルムに置き、上記で調製された電解液を注入し、真空パッケージング、放置し、フォーメーション、成形、容量測定等の工程を経て、ソフトパックリチウムイオン電池が得られた(厚さ3.3mm、幅39mm、長さ96mm)。
乾燥のアルゴン雰囲気のグローブボックスで、エチレンカーボネート(EC)、プロピレンカーボネート(PC)、エチルメチルカーボネート(EMC)、ジエチルカーボネート(DEC)及び化合物II-3を質量比EC:PC:EMC:DEC:化合物II-3=20:10:40:20:10で混合し、次に添加剤を入れ、溶解させて十分に撹拌した後にリチウム塩であるLiPF6を添加し、均一に混合し、電解液が得られた。中には、LiPF6の濃度は1.10mol/Lであった。電解液に使用された添加剤の具体的な種類及び含有量は表1に示された通りであった。表1において、添加剤の含有量は、変性された正極活物質1gあたり、必要とされるグラム重量であった。
乾燥のアルゴン雰囲気のグローブボックスで、エチレンカーボネート(EC)、プロピレンカーボネート(PC)、エチルメチルカーボネート(EMC)、ジエチルカーボネート(DEC)及び化合物II-3を質量比EC:PC:EMC:DEC:化合物II-3=20:10:20:20:30で混合し、次に添加剤を入れ、溶解させて十分に撹拌した後にリチウム塩であるLiPF6を添加し、均一に混合し、電解液を得た。中には、LiPF6の濃度は1.10mol/Lであった。電解液に使用された添加剤の具体的な種類及び含有量は表1に示された通りであった。表1において、添加剤の含有量は、変性された正極活物質1gあたり、必要とされるグラム重量であった。
乾燥のアルゴン雰囲気のグローブボックスで、エチレンカーボネート(EC)、プロピレンカーボネート(PC)、エチルメチルカーボネート(EMC)、ジエチルカーボネート(DEC)及び化合物II-2を質量比EC:PC:EMC:DEC:化合物II-2 =20:10:30:30:10で混合し、次に添加剤を入れ、溶解させて十分に撹拌した後にリチウム塩であるLiPF6を添加し、均一に混合し、電解液を得た。中には、LiPF6の濃度は1.10mol/Lであった。電解液に使用された添加剤の具体的な種類及び含有量は表1に示された通りであった。表1において、添加剤の含有量は正極活物質1gあたり、必要とされるグラム重量であった。
ゾルゲル法でLi3PO4により変性された正極活物質を調製した。正極材料(分子式LiNi0.84Co0.13Mn0.06O2)91.7グラムを、硝酸リチウム2グラム、クエン酸5.4グラム、リン酸0.9グラムを含むエタノール溶液に添加し、激しく撹拌し、正極材料とLi3PO4との質量比を99:1に確保した。そして80℃まで加熱し、溶媒が完全に揮発するまで撹拌し続け、最後に600℃の空気雰囲気で2時間仮焼し、Li3PO4により変性された正極活物質が得られた。
(1)粒子円形度
型番がDTP-550Aである円形度計で正極活物質粒子の円形度を測定した。
イオン研磨機(型番は日本電子-IB-09010CP)を使用し、正極集電体に垂直な方向に沿って正極をカットし、断面を得た。走査型電子顕微鏡で上記の断面を適切な倍率で観察し、後方散乱モードを使用して写真を撮り、Image Jソフトウェアの画像形状認識機能を使用し、円形度、粒子の断面積を読み取り、そして粒子A、粒子Aにおける破砕粒子、集電体を判別した。そして対応する面積を読み取った。正極シート断面の総面積をSとし、粒子Aの総面積(破砕粒子を含む)をS1とし、粒子Aにおける破砕粒子の総面積をS2とし、正極集電体の面積をS3とし、孔隙率をPとし、導電剤及びバインダーの面積比例を無視した。本発明において、粒子Aの円形度は0.4以上であり、一つの粒子Aの断面積は20平方マイクロメートル以上であった。
粒子Aにおける破砕粒子の総面積の比例=S2/S×100%;
破砕粒子の総面積が粒子Aの総面積に占める比例=S2/S1×100%;
粒子Bの総面積の比例=(S-S1-S3)/S×100%-P。
真密度テスターAccuPyc II 1340で測定し、各サンプルに対して少なくとも3回の測定を行い、少なくとも3つのデータを選択し、平均値を計算した。以下の式で正極の孔隙率Pを計算した。P=(V1-V2)/V1×100%、ここで、V1は見かけの体積であり、V1=サンプルの表面積×サンプルの厚さ×サンプルの数量;V2は真の体積である。
リチウムイオン電池が満放電された状態(即ち、カットオフ電圧2.8Vまで放電した状態)にし、電池を分解して正極を得、正極をDMCで洗浄し、真空乾燥させ、そして正極シートの方向に沿って切断し、正極活物質の界面をSEMで測定した。
(1)リチウムイオン電池のサイクル特性測定
リチウムイオン電池を45℃の恒温ボックスに入れ、30分間放置してリチウムイオン電池を恒温にした。恒温になったリチウムイオン電池を1Cの定電流にて、電圧が4.2Vになるまで充電し、そして4.2Vの定電圧にて、電流が0.05Cになるまで充電し、次に4Cの定電流にて、電圧が2.8Vになるまで放電し、それを一つの充放電サイクルとした。初回放電容量を100%とし、充放電サイクルを600回繰り返し、試験を停止し、サイクル容量維持率を記録し、それをリチウムイオン電池のサイクル特性を評価するための指標とした。
電池を1Cの定電流にて、4.2Vまで充電し、そして定電圧で電流が0.05Cになるまで充電した。サイクル後の満充電された電池を60℃の恒温ボックスに入れ、30日間貯蔵した後、貯蔵前後の厚さの変化を記録した。
対比例1-1における正極活物質(Li3PO4により変性されたLiNi0.84Co0.13Mn0.06O2)に対して、走査型電子顕微鏡測定を行い、結果を図1に示した。
Claims (16)
- 前記正極活物質層は第一粒子を含み、前記第一粒子の円形度は0.4~1であり、前記集電体に垂直な方向の前記正極の横断面積で計算すると、前記第一粒子の横断面積は20平方マイクロメートル以上であり、前記第一粒子の横断面積の合計の割合は5%~50%である、請求項1に記載の電気化学装置。
- 前記正極活物質層は第二粒子を含み、前記第二粒子の円形度は0.4未満であり、前記集電体に垂直な方向の前記正極の横断面積で計算すると、前記第二粒子の横断面積は前記第一粒子の横断面積より小さく、前記第二粒子の横断面積の合計の割合は5%~60%である、請求項3に記載の電気化学装置。
- 前記電解液は、さらに添加剤Aを含み、前記添加剤Aは、LiBF4、LiPO2F2、LiFSI、LiTFSI、リチウム4,5-ジシアノ-2-トリフルオロメチルイミダゾール、ジフルオロビス(オキサラト)リン酸リチウム、ジフルオロオキサラトホウ酸リチウム、又は、ビスオキサラトホウ酸リチウムの少なくとも一種を含む、請求項1~4のいずれか1項に記載の電気化学装置。
- 前記正極活物質1gあたり、0.000026g~0.019gの前記添加剤Aが必要とされる、請求項5に記載の電気化学装置。
- 前記電解液は、さらに添加剤Bを含み、前記添加剤Bは、ビニレンカーボネート、フルオロエチレンカーボネート、硫酸ビニル、トリス(トリメチルシリル)ホスフェート、トリス(トリメチルシリル)ボレート、アジポニトリル、スクシノニトリル、1,3,5-ペンタントリカルボニトリル、1,3,6-ヘキサントリカルボニトリル、1,2,6-ヘキサントリカルボニトリル、又は、1,2,3-トリス(2-シアノエトキシ)プロパンの少なくとも一種である、請求項1に記載の電気化学装置。
- 前記式Iで示される化合物と前記添加剤Bとの質量比は7:1~1:7である、請求項7に記載の電気化学装置。
- 前記正極活物質1gあたり、0.0001g~0.2gの前記添加剤Bが必要とされる、請求項7に記載の電気化学装置。
- 前記正極活物質層はリン含有化合物を含み、前記リン含有化合物はLi3PO4又はLiMPO4の少なくとも一種を含み、ここで、MはCo、Mn又はFeから選択される少なくとも一種である、請求項1に記載の電気化学装置。
- 前記正極活物質の表面又は粒界には、前記リン含有化合物が含まれる、請求項10に記載の電気化学装置。
- 前記正極活物質はLiNixCoyMnzO2を含み、ここで、0.55<x<0.92、0.03<y<0.2、0.04<z<0.3である、請求項1に記載の電気化学装置。
- 前記正極活物質層の圧縮密度は3.6g/cm3以下である、請求項1に記載の電気化学装置。
- 請求項1~15のいずれか1項に記載の電気化学装置を含む、電子装置。
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JP7311593B2 (ja) | 2023-07-19 |
WO2021189449A1 (zh) | 2021-09-30 |
US20220216515A1 (en) | 2022-07-07 |
KR20240035897A (ko) | 2024-03-18 |
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