JP2021518346A - 緩衝化マイクロカプセル化組成物および方法 - Google Patents
緩衝化マイクロカプセル化組成物および方法 Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
Description
現在実施されている治療戦略は、新しい骨量の成長を十分に刺激または増強する方法または組成物を使用しない。本発明は、局所部位での骨の石灰化または口腔中での直接的な歯の再石灰化を増加させるように機能する組成物、製品、および方法を提供し、したがって、生理学的塩、特にカルシウムおよびリン酸塩の生物学的利用能によって改善することができる任意の状態の結果としての、骨または組織量を増加させることが所望される非常に様々な状態の処置と組み合わせて利用し得る。
口腔中での組織分解に関して、歯科技術では、口の中で時間の経過とともに発生する特定の種類の歯の分解および虫歯は、口腔中での食物粒子に対する細菌および酵素の作用から生じる代謝物である酸供給源による歯エナメル質の酸腐食によって開始されることが一般に既知である。微生物、タンパク性、および炭水化物物質、上皮細胞、および食物の残骸の組織化構造からなる歯の表面上の軟かい蓄積物であるプラークは、歯および口腔の軟部組織の様々な病的状態の発症に寄与する要因であると一般に理解されている。プラークに関連する口腔の糖分解性生物は、代謝活性を介してプラークマトリックスの下の歯の脱石灰化または脱灰を引き起こし、これにより有機酸の蓄積および局所的な濃度が生じる。エナメル質の腐食および脱石灰化は、それらが虫歯の形成および口腔内の歯周病を引き起こすまで続き得る。
天然の再石灰化は常に口腔内で起こるが、活性レベルは、考察されたように、口中の状態によって異なる。再石灰化プロセス中にフッ化物を取り込むことは、虫歯予防の要となっている。特定の歯科修復材料を含む様々な送達プラットフォームからのフッ化物放出の有効性が広く実証されている。フッ化物の齲蝕予防は、歯のミネラルにフルオロアパタイトまたはフッ化物が豊富なヒドロキシアパタイトとして組み込まれ、それによって歯のエナメル質の溶解度が低下することに由来することが一般に認められている。より最近では、抗齲蝕活性が、溶液のカルシウムおよびリン酸塩濃度を口腔液中の周囲濃度を超えるレベルまで増加させる戦略を使用して実証されている。フッ化物が以前に脱石灰化したエナメル質の再石灰化に効果的であるためには、十分な量のカルシウムおよびリン酸イオンが利用可能でなければならない。フルオロアパタイト(Ca10(PO4)6F2)のセルを形成するには、フッ化物イオン2つごとに、カルシウムイオン10個およびリン酸イオン6個が必要である。したがって、正味のエナメル質の再石灰化の制限要因は、唾液中でのカルシウムおよびフッ化物の利用可能性である。
審美用の歯のホワイトニングまたは漂白は、一般の人々にとって非常に望ましくなっている。多くの人は「明るい」笑顔および白い歯を望み、くすんだ着色歯は美容的に魅力がないと考えている。残念ながら、予防または処置手段がなければ、歯科材料の吸収性のために、着色歯はほとんど避けられない。特定の飲食物(特にコーヒー、紅茶、および赤ワイン)を食べる、噛む、または飲むなどの日常的活動、および喫煙または他のタバコ製品の経口使用は、歯の表面の望ましくない着色を引き起こす。後天的なペリクルの外因性の着色は、タンニンなどの化合物およびポリフェノール化合物が歯の表面上のタンパク性層に閉じ込められてしっかりと結合する結果として生じる。この種類の着色は通常、歯の機械的洗浄方法によって取り除くことができる。対照的に、内在的な着色は、着色化合物がエナメル質およびさらには象牙質に浸透するか、または歯内の供給源から生じる場合に起こる。これらの材料に含まれる色原体または着色の原因物質は、ペリクル層の一部になり、エナメル層に浸透し得る。定期的な歯磨きおよびデンタルフロスを行っても、何年もの色原体の蓄積により、顕著な歯の変色が生じ得る。内因性の着色は、プラークに関連するものを含む微生物活動からも生じ得る。この種類の着色は、歯の機械的洗浄方法には適さず、化学的方法が必要である。
好ましい実施形態では、本発明の組成物は、緩衝化水溶液、薬剤、油溶性乳化剤、ならびに組み合わせて、かつ、混合または撹拌したときに、本発明のマイクロカプセルを形成する少なくとも1種類のポリマーを組み合わせることによって形成される。本明細書で使用する場合、「マイクロカプセル」という用語は、有用な特性を有する小さいカプセルを与えるためにコーティングによって囲まれた小さな粒子または液滴を含む。マイクロカプセルは、ミクロスフェアと称される場合もあるが、本発明のマイクロカプセルは、形状が球形である必要はない。マイクロカプセル内の材料は、本明細書では、同義語である「コア」および「内相」と称され、コアを囲む材料は、本明細書では、同義語である「シェル」、「壁」、「コーティング」、「膜」、および「外側相」と称される。本明細書でさらに説明するように、実質的にすべてのコアがポリマーシェルによって囲まれている限り、シェルをマイクロカプセルのコアの周囲に完全にまたは均一に配置する必要はない。
本発明のマイクロカプセル中の好ましい乳化剤は、乳化剤が油相に専ら分配され、表面活性ではないという点で、界面活性剤とは異なる。界面活性剤を含まない逆エマルジョンを使用するという概念の本質は、水滴が小さな液滴に分解され得、そのサイズおよびサイズ分布が入力エネルギーの形態および量に依存し、形成された液滴が、かなり鈍化した成長速度のために一時的に残るということである。界面活性剤を含まないエマルジョンは、溶媒抽出、乳化重合、および油と酢のドレッシング製造などの食品製造にしばしば適用されているが、緩衝化水性治療剤溶液系のマイクロカプセル化における使用のための基本的な特性にはほとんど注意が払われていない。乳化剤は、界面重合を妨げることなく液滴を立体的に安定化させる。
本発明のマイクロカプセルは、少なくとも1つのポリマーからなるシェルを含み、好ましくは、シェルは、緩衝化溶液中であるかどうかにかかわらず、特定の治療剤に対して半透過性である。本明細書で使用する場合、「ポリマー(polymer)」および「ポリマー(polymers)」という用語は、1,000〜50,000g/モル、より好ましくは、1,500〜20,000g/モル、より好ましくは、1,500〜8,000g/モルの範囲の好ましいサイズを有する前駆体ポリマー分子を意味することを意図する。より大きなポリマー、およびより小さなオリゴマーまたはプレポリマーを使用することができるが、ポリマーの分子量は、所望の製品用途における実際の使用のために制御される。おそらく、モノマーも本発明の方法で使用することができる。コア成分の特に望ましい放出特性を有する最終用途製品を製造するために、多くのポリマーを1つのマイクロカプセルに組み合わせることができる。したがって、2つ以上のポリマーを一緒に組み合わせて、特定の放出プロファイルを生成するか、または所望により、半透過性シェルを通してマイクロカプセル内の内容物を破裂し、生分解し、もしくは放出するシェルを生成することができる。
緩衝液は、科学のすべての分野で非常に重要である。緩衝化溶液は、酸もしくは塩基を添加した場合または希釈する場合でのpHの変化を抑える。緩衝液は、酸およびその共役塩基の混合物である。有意な緩衝作用を発揮するためには、10倍以内の共役酸および塩基が存在する必要がある。緩衝液は、任意の生物学的システムおよびその細胞下(subcellular)成分、例えば、タンパク質およびペプチドベースの分子の適切な機能を可能にする。ほぼすべての生物学的システムがpHに依存している。例えば、緩衝化溶液は、多くの生物での酵素が機能するための正しいpHを維持する。典型的には、酵素は、非常に正確な条件下でのみ機能する。pHが狭い範囲外に移った場合、酵素は機能を遅延または停止し、変性し得る。pHは、酵素触媒反応の速度に直接影響する。
界面活性剤を含まない逆乳化重合の好ましい実施形態では、非常に低分子量のポリウレタンが連続油相に事前に混合される。好ましくは、ポリウレタンの分子量は、1500〜20,000g/モルであり、より好ましくは1500〜8000g/モルである。低分子量ポリウレタンが両親媒性であるため、ポリウレタンは、ほとんどの時間を分散相および連続相の界面で過ごす。したがって、好ましい実施形態は、分子量が1,500〜20,000g/モル、より具体的には1,500〜8,000g/モルである両親媒性ポリウレタンを利用する。
好ましい実施形態では、本発明のマイクロカプセルは、半透過性ポリマーシェルを含み、透過性は、濃度勾配の結果として、添加剤または治療剤をマイクロカプセルから周囲環境に放出するように機能する。したがって、コア中の緩衝化溶液に溶解された添加剤または治療剤をまったく有さないかまたはその最大限度量未満を有する既に形成されたマイクロカプセルを追加の添加剤または治療剤溶液とともに充填することができる、本明細書で「充填」と称される実施形態が企図される。「充填」には、標的緩衝化治療剤および適切な濃度勾配の存在下における治療剤を含まない緩衝化溶液によるマイクロカプセルの「再充填」も含まれる。新しい添加剤または治療剤は、部分的に充填されたマイクロカプセルのコアに導入するか、またはマイクロカプセルを高電荷治療剤の緩衝化溶液に浸漬することによって空のマイクロカプセルのコアに再導入することができ、緩衝化溶液中の添加剤または治療剤の濃度は、マイクロカプセルのコア内の緩衝化溶液中の添加剤または治療剤の濃度よりも高い。マイクロカプセルの再充填率は、添加剤または治療剤の濃度勾配、温度、および製品の特定のポリマーの放出プロファイルを含む変数に依存することができるが、これらに限定されない。
本明細書で使用する場合、「治療剤」という用語は、哺乳動物もしくは任意の組織またはそれらの他の下位部分(subpart)に有益な効果をもたらす、薬剤(例えば、原子、イオン、塩、分子(無機分子、有機分子、もしくは生体分子(例えば、ペプチド、ペプチド類似体、もしくはタンパク質))、固体、または液体)を意味する。
抗微生物剤は、細菌、真菌、もしくは原生動物などの微生物を死滅させ、またはその成長を阻害する物質である。抗微生物剤は、殺菌性または静菌性のいずれかである薬物の形態であり得る。抗微生物剤は、ヒトの体外または非生物対象に使用することができる。薬物である抗微生物剤は、天然供給源から由来し得るか、または合成的に調製することができるかのいずれかである。
一般的な真菌感染症としては、水虫、白癬、カンジダ症などが挙げられる。真菌はまた、クリプトコッカス髄膜炎のような全身感染症を引き起こし得る。抗真菌剤は、哺乳類細胞と真菌細胞との間の違いを利用して、宿主に危険な影響を与えることなく真菌生物を死滅することによって作用する。細菌とは異なり、真菌およびヒトは両方とも真核生物である。他の真菌の問題は、カビおよび湿気のある状態でのカビまたは他の真菌の成長に関する。
宿主防御タンパク質およびペプチドベースの抗生物質は、細菌の細胞膜を選択的に標的にし、穴を開けることができる。体内の自然免疫系の一部である宿主防御タンパク質は、細菌の攻撃に対する防御の第一線を表し、体内の微生物病原体の全侵入地点である、気道、尿生殖路、胃腸管、および皮下表皮組織に主に存在する。これらのタンパク質は、細菌の膜を標的とすることによって細菌を死滅させ、それにより、細胞の内容物および膜の不安定性を生み出し、これにより細菌が死に至る。例としては、Staphylococcus aureusによって引き起こされる細菌皮膚感染症の処置、または他の血流感染症、肺感染症、および口腔粘膜炎の処置が挙げられる。
抗ウイルス剤は、特定のウイルスに使用され、典型的には宿主に無害である。利用可能な多くの利用可能な薬物は、HIVなどのレトロウイルスによる感染症を処置するために作製される。重要な抗レトロウイルス薬としては、プロテアーゼ阻害剤のクラスが挙げられる。口唇ヘルペスおよび性器ヘルペスを引き起こすことで最もよく知られているヘルペスウイルスは、通常、ヌクレオシド類似体のアシクロビルで処置される。ウイルス性肝炎は、5つの無関係な肝臓指向性(hepatotropic)ウイルスによって引き起こされ、一般的には、感染の種類に応じて抗ウイルス薬でも処置される。インフルエンザAおよびBウイルスは、オセルタミビルなどの既存のノイラミニダーゼ阻害剤に対する耐性を克服するための新しいインフルエンザ処置を開発するための重要な標的である。
抗寄生虫剤は、寄生虫、例えば、線虫、条虫、吸虫、感染性原虫、およびアメーバによる感染症の処置に適応される薬物治療の一クラスである。これらの抗寄生虫化合物のいくつかは、特定の寄生虫の処置のための薬物治療だけでなく、宿主への寄生虫の侵入を防ぐための局所適用にも有用である。同様に、寄生虫が宿主に到達することができる前に破壊することは、宿主に移動し得る宿主集団を減少または排除するように役割を果たす。
材料の表面上での微生物の増殖能力を阻害または減少させる抗微生物剤を含むコーティングを提供することによって、表面を抗菌性にすることができる。表面汚染は、臨床、産業、および家庭を含む様々な状況で健康リスクとして認識されている。抗菌コーティングは、院内感染を防ぐために、医療デバイスの滅菌用に医療業界で一般的に使用されている。医療デバイス、手術器具、チューブ、縫合糸、テープ、包帯、リネン、および衣類は、感染症の伝染を可能にする人体と接触したときに増殖する多くの細菌、真菌、およびウイルスへの潜在的環境を提供する。同様に、ペースメーカーおよび皮下ロッドなどの埋め込み可能なデバイスは、微生物の増殖のための環境を提供し、抗菌コーティングで処理した場合、感染のリスクが少なくなる。抗菌表面を様々な異なるプロセスで官能化することができる。コーティングを微生物に有毒な化合物を有する表面に適用することができる。他の表面は、ポリマーまたはポリペプチドをその表面に付着させることによって機能化し得る。他の場合では、ペプチドベースまたはペプチド類似体ベース抗微生物剤のカプセル化水溶液を表面コーティングに埋め込むことが有利である。
抗凝固剤よび抗血栓剤:特定の医療処置は、患者を生命を脅かす血栓に曝す。患者はしばしば、血液の凝固を低減または防止する抗凝固薬を受ける。抗凝固治療は、定期的に行われ、ほとんどの患者の回復において有用である。しかしながら、抗凝固剤を使用することにより、出血リスクが高まるが、十分な血液の供給を維持する。ペプチドベースおよびペプチド類似体ベースの薬剤は、患者の抗血栓症/出血バランスの維持に有望であることを示している。これは、経皮的冠動脈インターベンションおよび冠状動脈バイパス移植などの処置において価値がある。
皮下薬物送達
生分解性ポリマーシステムは、例えば、ペプチドおよびペプチド類似体を含む多くの治療剤を送達するための有望な方法を表す。いくつかのポリマーは、投与されるとゾル−ゲル転移を受ける。ゲルは、UV照射、pH変化、温度変化、および溶媒交換を含む、刺激のうちの1つまたは組み合わせに応答してインサイチュで形成される。いくつかのポリマーシステムは、製造の容易さ、投与の容易さ、および生分解性を含む、従来方法よりもいくつかの利点を有する。しかしながら、組み込まれた治療剤の放出プロファイルを制御するという課題が存在している。ペプチドベースまたはペプチド類似体ベースの薬物をマイクロカプセル化された緩衝化溶液中で保存することができることが有利であり、半透過性マイクロカプセルは、治療剤の放出速度を制御することができるであろう。マイクロカプセルは、埋入されるポリマーシステムとともに生分解性であるように作製することができる。
本発明のマイクロカプセルおよび製品は、様々な所望の結果を達成するために、持続放出または長期放出としても既知である、治療剤または治療成分の制御された徐放を可能にする方式で、異なる徐放プロファイルを有するように設計することができる。したがって、本発明の様々な添加剤または成分は、各マイクロカプセルから様々な期間で放出され得る。異なる濃度を含む複数のマイクロカプセルは、実際に、標的化された治療剤放出プロファイルを達成することができる。
本発明の組成物は、治療剤を含むマイクロカプセルおよび薬学的に許容される担体を含む医薬組成物の形態であり得る。薬学的に許容される担体は、当業者に周知であり、該担体としては、限定されないが、0.01〜0.1M、好ましくは0.05Mのリン酸緩衝化溶液または0.8%生理食塩水が挙げられる。さらに、そのような薬学的に許容される担体は、水溶液または非水溶液、懸濁液、およびエマルジョンであり得る。非水性溶媒または担体の例は、プロピレングリコール、ポリエチレングリコール、オリーブ油などの植物油、およびオレイン酸エチルなどの注射可能な有機エステルである。水性担体としては、水、アルコール/水溶液、エマルジョン、ならびに生理食塩水および緩衝化培地を含む懸濁液が挙げられる。非経口ビヒクルとしては、塩化ナトリウム溶液、リンガーのデキストロース、デキストロースおよび塩化ナトリウム、乳酸リンガー(lactated Ringer’s)、および固定油(fixed oil)が挙げられる。静脈内ビヒクルとしては、液体および栄養補充剤、電解質補充剤、例えば、リンガーのデキストロース、リンガーのデキストロースに基づくものなどが挙げられる。例えば、抗微生物剤、抗酸化剤、キレート剤、不活性ガスなどの防腐剤および他の添加剤も存在し得る。
本発明の組成物は、様々な骨修復または再生製品において有用である。身体自身の再生メカニズムを刺激し、組織を治癒することができる新しい材料が必要である。足場として作用する多孔質テンプレートは、3次元骨組織の成長に必要であると考えられている。骨成長因子は、骨形成細胞を刺激して新しい骨を生成する可能性が高く、体内で分解され、骨に結合する。骨修復または再生製品が両方とも、マイクロカプセル内の緩衝化環境に保存された場合、より長く保存されるか、またはより実質的な効果を有し得る骨成長因子を含み得る。
毛髪、爪、皮膚、および他の上皮組織に局所使用するための関連治療剤
保湿剤、クリーム、ローション、フォーム、およびジェルなどの製品により対象に送達することができる多くの治療剤がある。そのような薬剤としては、以下の非限定的な例が含まれる:抗微生物剤、例えば、バクトロバンまたはクレオシン、乾癬に対するアントラリン(ドリトクレム(Drithocreme)、ミカノールなど)、抗真菌剤、例えば、白癬および水虫などの皮膚状態のためのラミシル、ロトリミン、およびニゾラル、ざ瘡を処置するための過酸化ベンゾイルクリーム、脂漏性皮膚炎(通常はシャンプーによる)または乾癬などの状態を処置するためのコールタール、フォーム、ローション、軟膏、およびクリームによる湿疹を含む皮膚状態を処置するためのコルチコステロイド;レチノイド(レチン−Aおよびタゾラック(Tazorac)など)は、ざ瘡を処置するためのジェルまたはクリームである;ローション、ジェル、石鹸、シャンプー、パッチに含まれるサリチル酸は、ざ瘡およびいぼを処置するために使用される;バルトレックス、アシクロビル、およびファムビルなどの抗ウイルス剤は、ヘルペスの処置に有用である;プレドニゾンなどのコルチコステロイド、ならびにアザチオプリンおよびメトトレキサートなどの免疫抑制剤は、湿疹および乾癬などの炎症性疾患の処置に有用である;ならびにエンブレル、ヒュミラ、レミケード、ステララ、およびアメビブなどの生物製剤は、乾癬の処置に有用である。
本明細書で使用する場合、「添加剤」および「治療剤」という用語は、相互に排他的ではない。多くの添加剤は既知の治療上の役割を有していないが、いくつかの添加剤は既知の治療上の利点を有する。特定の添加物は、非限定的な例として、フレーバー、香り、着色剤、品質改良剤、洗浄剤、蛍光剤、着臭剤および防臭剤、触覚剤の放出を含む、非治療目的および快楽主義的目的のために特定的である。
Claims (36)
- 複数のマイクロカプセルを含むマイクロカプセル製剤であって、前記マイクロカプセルの各々が、半透過性シェルを有し、その中に緩衝化溶液および添加剤をカプセル化し、前記緩衝化溶液が、前記半透過性シェルおよび担体と接触しており、前記マイクロカプセルが、前記担体内に実質的に配置されている、マイクロカプセル製剤。
- 前記添加剤が、抗微生物剤、抗真菌剤、抗菌剤、抗ウイルス剤、抗寄生虫剤、駆除剤、抗凝固剤、抗血栓剤、抗がん剤、抗炎症剤、抗プラーク、過敏抑制剤、染料、着色剤、脱臭剤、香味剤、衣類柔軟剤、洗浄剤、石鹸、乾燥剤、湿潤剤、および香料または香り剤からなる群から選択される、請求項1に記載のマイクロカプセル製剤。
- 前記抗微生物剤が、天然抗微生物剤、ベータラクタム抗生物質、例えば、ペニシリンまたはセファロスポリン、タンパク質合成阻害剤、アミノグリコシド、マクロライド、ケトライド、テトラサイクリン、クロラムフェニコール、およびポリペプチドからなる群から選択され、ペニシリンとしては、ペニシリンG、プロカインペニシリン、ベンザチンペニシリン、およびペニシリンVが挙げられ、セファロスポリンとしては、セファセトリル、セファドロキシル、セファレキシン、セファログリシン、セファロニウム、セファロリジン、セファロチン、セファピリン、セファトリジン、セファザフルル、セファゼドン、セファゾリン、セフラジン、セフロキサジン、セフテゾール、セファクロル、セフォニシド、セフプロジル、セフロキシム、セフゾナム、セフメタゾール、セフォテタン、およびセフォキシチンが挙げられ、アミノグリコシドとしては、アミカシン、アルベカシン、ゲンタマイシン、カナマイシン、ネオマイシン、ネチルマイシン、パロモマイシン、ロドストレプトマイシン、ストレプトマイシン、トブラマイシン、およびアプラマイシンが挙げられるが、これらに限定されず、マクロライドとしては、アジスロマイシン、クラリスロマイシン、ジリスロマイシン、エリスロマイシン、ロキシスロマイシン、およびテリスロマイシンが挙げられ、ケトライドとしては、テリスロマイシン、セスロマイシン、ソリスロマイシン、スピラマイシン、アンサマイシン、オレアンドマイシン、カルボマイシン、およびタイロシンが挙げられるが、これらに限定されず、天然に存在するテトラサイクリンとしては、テトラサイクリン、クロルテトラサイクリン、オキシテトラサイクリン、およびデメクロサイクリンが挙げられ、半合成テトラサイクリンとしては、ドキシサイクリン、リメサイクリン、メクロサイクリン、メタサイクリン、ミノサイクリン、およびロリテトラサイクリンが挙げられるが、これらに限定されず、ポリペプチドとしては、アクチノマイシン、バシトラシン、コリスチン、およびポリミキシンBが挙げられるが、これらに限定されず、合成抗微生物剤としては、スルホンアミド、コトリモキサゾール、キノロン、抗ウイルス剤、抗真菌剤、抗がん剤、抗マラリア剤、抗結核剤、抗原虫剤、および抗原虫剤が挙げられ、スルホンアミド抗微生物剤としては、スルファメトキサゾール、スルフィソミジン、スルファセタミド、スルファドキシン、ジクロルフェナミド、およびドルゾラミドが挙げられ得、スルホンアミド利尿薬としては、ブメタニド、クロルタリドン、クロパミド、フロセミド、ヒドロクロロチアジド、インダパミド、メフルシド、メトラゾン、およびキシパミドが挙げられ、スルホンアミド抗痙攣剤としては、アセタゾラミド、エトキシゾラミド、スルチアム、およびゾニサミドが挙げられるが、これらに限定されず、スルホンアミド治療剤としては、セレコキシブ、ダルナビル、プロベネシド、スルファサラジン、スマトリプタン、およびこれらの組み合わせが挙げられる、請求項2に記載のマイクロカプセル製剤。
- 前記抗真菌剤が、ポリエン種、アンホテリシンB、カンジシジン、フィリピン、ハマイシン、ナタマイシン、ナイスタチン、およびリモシジン、ビフォナゾール、ブトコナゾール、クロトリマゾール、エコナゾール、フェンチコナゾール、イソコナゾール、ケトコナゾール、ミコナゾール、オモコナゾール、オキシコナゾール、セルタコナゾール、スルコナゾール、チオコナゾール、アルバコナゾール、フルコナゾール、イザブコナゾール、イトラコナゾール、ポサコナゾール、ラブコナゾール、テルコナゾール、ボリコナゾール、およびアバファンギンを含む、イミダゾール種、トリアゾール種、およびチアゾール種、アニデュラファンギン、カスポファンギン、ミカファンギンを含む、エキノカンジン、ならびにこれらの組み合わせからなる群から選択される、請求項2に記載のマイクロカプセル製剤。
- 前記抗菌添加剤が、銅(II)化合物(塩化銅(II)、フッ化物、硫酸塩、および水酸化物を含む)、亜鉛イオン源(酢酸亜鉛、クエン酸亜鉛、グルコン酸亜鉛、グリシン酸亜鉛、酸化亜鉛、硫酸亜鉛、およびクエン酸亜鉛ナトリウムを含む)、フタル酸およびその塩(フタル酸一カリウムマグネシウムを含む)、ヘキセチジン、オクテニジン、サンギナリン、塩化ベンザルコニウム、臭化ドミフェン、塩化アルキルピリジニウム(塩化セチルピリジニウム(CPC)(CPCと亜鉛および/または酵素の組み合わせを含む)、塩化テトラデシルピリジニウムクロリド、およびN−テトラデシル−4−エチルピリジニウムクロリドを含む)、ヨウ素、ハロゲン化カルバニリド、ハロゲン化サリチルアニリド、安息香酸エステル、ハロゲン化ジフェニルエーテルおよびそのジフェニルエーテルの混合物(2,4,4’−トリクロロ−2’−ヒドロキシジフェニルエーテル(トリクロサン)および2,2’−ジヒドロキシ−5,5’−ジブロモジフェニルエーテルを含む)、アリルアミン剤(ブテナフィン、ナフチフィン、テルビナフィンを含む)、およびこれらの組み合わせからなる群から選択される、請求項2に記載のマイクロカプセル。
- 前記抗寄生虫剤が、広域スペクトルの、ニタゾキサニド、抗原虫剤、メラルソプロール、エフロルニチン、メトロニダゾール、チニダゾール、ミルテフォシン、抗蠕虫剤、抗線虫剤、メベンダゾール、ピランテルパモ酸塩、チアベンダゾール、ジエチルカルバマジン、イベルメクチン、抗条虫、ニクロサミド、プラジカンテル、アルベンダゾール、抗吸虫剤、抗アメーバ剤、リファンピン、およびアンホテリシンB;フマギリン、アリニア、ベンズニダゾール、ダラプリム、フマチン、ヨードキノール、ニタゾキサニド、パロモマイシン、ピリメタミン、チンダマックス、チニダゾール、ヨードキシン、ならびにこれらの組み合わせからなる群から選択される、請求項2に記載のマイクロカプセル。
- 前記担体が、石鹸、洗濯洗剤、抗菌洗浄製品、抗真菌洗浄製品、スキンケア製品、シャンプー、コンディショナー、ヘアジェル、または染毛剤である、請求項1に記載のマイクロカプセル製剤。
- 前記複数のマイクロカプセルが、第1のマイクロカプセルおよび第2のマイクロカプセルを含み、前記第1のマイクロカプセルが、前記第2のマイクロカプセルとは異なる特性を有する、請求項1に記載のマイクロカプセル製剤。
- 前記第1のマイクロカプセルが、前記第2のマイクロカプセルとは異なるポリマーから形成される、請求項8に記載のマイクロカプセル製剤。
- 前記第1のマイクロカプセルが、前記第2のマイクロカプセルとは異なる放出プロファイルを有する、請求項8に記載のマイクロカプセル製剤。
- 前記第1のマイクロカプセルが、第1の添加剤をカプセル化し、前記第2のマイクロカプセルが、異なる第2の添加剤をカプセル化する、請求項8に記載のマイクロカプセル製剤。
- 前記第1および第2のマイクロカプセルが、同じ添加剤をカプセル化する、請求項8に記載のマイクロカプセル製剤。
- マイクロカプセルを製造する方法であって、添加剤を含む緩衝化水溶液を、油相、ポリマー、および乳化剤に接触させることと、油中水の界面活性剤を含まない逆エマルジョンによりマイクロカプセルを形成することと、を含み、前記ポリマーが、前記緩衝化水溶液の周囲に半透過性シェルを実質的に形成する、方法。
- 前記油相が、疎水性油であり、前記乳化剤が、分散相を立体的に安定化させる役割を果たす、請求項13に記載の方法。
- 前記油相が、安息香酸メチルである、請求項13に記載の方法。
- 前記ポリマーが、アクリルポリマー、アルキル樹脂、アミノプラスト、クマロン−インデン樹脂、エポキシ樹脂、フルオロポリマー、フェノール樹脂、ポリアセタール、ポリアセチレン、ポリアクリル、ポリアルキレン、ポリアルケニレン、ポリアルキニレン、ポリアミック酸、ポリアミド、ポリアミン、ポリ無水物、ポリアリーレンアルケニレン、ポリアリーレンアルキレン、ポリアリーレン、ポリアゾメチン、ポリベンズイミダゾール、ポリベンゾチアゾール、ポリベンゾオキサジノン、ポリベンゾオキサゾール、ポリベンジル、ポリカルボジイミド、ポリカーボネート、ポリカルボラン、ポリカルボシラン、ポリシアヌレート、ポリジエン、ポリエステル−ポリウレタン、ポリエステル、ポリエーテルエーテルケトン、ポリエーテル−ポリウレタン、ポリエーテル、ポリヒドラジド、ポリイミダゾール、ポリイミド、ポリイミン、ポリイソシアヌレート、ポリケトン、ポリオレフィン、ポリオキサジアゾール、ポリオキシド、ポリオキシアルキレン、ポリオキシアリーレン、ポリオキシメチレン、ポリオキシフェニレン、ポリフェニル、ポリホスファゼン、ポリピロール、ポリピロン、ポリキノリン、ポリキノキサリン、ポリシラン、ポリシラザン、ポリシロキサン、ポリシルセスキオキサン、ポリスルフィド、ポリスルホンアミド、ポリスルホン、ポリチアゾール、ポリチオアルキレン、ポリチオアリーレン、ポリチオエーテル、ポリチオメチレン、ポリチオフェニレン、ポリ尿素、ポリウレタン、ポリビニルアセタール、ポリビニルブチラール、ポリビニルホルマール、およびこれらの組み合わせからなる群から選択される、請求項13に記載の方法。
- 前記ポリマーが、1,000g/モル〜20,000g/モルの分子量を有する両親媒性ポリウレタンポリマーである、請求項16に記載の方法。
- 前記緩衝化溶液が、塩化ナトリウム、リン酸ナトリウム、もしくは塩化カリウム、またはリン酸カリウム、3−([トリス(ヒドロキシメチル)メチル]アミノ)プロパン−スルホン酸(TAPS)、N,N−ビス(2−ヒドロキシエチル)グリシン(ビシン)、トリス(ヒドロキシル−メチル)メチルアミン(トリス)、N−トリス(ヒドロキシメチル)メチルグリシン(トリシン)、3−[N−トリス−(ヒドロキシメチル)メチルアミノ]−2−ヒドロキシプロパンスルホン酸(TAPSO)、4−2−ヒドロキシ−エチル−1−ピペラジンエタンスルホン酸(HEPES)、2−([トリス(ヒドロキシメチル)メチル]アミノ)エタンスルホン酸(TES)、3−(N−モルホリノ)プロパンスルホン酸(MOPS)、ピペラジン−N,N’−ビス(2−エタンスルホン酸)(PIPES)、ジメチルアルシン酸(カコジレート)、生理食塩水クエン酸ナトリウム(SSC)、2−(N−モルホリノ)エタンスルホン酸(MES)、リン酸、クエン酸、ピペラジン−N,N’−ビス(3−プロパンスルホン酸(PIPPS)、ピペラジン−N,N’−ビス(3−ブタンスルホン酸)(PIPBS)、N,N’−ジエチルエチレンジアミン−N,N’−ビス(3−プロパンスルホン酸)(DESPEN)、N,N’−ジエチルピペラジン二塩酸塩(DEPP・2HCl)、N,N,N’,N’−テトラエチル−エチレンジアミン二塩酸塩(TEEN・2HCl)、N−2−アセトアミドイミノ二酢酸(ADA)、1,3−ビス[トリス(ヒドロキシメチル)メチルアミノ]プロパン塩酸塩(BIS−トリスプロパン・HCl)、N−2−アセトアミド−2−アミノエタンスルホン酸(ACES)、3−(N−モルホリノ)−2−ヒドロキシプロパンスルホン酸(MOPSO)、イミダゾール塩酸塩、3−(N−モルホリノ)ブタンスルホン酸(MOBS)、4−2−ヒドロキシエチル−1−ピペラジンプロパン−スルホン酸(HEPPS)、N−トリス(ヒドロキシメチル)メチルグリシン(トリシン)、グリシンアミド塩酸塩、トリス(ヒドロキシメチル)アミノメタン塩酸塩(トリス塩酸塩)、グリシルグリシン、ホウ酸、シクロヘキシルアミノエタンスルホン酸(CHES)、3−(シクロヘキシルアミノ)プロパンスルホン酸(CAPS)、N,N,N’,N’−テトラエチルメチレンジアミン二塩酸塩(TEMN・2HCl)、HClおよびクエン酸ナトリウム、クエン酸およびクエン酸ナトリウム、酢酸および酢酸ナトリウム、K2HPO4およびKH2PO4、Na2HPO4およびNaH2PO4、N−シクロヘキシル−2−アミノエタンスルホン酸、ホウ酸ナトリウム、ならびに水酸化ナトリウムを含む溶液であるリン酸緩衝生理食塩水を含む、請求項13に記載の方法。
- 前記緩衝化溶液が、3〜12のpHである、請求項13に記載の方法。
- イソシアネート官能化ポリウレタンシェルの分子量を増加させるために、系に添加されるジオールをさらに含む、請求項13に記載の方法。
- 前記マイクロカプセルが、生分解性である、請求項13に記載の方法。
- 前記マイクロカプセルが、非生分解性である、請求項13に記載の方法。
- 前記乳化剤が、連続油相中にあり、前記乳化剤が、分散した水滴を立体的に安定化させて、界面重合の形成を可能にし、前記マイクロカプセルを形成するのに十分である、請求項13に記載の方法。
- 前記マイクロカプセルが、シャンプー、コンディショナー、ヘアジェル、ヘアフォーム、シェービングクリーム、染毛剤、クレンザー、石鹸、保湿剤、塗料、ラッカー、マニキュア、洗剤、殺虫剤、抗寄生虫剤、抗真菌剤、抗菌剤、脱臭剤、および駆除剤に製剤化される、請求項13に記載の方法。
- 前記添加剤が、デキストロース、ポリデキストロース、スクロース、マルトース、デキストリン、乾燥転化糖、マンノース、キシロース、リボース、フルクトース、果糖、ガラクトース、コーンシロップ(高フルクトースコーンシロップおよびコーンシロップ固形物を含む)、部分的に加水分解されたデンプン、水素化デンプン加水分解物、ソルビトール、マンニトール、キシリトール、マルチトール、イソマルト、アスパルタム、ネオタメ、サッカリンおよびその塩、スクラロース、ジペプチドベースの強力な甘味料、チクロ、ジヒドロカルコン、ならびにそれらの混合物から選択される甘味料からなる群から選択される、請求項13に記載の方法。
- 前記添加剤が、生物学的に活性な添加剤である、請求項13に記載の方法。
- 前記添加剤が、表面コーティングに埋入された、ペプチドベースまたはペプチド類似体ベースの抗微生物剤である、請求項13に記載の方法。
- 前記添加剤が、フレーバー油、フレーバーアルデヒド、エステル、アルコール、同様の材料、およびこれらの組み合わせ、バニリン、セージ、マジョラム、パセリ油、スピアミント油、桂皮油、ウィンターグリーン油(サリチル酸メチル)、ペパーミントオイル、チョウジ油、ベイ油、アニス油、ユーカリ油、柑橘油、レモン、オレンジ、ライム、グレープフルーツ、アプリコット、バナナ、ブドウ、リンゴ、イチゴ、チェリー、パイナップル由来のものを含む果実油およびエッセンス、豆およびナッツ由来のフレーバー、例えば、コーヒー、ココア、コーラ、ピーナッツ、およびアーモンドから選択される、天然または合成香味料である、請求項13に記載の方法。
- 前記添加剤が、メントール、酢酸メンチル、乳酸メンチル、樟脳、ユーカリ油、ユーカリプトール、アネトール、オイゲノール、カシア、オキサノン、α−イリソン、プロペニルグアエトール、チモール、リナロール、ベンズアルデヒド、シンナムアルデヒド、N−エチル−p−メンタン−3−カルボキサミン、N,2,3トリメチル−2−イソプロピルブタンアミド、3−1−メントキシプロパン−1,2−ジオール、シンナムアルデヒドグリセロールアセタール(CGA)、メトングリセロールアセタール(MGA)、およびそれらの混合物からなる群から選択される、請求項13に記載の方法。
- 前記添加剤が、ブチル化ヒドロキシアニソール(BHA)、ブチル化ヒドロキシトルエン(BHT)、ビタミンA、カロテノイド、ビタミンE、フラボノイド、ポリフェノール、アスコルビン酸、草木抗酸化剤、クロロフィル、メラトニン、およびそれらの混合物からなる群から選択されるからなる、請求項13に記載の方法。
- 前記添加剤が、サリチルアニリド、カルバニリド、ビスフェノール、ジフェニルエーテル、チオフェンカルボン酸のアニリド、およびクロルヘキシジンから選択される群から選択されるハロゲン化炭化水素、アルキルアンモニウム、ピリジナム、およびイソキノリニウム塩から選択される第四級アンモニウム化合物、ならびに硫化チウラムおよびジチオカルバメートから選択される硫黄活性化合物、ならびにこれらの組み合わせからなる群から選択される、請求項13に記載の方法。
- 担体と、マイクロカプセルと、を含む、製剤であって、前記マイクロカプセルが、少なくとも1つの添加剤の緩衝化水溶液の周囲にシェルとして実質的に配置された少なくとも1つのポリマーを含み、前記マイクロカプセルが、前記担体内に配置され、前記担体内で不活性のままである、製剤。
- 前記マイクロカプセルが、前記緩衝化水溶液を、油相、前記少なくとも1つのポリマー、および乳化剤と接触させることによる、界面活性剤を含まない逆エマルジョン界面重合によって形成される、請求項32に記載の製剤。
- 前記ポリマーが、1,000g/mol〜20,000g/molの分子量を有する両親媒性ポリマーである、請求項32に記載の製剤。
- ジオール、イソシアネート、またはその両方をさらに含む、請求項33に記載の製剤。
- 前記油相が、安息香酸メチルであり、前記乳化剤が、ポリリシノレイン酸ポリグリセリル−3である、請求項33に記載の製剤。
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