JP2021512334A - 原子炉システム用の複合減速材 - Google Patents
原子炉システム用の複合減速材 Download PDFInfo
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- beryllium
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Images
Classifications
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- G—PHYSICS
- G21—NUCLEAR PHYSICS; NUCLEAR ENGINEERING
- G21C—NUCLEAR REACTORS
- G21C3/00—Reactor fuel elements and their assemblies; Selection of substances for use as reactor fuel elements
- G21C3/02—Fuel elements
- G21C3/04—Constructional details
- G21C3/06—Casings; Jackets
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G21—NUCLEAR PHYSICS; NUCLEAR ENGINEERING
- G21C—NUCLEAR REACTORS
- G21C5/00—Moderator or core structure; Selection of materials for use as moderator
- G21C5/12—Moderator or core structure; Selection of materials for use as moderator characterised by composition, e.g. the moderator containing additional substances which ensure improved heat resistance of the moderator
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- G—PHYSICS
- G21—NUCLEAR PHYSICS; NUCLEAR ENGINEERING
- G21C—NUCLEAR REACTORS
- G21C1/00—Reactor types
- G21C1/04—Thermal reactors ; Epithermal reactors
- G21C1/06—Heterogeneous reactors, i.e. in which fuel and moderator are separated
- G21C1/14—Heterogeneous reactors, i.e. in which fuel and moderator are separated moderator being substantially not pressurised, e.g. swimming-pool reactor
- G21C1/16—Heterogeneous reactors, i.e. in which fuel and moderator are separated moderator being substantially not pressurised, e.g. swimming-pool reactor moderator and coolant being different or separated, e.g. sodium-graphite reactor, sodium-heavy water reactor or organic coolant-heavy water reactor
- G21C1/18—Heterogeneous reactors, i.e. in which fuel and moderator are separated moderator being substantially not pressurised, e.g. swimming-pool reactor moderator and coolant being different or separated, e.g. sodium-graphite reactor, sodium-heavy water reactor or organic coolant-heavy water reactor coolant being pressurised
- G21C1/20—Heterogeneous reactors, i.e. in which fuel and moderator are separated moderator being substantially not pressurised, e.g. swimming-pool reactor moderator and coolant being different or separated, e.g. sodium-graphite reactor, sodium-heavy water reactor or organic coolant-heavy water reactor coolant being pressurised moderator being liquid, e.g. pressure-tube reactor
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- G21C—NUCLEAR REACTORS
- G21C1/00—Reactor types
- G21C1/04—Thermal reactors ; Epithermal reactors
- G21C1/24—Homogeneous reactors, i.e. in which the fuel and moderator present an effectively homogeneous medium to the neutrons
- G21C1/26—Single-region reactors
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- G—PHYSICS
- G21—NUCLEAR PHYSICS; NUCLEAR ENGINEERING
- G21C—NUCLEAR REACTORS
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- G21C1/04—Thermal reactors ; Epithermal reactors
- G21C1/24—Homogeneous reactors, i.e. in which the fuel and moderator present an effectively homogeneous medium to the neutrons
- G21C1/28—Two-region reactors
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- G—PHYSICS
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- G21C—NUCLEAR REACTORS
- G21C21/00—Apparatus or processes specially adapted to the manufacture of reactors or parts thereof
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- G21C3/00—Reactor fuel elements and their assemblies; Selection of substances for use as reactor fuel elements
- G21C3/42—Selection of substances for use as reactor fuel
- G21C3/58—Solid reactor fuel Pellets made of fissile material
- G21C3/62—Ceramic fuel
- G21C3/626—Coated fuel particles
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- G—PHYSICS
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- G21C5/00—Moderator or core structure; Selection of materials for use as moderator
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- G—PHYSICS
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- G21C—NUCLEAR REACTORS
- G21C5/00—Moderator or core structure; Selection of materials for use as moderator
- G21C5/18—Moderator or core structure; Selection of materials for use as moderator characterised by the provision of more than one active zone
- G21C5/20—Moderator or core structure; Selection of materials for use as moderator characterised by the provision of more than one active zone wherein one zone contains fissile material and another zone contains breeder material
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- G—PHYSICS
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- G21C—NUCLEAR REACTORS
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- G21C5/18—Moderator or core structure; Selection of materials for use as moderator characterised by the provision of more than one active zone
- G21C5/22—Moderator or core structure; Selection of materials for use as moderator characterised by the provision of more than one active zone wherein one zone is a superheating zone
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- G—PHYSICS
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- G21C—NUCLEAR REACTORS
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- G21C11/06—Reflecting shields, i.e. for minimising loss of neutrons
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- G21C3/42—Selection of substances for use as reactor fuel
- G21C3/58—Solid reactor fuel Pellets made of fissile material
- G21C3/60—Metallic fuel; Intermetallic dispersions
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
- Y02E30/00—Energy generation of nuclear origin
- Y02E30/30—Nuclear fission reactors
Abstract
Description
[0001]本願は、2018年1月22日出願、「Composite Moderators for Nuclear Power Systems」と題する米国特許仮特許出願第62/619,925号;及び2019年1月22日出願、「Composite Moderator for Nuclear Reactor Systems」と題する米国実用特許出願第16/254,019号に対する優先権を主張し、それらの開示は、参照することにより本明細書に組み込まれる。
[0002]本主題は、複合減速材を含む原子力システム及び原子炉システムの例に関する。本主題は複合減速材を作製する方法も包含する。
[0003]核分裂原子炉には、熱型又は高速型の原子炉が含まれる。現在、ほとんど全ての運転中の原子炉は熱型であり、そのため、核分裂が継続できるように、高速中性子を速度低下させるための減速材を必要とする。減速に使用される物質は、非常に特異的な一組の特性を有することが必要である。第1に、減速材は、それ自体中性子を吸収することができない。従来、これは、減速材が低中性子吸収断面積を有する必要があることを意味する。しかし、減速材は、中性子の速度を許容できる速度まで低下できなければならない。そのため、理想的な減速材においては、中性子散乱断面積が高い。この中性子散乱は、中性子が減速材の原子とどの程度相互作用するかを示す尺度である。中性子と核との衝突が弾性衝突である場合、原子核のサイズが中性子に近いほど、中性子がより遅くなることを意味する。この理由から、より軽い元素ほどより効率的な減速材となる傾向がある。
[0009]本明細書に開示される様々な例は、原子炉システム用の複合減速材技術に関し、複合減速材を含む原子炉炉心及び複合減速材を作製する方法を含む。複合減速材を使用すると、個々の減速材物質、例えば黒鉛、水、及び溶融塩(例えば、フッ化リチウムとフッ化ベリリウムを組み合わせたFLiBE)に対していくつかの利点が達成される。第1に、複合減速材は、原子炉炉心からの交換を必要とすることなく、核燃料の燃料寿命に寄与することにより、個々の減速材物質と比較して核廃棄物を削減する。第2に、複合減速材は、寸法的照射安定性を有する(即ち、構造的劣化を受けにくい)。第3に、複合減速材は、現在の黒鉛の酸化問題を排除することにより、安全特性を向上させる。
100 原子炉システム
101 原子炉炉心
102A〜N 燃料要素
103 複合減速材媒体
104 低減速物質
105 高減速物質
110 格納構造
115A〜N 制御棒
120 蒸気発生器
125 蒸気ライン
130 蒸気タービン
135 発電機
140 電気
145 凝縮器
150 スプレー
155 水蒸気
160 冷却塔
200 核燃料
201A〜N 核燃料棒
205 燃料コンパクト
206A〜N 燃料粒子
207 炭化ケイ素マトリックス
208 黒鉛マトリックス
220 複合減速材ブロック
225 燃料複合減速材ブロック
226A〜N 燃料開口部
227A−B 冷却剤通路
228 冷却剤
230 反射体領域
235A〜N 反射体複合減速材ブロック
240 内側反射体領域
245A〜N 内側反射体複合減速材ブロック
250 外側反射体領域
255A〜N 外側反射体複合減速材ブロック
260 バレル
265 恒久的外側反射体
270A〜N 運転用制御棒
275A〜N 起動用制御棒
280A〜N 予備遮断チャネル
[0026]下記の詳細な説明において、関連する教示の完全な理解を実現するため、多数の具体的詳細が例として記載されている。しかし、当業者には明らかとなることであるが、本教示は、そうした詳細が無くても実践できる。他の例では、周知の方法、手順、構成要素、及び/又は回路が、本教示の態様を不必要に曖昧にすることを回避するため、詳細を含むことなく比較的高レベルで記載されている。
Claims (20)
- 燃料要素の配列;及び
2種以上の減速材で形成された複合減速材媒体
を含む原子炉炉心を備え、
前記2種以上の減速材が、低減速物質と高減速物質とを含み,
前記高減速物質が、前記低減速物質と比較して、より高い中性子減速能を有する
原子炉システム。 - 前記低減速物質が、炭化ケイ素(SiC)又は酸化マグネシウム(MgO)の減速マトリックスを含み;
前記高減速物質が、前記減速マトリックス内に分散されており、ベリリウム(Be)、ホウ素(B)、又はそれらの化合物を含む、
請求項1に記載の原子炉システム。 - 前記高減速物質が、ホウ化ベリリウム(Be2B、Be4B、BeB2、若しくはBeB6)、炭化ベリリウム(Be2C)、ジルコニウムベリライド(ZrBe13)、チタンベリライド(TiBe12)、酸化ベリリウム(BeO)、又は炭化ホウ素(B4C)のうちの少なくとも1種を含む、請求項2に記載の原子炉システム。
- 前記高減速物質が前記低減速物質に封入されており、前記高減速物質が前記低減速物質の外部に露出しないようになっている、
請求項2に記載の原子炉システム。 - 前記燃料要素のそれぞれが、前記複合減速材媒体及び核燃料で形成された燃料複合減速材ブロックを含み;
前記燃料複合減速材ブロックが燃料開口部を含み;
前記核燃料が、前記燃料開口部の内部に配置され、前記核燃料が前記複合減速材媒体によって囲まれるようになっている、
請求項4に記載の原子炉システム。 - 前記燃料複合減速材ブロックが、冷却剤ガス又は液体を流すための冷却剤通路を更に含む、
請求項5に記載の原子炉システム。 - 前記核燃料が、
炭化ケイ素マトリックスの内部に埋め込まれた三重等方性被覆(TRISO)燃料粒子;又は
黒鉛マトリックスの内部に埋め込まれた三重等方性被覆(TRISO)燃料粒子
で構成された燃料コンパクトを含む、
請求項5に記載の原子炉システム。 - 前記原子炉炉心が、前記複合減速材媒体で形成された反射体複合減速材ブロックを含む少なくとも1つの反射体領域を更に含む、
請求項5に記載の原子炉システム。 - 前記原子炉炉心が、内側反射体領域と外側反射体領域とを含み;
前記内側反射体領域が、内側反射体複合減速材ブロックを含み;
前記外側反射体領域が、外側反射体複合減速材ブロックを含み;
前記内側反射体複合減速材ブロックと前記外側反射体複合減速材ブロックが、前記複合減速材媒体で形成されている、
請求項5に記載の原子炉システム。 - 前記燃料要素の配列が前記内側反射体領域を取り囲んでおり;
前記外側反射体領域が前記燃料要素の配列を取り囲んでいる、
請求項9に記載の原子炉システム。 - 低減速物質と高減速物質とを含む2種以上の減速材を選択して、複合減速材媒体を形成するステップ;
前記低減速物質に基づいて、焼結助剤と、複合減速材混合物中の前記焼結助剤の重量パーセント(w/w%)とを選択するステップ;
前記2種以上の減速材を、前記選択した焼結助剤と前記選択した重量パーセント(w/w%)で混合して、前記複合減速材混合物を創出するステップ;及び
前記複合減速材混合物を放電プラズマ焼結して、前記複合減速材媒体で形成された複合減速材ブロックを作製するステップを含む、
方法。 - 前記複合減速材混合物を放電プラズマ焼結する前記ステップが、
前記複合減速材混合物をマンドレルに注入するステップ;及び
ダイスを前記マンドレルに押し込んで、前記複合減速材混合物に処理温度と圧力を加え、前記複合減速材媒体で形成された前記複合減速材ブロックを作製するステップを含む、請求項11に記載の方法。 - 前記低減速物質が、炭化ケイ素(SiC)又は酸化マグネシウム(MgO)を含み;
前記高減速物質が、ベリリウム(Be)、ホウ素(B)、又はそれらの化合物を含む、
請求項12に記載の方法。 - 前記高減速物質が、ホウ化ベリリウム(Be2B、Be4B、BeB2、若しくはBeB6)、炭化ベリリウム(Be2C)、ジルコニウムベリライド(ZrBe13)、チタンベリライド(TiBe12)、酸化ベリリウム(BeO)、又は炭化ホウ素(B4C)のうちの少なくとも1種を含む、請求項13に記載の方法。
- 前記低減速物質が、炭化ケイ素(SiC)を含み;
前記焼結助剤が、イットリア(Y2O3)又はアルミナ(Al2O3)を含む、
請求項13に記載の方法。 - 複合減速材混合物中の前記焼結助剤の選択した重量パーセント(w/w%)が、イットリア又はアルミナの4〜10重量パーセント(w/w%)である、請求項15に記載の方法。
- 前記処理温度が、摂氏1,400度(℃)から摂氏1,800度(℃)の間の範囲である、請求項15に記載の方法。
- 前記低減速物質が、酸化マグネシウム(MgO)を含み;
前記焼結助剤が、リチウムを含む、
請求項13に記載の方法。 - 複合減速材混合物中の前記焼結助剤の選択した重量パーセント(w/w%)が、リチウムの3〜10重量パーセント(w/w%)である、請求項18に記載の方法。
- 前記処理温度が、摂氏1,300度(℃)から摂氏1,600度(℃)の間の範囲である、請求項19に記載の方法。
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