JP2020518948A - 燃料電池システム及び燃料電池システムを運転する方法 - Google Patents
燃料電池システム及び燃料電池システムを運転する方法 Download PDFInfo
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- 239000000446 fuel Substances 0.000 title claims abstract description 395
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 title claims description 50
- 229930195733 hydrocarbon Natural products 0.000 claims abstract description 233
- 150000002430 hydrocarbons Chemical class 0.000 claims abstract description 232
- 239000004215 Carbon black (E152) Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 166
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 112
- 238000006243 chemical reaction Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 45
- 238000006057 reforming reaction Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 36
- 229910052739 hydrogen Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 29
- 239000001257 hydrogen Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 27
- 229910002091 carbon monoxide Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 21
- UFHFLCQGNIYNRP-UHFFFAOYSA-N Hydrogen Chemical compound [H][H] UFHFLCQGNIYNRP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 20
- UGFAIRIUMAVXCW-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon monoxide Chemical compound [O+]#[C-] UGFAIRIUMAVXCW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 18
- 230000002452 interceptive effect Effects 0.000 claims abstract description 4
- 239000007800 oxidant agent Substances 0.000 claims description 50
- 230000001590 oxidative effect Effects 0.000 claims description 50
- CURLTUGMZLYLDI-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon dioxide Chemical compound O=C=O CURLTUGMZLYLDI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 42
- 238000002407 reforming Methods 0.000 claims description 33
- VNWKTOKETHGBQD-UHFFFAOYSA-N methane Chemical compound C VNWKTOKETHGBQD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 30
- 238000004064 recycling Methods 0.000 claims description 24
- 239000001569 carbon dioxide Substances 0.000 claims description 21
- 229910002092 carbon dioxide Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 21
- 239000007789 gas Substances 0.000 claims description 20
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 19
- 238000000926 separation method Methods 0.000 claims description 17
- 230000008569 process Effects 0.000 claims description 13
- MYMOFIZGZYHOMD-UHFFFAOYSA-N Dioxygen Chemical compound O=O MYMOFIZGZYHOMD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 9
- VUZPPFZMUPKLLV-UHFFFAOYSA-N methane;hydrate Chemical compound C.O VUZPPFZMUPKLLV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 9
- 238000011144 upstream manufacturing Methods 0.000 claims description 8
- 239000012528 membrane Substances 0.000 claims description 6
- 239000010763 heavy fuel oil Substances 0.000 claims description 5
- 238000001704 evaporation Methods 0.000 claims description 4
- 230000008020 evaporation Effects 0.000 claims description 4
- 230000002441 reversible effect Effects 0.000 claims description 4
- 238000010438 heat treatment Methods 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000003463 adsorbent Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- 238000003795 desorption Methods 0.000 claims description 2
- 238000004821 distillation Methods 0.000 claims description 2
- 238000003487 electrochemical reaction Methods 0.000 claims description 2
- 238000005868 electrolysis reaction Methods 0.000 claims description 2
- 238000001179 sorption measurement Methods 0.000 claims description 2
- 150000002431 hydrogen Chemical class 0.000 abstract description 7
- 238000010586 diagram Methods 0.000 abstract description 6
- 238000003763 carbonization Methods 0.000 abstract 1
- 239000000376 reactant Substances 0.000 description 17
- 230000017525 heat dissipation Effects 0.000 description 15
- OKKJLVBELUTLKV-UHFFFAOYSA-N Methanol Chemical compound OC OKKJLVBELUTLKV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 9
- 238000001816 cooling Methods 0.000 description 8
- QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N atomic oxygen Chemical compound [O] QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 7
- 238000002485 combustion reaction Methods 0.000 description 7
- 239000001301 oxygen Substances 0.000 description 7
- 229910052760 oxygen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 7
- QTBSBXVTEAMEQO-UHFFFAOYSA-N Acetic acid Chemical compound CC(O)=O QTBSBXVTEAMEQO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 6
- 230000006866 deterioration Effects 0.000 description 6
- LFQSCWFLJHTTHZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ethanol Chemical compound CCO LFQSCWFLJHTTHZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 5
- 230000006872 improvement Effects 0.000 description 5
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 description 5
- ATUOYWHBWRKTHZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Propane Chemical compound CCC ATUOYWHBWRKTHZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 description 4
- 239000000126 substance Substances 0.000 description 4
- WSFSSNUMVMOOMR-UHFFFAOYSA-N Formaldehyde Chemical compound O=C WSFSSNUMVMOOMR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 230000005611 electricity Effects 0.000 description 3
- IJGRMHOSHXDMSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N Atomic nitrogen Chemical compound N#N IJGRMHOSHXDMSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon Chemical compound [C] OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- OTMSDBZUPAUEDD-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ethane Chemical compound CC OTMSDBZUPAUEDD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 230000015572 biosynthetic process Effects 0.000 description 2
- 229910052799 carbon Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 230000015556 catabolic process Effects 0.000 description 2
- 230000032677 cell aging Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000006731 degradation reaction Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 description 2
- 239000012530 fluid Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000005755 formation reaction Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000002737 fuel gas Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000003345 natural gas Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000001294 propane Substances 0.000 description 2
- 230000036647 reaction Effects 0.000 description 2
- 239000007787 solid Substances 0.000 description 2
- BVKZGUZCCUSVTD-UHFFFAOYSA-L Carbonate Chemical compound [O-]C([O-])=O BVKZGUZCCUSVTD-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 1
- 230000004913 activation Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000000654 additive Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000032683 aging Effects 0.000 description 1
- 150000001298 alcohols Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 150000001412 amines Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 239000003054 catalyst Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000006555 catalytic reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000006378 damage Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000001419 dependent effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000010790 dilution Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000012895 dilution Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000007772 electrode material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000003792 electrolyte Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000002001 electrolyte material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000000605 extraction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000002431 foraging effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000002309 gasification Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000011261 inert gas Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000007788 liquid Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000007774 longterm Effects 0.000 description 1
- WSFSSNUMVMOOMR-NJFSPNSNSA-N methanone Chemical compound O=[14CH2] WSFSSNUMVMOOMR-NJFSPNSNSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910052757 nitrogen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000010850 non-combustible waste Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000037361 pathway Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000005855 radiation Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000006479 redox reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000009467 reduction Effects 0.000 description 1
- -1 syngas Chemical compound 0.000 description 1
- 238000003786 synthesis reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000002918 waste heat Substances 0.000 description 1
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Abstract
Description
(I) CH4 + H2O → CO + 3H2
(II)CH4 + CO2 → 2CO + 2H2
本発明の燃料電池システムの好ましい実施形態によれば、炭化水素はメタンであり、炭化水素生成ユニットはメタン化ユニットである。これは、燃料電池の総合効率をさらに上げるのに役立つ。
2 燃料電池
2a アノード
2b カソード
3 排気流リサイクル導管
4 炭化水素流リサイクル導管
5 炭化水素生成ユニット
6 分離ユニット
7 アノード出口
8 アノード入口
9 カソード入口
10 カソード出口
11 酸化剤流供給導管
12 燃料流供給導管
13a 熱交換器
13b 熱交換器
14a 熱交換器
14b 熱交換器
15 コンプレッサ
16 コンプレッサ
17 酸化剤流排出管
18 蒸気回路
100 方法のステップ
200 方法のステップ
300 方法のステップ
400 方法のステップ
500 方法のステップ
Claims (23)
- 炭化水素を改質するようにための少なくとも1つの燃料電池(2)並びに前記燃料電池(2)のアノード出口(7)の部分的に未変換の排気流に含まれる一酸化炭素及び水素から前記炭化水素を生成するための前記燃料電池(2)の前記アノード出口(7)に接続された炭化水素生成ユニット(5)を備え、前記燃料電池(2)が前記炭化水素生成ユニット(5)から熱的に分離され、発熱炭化水素生成反応と吸熱改質反応が、一方の反応が他方を熱的に干渉することなく進行する、燃料電池システム(1)。
- 前記炭化水素がメタンであり、前記炭化水素生成ユニット(5)がメタン化ユニットである請求項1に記載の燃料電池システム(1)。
- 少なくとも1つの分離ユニット(6)が、前記炭化水素生成ユニット(5)の下流に配置され、前記炭化水素生成ユニット(5)に接続されて水と二酸化炭素を含む不燃性排気流成分を分離する請求項1又は2に記載の燃料電池システム。
- 前記炭化水素生成ユニット(5)が、前記燃料電池(2)のアノード入口(8)に接続された炭化水素リサイクル導管(4)に接続される請求項1〜3のいずれか一項に記載の燃料電池システム。
- 前記炭化水素リサイクル導管(4)から得られるリサイクル炭化水素が、30質量%未満のCO2及び30質量%未満のH2Oを含有する請求項4に記載の燃料電池システム。
- 前記燃料電池(2)のアノード入口(8)が30%未満のCO2を含有する請求項1〜5のいずれか一項に記載の燃料電池システム。
- 前記燃料電池(2)の酸化剤流が純粋な酸素からなり、前記酸素が燃料の電気化学的変換のために化学量論量で供給され、発熱電気化学反応中に生成された完全な熱が、前記炭化水素の吸熱改質によって消費される請求項1〜6のいずれか一項に記載の燃料電池システム。
- 排気流リサイクル導管(3)が、前記燃料電池(2)の前記アノード出口(7)及び前記燃料電池(2)のアノード入口(8)に接続され、前記排気流リサイクル導管(3)が、前記燃料電池(2)の排気流の少なくとも一部をリサイクルする請求項1〜7のいずれか一項に記載の燃料電池システム。
- 前記燃料電池システム(1)が、化学量論量のリサイクル炭化水素及び/又は少なくとも1つの改質成分によって前記燃料電池(2)の温度を制御する請求項1〜8のいずれか一項に記載の燃料電池システム。
- 前記分離ユニット(6)が、膜、洗浄装置、吸着装置、深冷分離/蒸留、圧力/温度スイング吸着、又はそれらの任意の組み合わせを備える請求項1〜9のいずれか一項に記載の燃料電池システム。
- 前記燃料電池(2)の熱収支を制御するために前記炭化水素生成ユニット(5)の化学量論量の前記部分的に未変換の排気流の成分を制御する請求項1〜10のいずれか一項に記載の燃料電池システム(1)。
- 前記燃料電池システム(1)が、前記燃料電池(2)の酸化剤流の流量を制御して前記炭化水素の前記改質のために熱を供給する請求項1〜11のいずれか一項に記載の燃料電池システム。
- 前記排気流リサイクル導管(3)が、前記炭化水素生成ユニット(5)の上流に配置される請求項8〜12のいずれか一項に記載の燃料電池システム。
- 前記燃料電池システム(1)の作動圧が大気圧よりも高く、大気圧よりも2〜30バール高いか、又は大気圧よりも5〜15バール高い請求項1〜13のいずれか一項に記載の燃料電池システム。
- 熱交換器(14a)が、前記炭化水素生成ユニット(5)の上流で前記燃料電池(2)の前記アノード出口(7)に接続される請求項1〜14のいずれか一項に記載の燃料電池システム(1)。
- 炭化水素の生成中に放出された熱が、蒸発プロセス及び/又は吸着物質の脱着及び/又は加熱目的のために使用される請求項1〜15のいずれか一項に記載の燃料電池システム(1)。
- 前記燃料電池(2)がリバーシブル燃料電池であり、前述の請求項に記載の燃料電池モード及びさらに電解モードで運転できる請求項1〜16のいずれか一項に記載の燃料電池システム(1)。
- a)燃料電池(2)の炭化水素を改質すること(100);
b)排気流の一部を前記燃料電池(2)のアノード出口(7)から前記燃料電池(2)のアノード入口(8)に、特に排気流リサイクル導管(3)を介してリサイクルすること(200);
c)炭化水素生成ユニット(5)の前記燃料電池(2)の前記アノード出口(7)の部分的に未変換の排気流に含まれる一酸化炭素及び水素から炭化水素を生成して(300)、炭化水素含有流を作り出し、炭化水素の生成の熱が、前記燃料電池(2)から熱的に分離され、その結果発熱炭化水素生成反応と吸熱改質反応が、一方の反応が他方を熱的に干渉することなく進行すること;並びに
d)前記生成された炭化水素流を炭化水素リサイクル導管(4)を介して前記燃料電池(2)の前記アノード入口(8)にリサイクルすること(500)
を含む請求項1〜17のいずれか一項に記載の燃料電池システム(1)を運転する方法。 - 二酸化炭素及び水を含む不燃性排気流成分が、ステップc)(300)の後に炭化水素を含有する流れから分離される(400)請求項18に記載の方法。
- 化学量論量の炭化水素及び/又は少なくとも1つの改質成分によって燃料電池温度を制御することをさらに含むか、又は前記燃料電池システム(1)の熱収支を制御するために前記炭化水素生成ユニット(5)の化学量論量の部分的に未変換の排気流成分を制御することをさらに含むか、又は前記燃料電池(2)の酸化剤流の流量を制御して前記炭化水素の改質のための熱を供給することをさらに含む請求項18又は19に記載の方法。
- 前記炭化水素生成ユニット(5)から放出される熱が、燃料電池システム(1)から、特に蒸発を介して抽出される、及び/又は
前記燃料電池(2)の前記アノード出口(7)の完全な排気流(complete exhaust stream)が前記炭化水素生成ユニット(5)に供給される、及び/又は
アノード(2a)の排気流が、他の流れと事前に混合されることなく炭化水素に変換される、及び/又は
前記アノード出口(7))の前記部分的に未変換の排気流に含まれる前記残留水素及び一酸化炭素の80質量%超が、前記炭化水素生成ユニット(5)で炭化水素に変換される、及び/又は
そこにおいて、前記炭化水素生成ユニット(5)の入口が、10%未満のメタンを含有する、及び/又は
排気の一部が酸化されず、残留燃料が雰囲気に排出されない
請求項18〜20のいずれかに記載の方法。 - 発熱燃料電池の運転中に生成される熱の少なくとも50%が、炭化水素の吸熱改質によって消費され、その後前記炭化水素生成ユニット(5)での発熱反応中に放出される請求項18〜21のいずれか一項に記載の方法。
- 総有効燃料利用率が最大95〜100%に達する請求項18〜22のいずれか一項に記載の方法。
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