JP2020512488A - タバコ由来ナノセルロース材料 - Google Patents
タバコ由来ナノセルロース材料 Download PDFInfo
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- JP2020512488A JP2020512488A JP2019551669A JP2019551669A JP2020512488A JP 2020512488 A JP2020512488 A JP 2020512488A JP 2019551669 A JP2019551669 A JP 2019551669A JP 2019551669 A JP2019551669 A JP 2019551669A JP 2020512488 A JP2020512488 A JP 2020512488A
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- tobacco
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- cellulose
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- A24B15/10—Chemical features of tobacco products or tobacco substitutes
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A24—TOBACCO; CIGARS; CIGARETTES; SIMULATED SMOKING DEVICES; SMOKERS' REQUISITES
- A24B—MANUFACTURE OR PREPARATION OF TOBACCO FOR SMOKING OR CHEWING; TOBACCO; SNUFF
- A24B15/00—Chemical features or treatment of tobacco; Tobacco substitutes, e.g. in liquid form
- A24B15/18—Treatment of tobacco products or tobacco substitutes
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- A24B15/285—Treatment of tobacco products or tobacco substitutes by chemical substances characterised by structural features, e.g. particle shape or size
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- D—TEXTILES; PAPER
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Abstract
Description
本発明は、さらに処理されてセルロースナノ結晶(CNC)及びセルロースナノフィブリル(CNF)のような多様なナノセルロース材料を生成させることができる、タバコ由来パルプの調製物を提供する。出発バイオ材料として木材パルプを用いる現在の手順は、ナノセルロースベースの材料を生成するのに必要な、多数のフィブリル化のサイクルのために大量のエネルギーを必要とするのに対して、ある実施形態において、本発明は、タバコ由来ナノセルロース材料を生成するための、有意に少ない量のエネルギー(及びより少ないフィブリル化サイクルの回数)を必要とする手順を提供する。これらのナノセルロースベースの材料は、以下の実施形態において提示されるフィルム形成能及びレオロジー特性を含む、多数の興味深い特性を呈する。
本発明によるタバコ材料の調製は、ニコチアナ属種の植物を収穫するステップを含んでよく、ある実施形態において、茎、葉及び/又は根のような特定の構成要素を植物から分離するステップ、及びこれらの構成要素を物理的に加工するステップを含んでよい。タバコ植物の全体又はこれらの任意の構成要素(例えば、葉、花、葉柄、根、茎等)は、タバコ投入材料のための潜在的な供給源として用いられ得るが、茎及び/若しくは根並びに/又はタバコ植物の単離された繊維の使用が好ましい。いくつかの実施形態において、全体的な灰分の少なさ及びその結果の金属含有率の低さのため、いくつかの繊維材料と比較して、根及び/又は茎が好ましい場合がある。
H=∫0 texp(43.2−16115/T)dt (等式1)
式中、
・ T=温度(ケルビン)であり、
・ t=時間(分)である。
いくつかの実施形態において、セルロースナノ材料はさらに加工され、ナノセルロースベースのフィルムを生成することができる。本明細書に記載されるタバコナノセルロースベースのフィルムは、一般に、参照により全体が本明細書に組み込まれる、Salminenらの米国特許出願公開第2014/0255688号に記載されている方法により調製される。セルロースナノフィブリルの薄く密なフィルムの調製はまず、支持体材料上のCNFの接着及び広がりを制御するため、調整された表面エネルギーを有する支持体材料上で行われる。いくつかの実施形態において、フィルムは、セルロースナノフィブリルの懸濁液として支持体材料の表面上に直接、塗布され、塗り拡げられ、これによってCNFはフィルムを形成する。形成されたCNFフィルムは、支持体から除去されることができ、CNFのみの薄いフィルムを提供する。いくつかの実施形態において、支持体材料は例えば、ポリエチレン、ポリプロピレン、ポリアミド、ポリ塩化ビニル(PVC)及びポリエチレンテレフタレート(PET)又はこれらの組合せからなる。支持体材料の表面の活性化は、プラズマ又はコロナ処理を用いることを含んでよい。
上に記されるように、いくつかの実施形態において、タバコ由来ナノセルロース材料は、フィルム形成用途において用いられる。これらのフィルムは、例えば、食品産業における包装のために必要とされることが多い、効率的な酸素透過性及び水蒸気透過性を提供することができる。これらのナノセルロースベースのフィルムはまた、例えば、インクジェット印刷のような、電子機器における用途においても用いられ得る。いくつかの実施形態において、このようなナノセルロースベースのフィルムを調製するために用いられるタバコ由来ナノセルロース材料は、セルロースナノフィブリル(CNF)、セルロースナノ結晶(CNC)、セルロースミクロフィブリル(CMF)又はこれらの組合せを含む。いくつかの実施形態において、ナノセルロースベースのフィルムを調製するために用いられるタバコ由来ナノセルロース材料は、CNFを含む。いくつかの実施形態において、CNFの表面は非修飾である、すなわち、天然状態のままである。他の実施形態において、CNFの表面は、アルカン、脂肪族、芳香族、酸、エステル、シラン及びこれらの組合せから選択される1つ以上の官能基を含有するように修飾される。
本発明は、本発明を説明するために記述される以下の例によってより詳細に説明されるが、本発明を限定するものとして解釈されるべきではない。例に記される試験プロトコルは、本明細書において提供される特性範囲に関係する試験プロトコルであると理解される。
タバコパルプは、参照により全体が組み込まれる、Byrd, Jrらの米国特許出願公開第2016/0208440号及びByrd, Jrらの米国特許第9,339,058号に開示されている方法によって調製される。すべてのパルプ化機器は、典型的にはステンレス鋼製である。蒸解装置は、円筒形圧力容器又は球形圧力容器のいずれかである。大きな粒子を除去するために圧力スクリーンが用いられる場合があり、微細繊維を除去するためにサイドヒル大気スクリーンが用いられる場合がある。
タバコ原材料の特性評価
2つのバッチの原材料が、蒸解試験のために供給された。化学的特性評価は、第1のバッチからなされた。脱髄収率は、両方のバッチの後に測定された。平均収率は、茎では88.1%、繊維では91.3%であった。タバコ原材料の化学組成は、図11に提示される。根の組成の約84%が特定された。茎ではその量は77%であり、繊維ではわずか69%であった。合計量55.5%と、セルロース及びヘミセルロース(キシラン+GGM)の含有率が最も高いことにより、化学組成に基づいて、根は最も好適な原材料である。繊維は、灰分及びFe、Mn、Siのような有害金属の含有量が最も高かった(表3)。根及び茎のCl及びK含有量は、通常の木材種より明らかに高い。これは、クラフトパルプ化における化学物質の回収面において、例えば、回収ボイラーの腐食の増加などの問題をもたらす場合がある。
蒸解条件は、低不良品含有率、高精選収率及び8〜10g NaOH/lの残留アルカリ濃度をもたらすように選択した。平均蒸解カッパー価は、茎及び根では約18であり、繊維では約14であった。繊維は低いカッパー価(リグニン含有量)まで蒸解されたが、不良品含有率は、茎及び根のカッパー価と比較して明らかに高く、4%対0.5%であった(図12)。繊維の脱水及び扱いは複雑であった。異なる茎及び繊維のバッチは脱リグニン能において、根のサンプルより大きなばらつきがあった。
予備試験において、同EA添加の24%による茎の残留EA濃度は6.5g NaOH/lであり、目標値の8〜10g NaOH/lよりわずかに低かった。(小規模試験において)根を用いると、残留濃度は10.5g NaOH/lであるため、合わせた濃度は許容されるレベル内であり得る。残留濃度が低すぎると、溶解リグニンの縮合が起こって繊維表面に戻る場合があり、これは漂白化学物質の消費を増加する。実際の微粉砕プロセスにおいて、茎及び根材料は一緒に蒸解され得るが、茎の化学物質消費の多さのため、より良好な結果は別々の蒸解釜によって得られる。バッチ型の蒸解釜では原材料は別々に蒸解され、蒸解後、合わせた繊維ラインによって加工が続けられる。
タバコパルプの漂白において、順序D−E(P)−Dによる二酸化塩素漂白を用いた。繊維の場合、アルカリ性抽出段階における過酸化物の使用は、蒸解後の粘度がかなり低いため、除外した。繊維の漂白は困難であった。同量の二酸化塩素(40kg/tp)の場合、白色度はほぼ30%単位低かった(図13)。他のパルプが89%の白色度を得たとき、繊維の最終白色度はわずか44%であった(表4)。漂白収率は、原材料供給源次第で、90〜95%であった。最高収率は、根によって達成された。
炭水化物組成(図14)及び繊維分布(表6)は、漂白されたパルプから分析した。根及び茎において、パルプの約80%はセルロースであり、約20%は主としてキシランであるヘミセルロースである。繊維パルプは、5%を超える炭水化物以外の成分を含む。漂白後、元の原材料から計算される最高炭水化物収率(約42%)は根から得られ、最低は繊維から得た約24%あった(図14)。茎は、最も大きい数平均繊維長及び長さ加重繊維長を有していた。繊維は、最も大量の微細繊維材料及び管型の繊維を有していた。そのキンク指数は最低であった。蒸解及び/又は漂白後の同じ材料と比較した、多様な出発材料の化学組成の比較は図15において説明される。
セルロースナノフィブリル(CNF)は、実施例において説明されるように生成された、非乾燥タバコ廃棄物パルプを用いて生成される。繊維スラリーをまず、高剪断Diaf溶解機を用いて700rpmにおいて10分間、1.7%の濃度において浸漬し、分散させる。懸濁液は、グラインダー(スーパマスコロイダーMKZA10−15J、増幸産業、日本)中、1500rpmにおいて予備精砕する。予備精砕された繊維懸濁液を、ミクロ流動化装置M−7115−30に供給する。1回目の通過は、500μm及び200μmの直径を有するチャンバを通過する。次の4回の通過は、500μm及び100μmのチャンバを通過する。フィブリル化されたサンプルは、1、3及び5回の通過後に生成され、操作圧は1800barである。具体的なエネルギー消費は、4(1回通過)〜25kWh/kg(5回通過)の間で変化する。繊維スラリーは、機械的処理の後、粘性ゲルとなり、1.6〜1.8%の最終固体含有率を有する。
フィルムは、VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland Ltdから入手可能な、参照により全体が本明細書に組み込まれる、SalminenらのInternational Application No.2014/0255688に記載されている、SUTCO表面処理技術を用いて作製される。プロセスは、十分な粘度を有するCNF懸濁液が移動プラスチックウェブ上にキャストされる、溶液キャスト型プロセスである。プラスチックは、プラズマ装置を用いて、所定のパワーレベルによって前処理する。的確なレベルはハンドシートスケールにおいて、試験の前に試験する。
Claims (25)
- タバコ由来ナノセルロース材料を調製するための方法であって、
タバコパルプが約5%未満の濃度のタバコパルプ懸濁液であるような希釈形態においてタバコパルプを受け取るステップ;及び
タバコパルプ懸濁液を機械的にフィブリル化し、少なくとも1つの平均粒子サイズ寸法が約1nm〜約100nmの範囲であるタバコ由来ナノセルロース材料を生成させるステップ
を含む、方法。 - タバコパルプが、タバコ根、タバコ茎、タバコ繊維又はこれらの組合せに由来する、請求項1に記載の方法。
- タバコ由来ナノセルロース材料が、セルロースミクロフィブリル、セルロースナノフィブリル又はセルロースナノ結晶を含む、請求項1に記載の方法。
- タバコ由来ナノセルロース材料が、1.5%の濃度において、少なくとも約20,000mPa・sの見かけ粘度を有する、請求項1に記載の方法。
- タバコ由来ナノセルロース材料が、1.5%の濃度において、少なくとも約25,000mPa・sの見かけ粘度を有する、請求項4に記載の方法。
- 機械的にフィブリル化するステップが、均質化、ミクロ流動化、粉砕及び凍結粉砕の1つ以上を含む、請求項1に記載の方法。
- 機械的にフィブリル化するステップが、タバコパルプ懸濁液を、少なくとも100barの高圧において均質化装置又はミクロ流動化装置に通過させるステップを含む、請求項1に記載の方法。
- 高圧が少なくとも1000barの圧力である、請求項7に記載の方法。
- タバコパルプ懸濁液が均質化装置又はミクロ流動化装置を5回以下通過する、請求項7に記載の方法。
- タバコパルプ懸濁液が均質化装置又はミクロ流動化装置を3回以下通過する、請求項9に記載の方法。
- タバコパルプ懸濁液が均質化装置又はミクロ流動化装置を1回のみ通過する、請求項10に記載の方法。
- タバコパルプ懸濁液の形成の前又は後のいずれかに、タバコパルプを1つ以上の機械的、化学的又は酵素処理ステップに供することによって、タバコパルプを前処理するステップをさらに含む、請求項1に記載の方法。
- 前処理ステップが、機械的粉砕ステップである、請求項12に記載の方法。
- 前処理ステップが、TEMPO酸化、過酸化物酸化、カルボキシメチル化、アセチル化、酸加水分解及びこれらの組合せから選択される化学的処理ステップを含む、請求項12に記載の方法。
- 前処理ステップが、エンドグルカナーゼによる処理、ヘミセルラーゼによる処理及びこれらの組合せから選択される酵素処理を含む、請求項12に記載の方法。
- 少なくとも1つの平均粒子サイズ寸法が約1nm〜約100nmの範囲であるタバコ由来ナノセルロース材料で形成されたフィルム。
- タバコ由来ナノセルロース材料が、タバコ根、タバコ茎、タバコ繊維又はこれらの組合せに由来する、請求項16に記載のフィルム。
- タバコ由来ナノセルロース材料が、セルロースミクロフィブリル、セルロースナノフィブリル又はセルロースナノ結晶を含む、請求項16に記載のフィルム。
- フィルムの引張強度が約120Mpaより大きい、請求項16に記載のフィルム。
- フィルムの引張強度が約130Mpaより大きい、請求項19に記載のフィルム。
- フィルムの引張強度が約140Mpa以上である、請求項20に記載のフィルム。
- a. 少なくとも約11%の伸び率及び
b. 少なくとも約4Gpaの引張弾性率
の1つ以上を有する、請求項16に記載のフィルム。 - フィルムの酸素透過度が、
a. 23℃の温度及び0%の相対湿度(RH)において、0.2cc・mm/m2・日未満並びに
b. 23℃の温度及び80%の相対湿度(RH)において、約20cc・mm/m2・日未満
の少なくとも一方である、請求項16に記載のフィルム。 - フィルムの水蒸気透過度が、23℃の温度及び50%の相対湿度(RH)において、約30g・mm/m2・日未満である、請求項16に記載のフィルム。
- タバコ由来ナノセルロース材料が、疎水性、疎水性又は極性官能基の表面への付加によって化学的に修飾された表面を有するセルロースナノフィブリルである、請求項16に記載のフィルム。
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