JP2019517775A - C1基質からのタンパク質、食料、及び有用な副生成物の生成のための微生物並びに人工エコシステム - Google Patents
C1基質からのタンパク質、食料、及び有用な副生成物の生成のための微生物並びに人工エコシステム Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
Description
本出願は、2016年3月19日出願の米国特許仮出願第62/310,705号、及び2017年2月3日出願の同第62/454,347号の利益を主張するものであり、両方とも、参照によりその全体が本明細書に組み込まれる。
本発明の主題は、微生物系において、炭素源及びエネルギー源としてシンガス又はプロデューサーガス又は熱分解ガス又はH2とCO2のガス混合物などのガス状基質を用いる、アミノ酸及びタンパク質及び他のバイオマス構成物の生物学的生成に関する。本発明はまた、栄養素を他の従属栄養生物、動物、又はヒトに供給又は提供するための、微生物のアミノ酸、タンパク質、及び他のバイオマス構成物の使用に関する。本発明に従って生成されるアミノ酸、タンパク質、及び他のバイオマス構成物は、食料及び他のバイオ系生成物の生成のための栄養素として他の生物によって消費及び使用され得る。
アミノ酸、タンパク質、及び他の栄養素の持続可能で、再生可能な供給源が、増大する食料需要を満たすために必要とされている。大気への二酸化炭素及び他の温室効果ガス(GHG)放出量を減少させる必要、並びに食料生成システムにおける石炭、油、及び天然ガスに基づく世界のエネルギー消費を減少させる必要もある。世界経済における需要が増大することで、陸及び水の資源にますます圧力がかかっている。食料及び他の農作物由来の生成物の生成のための伝統的な化石炭化水素材料にもますます圧力がかかっている。現代農業を含む多くの産業は、作物の生成及び加工のための材料としての化石炭化水素供給源の安定供給に大きく依存している。現在の義務的な実践の費用対効果の高い代替物は、土地利用、自然生息地、水、化石資源需要、原材料費、及び温室効果ガスの放出にかかる圧力の増大を軽減するのに役立ち得る。
「1つ(a)」、「1つ(an)」及び「その」は、文脈が明確に示さない限り、複数の言及を含み、本明細書及び特許請求の範囲で使用される場合、不定冠詞「1つ(a)」、「1つ(an)」、及び「その」は、反対のことが明確に示されない限り、「少なくとも1つ」を意味することが理解されるべきである。
いくつかの実施形態において、H2及び/又はCO及び/又はCO2及び/又はCH4を含有するプロデューサーガス又はガス混合物を、アミノ酸、タンパク質、及び他の生物学的栄養素に変換できる天然又は操作された微生物が提供される。いくつかの実施形態において、H2及び/又はCO及び/又はCO2及び/又はCH4を含有するプロデューサーガス又はガス混合物をビタミンに変換できる天然又は操作された微生物が提供される。ある実施形態において、ビタミンは、以下のもの:ビタミンB1、B2、及び/又はB12の1以上を含むが、これらに限定されないビタミンBである。
8アセチル−CoA+7ATP+H2O+14NADPH+14H+→パルミチン酸+8CoA+14NADP++7ADP+7Pi
動物又は水産養殖の飼料の生成
いくつかの実施形態において、本発明に従って生成されるタンパク質及び/又はタンパク質性バイオマスは、次いで、当技術分野並びに化学、化学工学の科学、及び食品科学で周知の方法並びにプロセスを用いて動物飼料に変換される。ある実施形態において、本発明によって生成される飼料は、以下のもの:他の微生物、酵母、真菌、動物プランクトン、甲殻類又は他の無脊椎動物;魚;鳥;哺乳類のうちの1以上を含むが、これらに限定されない生物を成長させるために使用される。ある非限定的な実施形態において、魚には、ティラピア;サーモン;スギのうちの1以上が含まれるが、これらに限定されない。ある非限定的な実施形態において、鳥には、ニワトリ又はシチメンチョウが含まれるが、これらに限定されない。ある非限定的な実施形態において、哺乳類には、ウサギ、ヤギ、ヒツジ、ブタ、ウシのうちの1以上が含まれるが、これらに限定されない。ある非限定的な実施形態において、本発明によって生成される飼料は、順に、生命の最初の数週間にわたってフィンフィッシュの幼虫を維持する生の飼料を成長させるために使用される。ある実施形態において、この生の飼料は動物プランクトンを含む。ある実施形態において、本発明に従って生成される飼料は、以下のもの:ワムシ[輪形動物門];ミジンコ目(例えば、ミジンコ属、タマミジンコ属);カイアシ亜綱(例えば、ケンミジンコ);ブラインシュリンプ(アネミア種)のうちの1以上を含むが、これらに限定されない動物プランクトン生物を成長させるために使用される。
ある実施形態において、本発明によって生成されるタンパク質及び/又は他の栄養素は、貝及び/又はサンゴを含むが、これらに限定されない炭酸塩含有生体材料を生合成する生物を成長させるために使用される。医薬製剤、ポリマー材料の構築又はポリマー材料の充填剤として使用することができるムール貝とカキの殻は、炭酸カルシウムの含有量が高い。
実施例1
カプリアビダス・ネカトール株DSM 531を、成長用の唯一のエネルギー源及び炭素源としてH2とCO2とO2ガスの混合物で成長させた。
全試料を、ボトル実験のためにシリンジ及び針を用いて無菌条件下で取得した。光学密度(OD)を、100マイクロリットルの試料を用いて、650nmで、Beckman Coulter社製DU720 UV/Vis分光光度計を用いて測定した。
カプリアビダス・ネカトール株DSM531を、成長のための唯一のエネルギー源及び炭素源としてH2、CO2、及びO2の混合物で、乾燥細胞密度1リットルあたり38グラムまで成長させた。
塩基添加−pHを2NのNH4OHで調整した。
泡の制御−泡が上部空間の1/2超を満たした場合は、上部空間噴霧又は再循環による制御を行わず、消泡剤を用いた(A8011,Sigma Antifoam C Emulsion,www.sigmaaldrich.com/catalog/product/sigma/a8011?lang=en&region=US)。
栄養素の修正−NH4OHの塩基添加によって提供される窒素栄養素に加えて、他のミネラル栄養素を稼働中に添加し、成長を延長させ、ミネラル栄養素の制限が生じるのを防いだ。
ロドコッカス属の微生物及びカプリアビダス属の微生物を、異なる炭素源での成長能力について試験した(図7)。30℃で、LB寒天プレート上で成長させた株のコロニーを、3〜20日間、30OC、250rpmで、示した10%(v/v)の培地を含有するフラスコに移した。R.オパクス株DSM 44193は、40g/Lのグルコースを補充したMSM培地(1Lの培地A:1Lあたり9g Na2HPO4.12H2O、1.5g H2PO4、1.0g NH4Cl及び0.2g MgSO4.7H2O;10mlの培地B:100mlあたり50mgのクエン酸第二鉄アンモニウム及び100mgのCaCl2;10mlの培地C:100mlあたり5g NaHCO3;並びに1mlの微量ミネラル溶液:1Lあたり100mg ZnSO4.7H2O、30mg MnCl2.4H2O、300mg H3BO3、200mg CoCl2.6H2O、10mg CuCl2.2H2O、20mg NiCl2.6H2O及び30mg Na2MoO4.2H2O)で、650nmでの光学密度(OD)を測定した時に、従属栄養増殖条件下でのみ成長を示した。R.オパクス株DSM 43205は、従属栄養増殖条件下で同一の成長速度を示し、O.D=9.0に達した。株DSM 43205はまた、化学合成独立栄養条件(66.7%のH2、9.5%のCO2、5%のO2及び18.8%のN2を補充したMSM培地)で成長することができた。ロドコッカス種(DSM 3346)は、従属栄養条件及び化学合成独立栄養条件(DSMZ培地81:無機栄養成長用の1Lのミネラル培地:1Lあたり2.9g Na2HPO4.2H2O、2.3g KH2PO4、1.0g NH4Cl、0.5g MgSO4.7H2O、0.5g NaHCO3、0.01g CaCl2.H2O及び0.05g Fe(NH4)クエン酸;並びに80%のH2、10%のCO2及び10%のO2を補充した5mlの微量ミネラル溶液)下で成長を示した。カプリアビダス・ネカトール(DSM 531)は、従属栄養条件及び化学合成独立栄養条件下(株DSM 43205について記載した培地)で成長することができた(図7)。pSeqCO2で形質転換したカプリアビダス・ネカトール(DSM 531)は、300、400、及び500μg/mlのカナマイシンを補充したLB培地で成長することができ、それぞれOD600は1.47、1.52及び1.51を示した。非形質転換細胞は、対照(LBのみ)で成長を示し、一部は、300μg/mlのカナマイシンで成長したが、400、及び500μg/mlのカナマイシンでの成長は検出されなかった。
実験の1グループにおいて、30℃で、LB寒天プレート上で成長させたロドコッカス株のコロニーを、示した成長培地及びガス混合物を含有する気密血清ボトルに移した。(元のLB成長接種物を、前もって、−80℃で保管したグリセロールストックから回収した。)ガスでの血清ボトル成長を、栓をして、密封した160mlのWheaton社製ガラス血清ボトル(VWR製品番号16171−385)中で行った。液体培地の体積は10〜20mlであった。ボトルを、Wheaton社製Hand−Operated Crimper(VWR ♯80078−996)を用いて、ゴム栓(VWR ♯100483−774)及びアルミニウムシール(VWR ♯ 89047−008)で栓をした。無菌成長培地を無菌条件下でボトルに移した。接種物を無菌条件下でボトルに導入し、ボトルをゴム栓で栓をして、密封した。ガス混合物をボトルに添加した。ガス混合物を添加した後、血清ボトルを密封するために、シールをアルミニウムで圧着した。次いで、ボトルを振盪フラスコインキュベーター中に置いた。ボトルを30℃、250RPMでインキュベートした。全ての試料を、シリンジ及び針を用いて無菌条件下で採取した。成長を、650nmの分光光度計で光学密度(OD)の測定により評価した。
ロドコッカス・オパクス株DSM 43205を、上記のように、MSM培地及びH2/CO2/O2ガス混合物を用いてバイオリアクター中で培養した。ガス混合物の組成は、66.7% H2、9.5% CO2、5% O2及び18.8% N2であった。細胞塊を、遠心分離によって培養物の上清から分離した。上清を廃棄し、クロロホルム/メタノール(C/M)抽出をバイオマスペレットで行った。バイオマスからの粗抽出物の重量分析により、バイオマスの40%がクロロホルム/メタノールに可溶性の脂質を含み、14%がヘキサンに可溶性の脂質を含むことが示された。脂質をシリカ−60カラムに塗布し、異なる脂質基を分離し、ヘキサン、クロロホルム、イソプロパノール、メタノール及びアセトンを含む有機溶媒でカラムから抽出した。非脂肪酸脂質をメチル化するために弱アルカリメチル化を行い、脂肪酸をメチル化するために酸メチル化を行った。脂肪酸メチルエステル(FAME)を、ガスクロマトグラフィー−質量分析(GC−MS)によって分析した。
ロドコッカス・オパクス株DSM 43205を、1リットルボトル中での成長のための唯一のエネルギー源及び炭素源としてH2とCO2とO2のガス混合物で成長させた。接種物を、−80℃で保管した水+MSMストックアリコートから回収した。使用した培地は、上記のMSMであった。−80℃で保管したストックからのアリコートを、小さな血清ボトル中のMSM(20ml)に接種した。ガスでの血清ボトル成長を、67%のH2、24%の空気(4.8% O2)、9%のCO2からなるガス混合物を有する栓をして、密封した160mlのWheaton社製ガラス血清ボトル中で上記のように行った。ボトルを、振盪フラスコインキュベーターに入れ、30℃、250RPMでインキュベートした。
多くの酸水素種は、公的に利用可能であるか、又は上記の手法を用いて単離することができる。例えば、少なくとも238種の異なるロドコッカス株及び少なくとも55種の異なるカプリアビダス株が、公共DSMZ(Deutsche Sammlung von Mikroorganismen und Zellkulturen GmbH)株保管庫から利用可能であり、ハイドロゲノビブリオ(Hydrogenovibrio)、ロドシュードモナス(Rhodopseudomonas)、ハイドロゲノバクター(Hydrogenobacter)、キサントバクター(xanthobacter)、及びハイドロゲノサームス(hydrogenothermus)を含む酸水素微生物を含む多くの他の属からの株が利用可能である。酸水素株はまた、濃縮法を用いて、土壌試料又は地熱流体試料からの単離などの日常的なプロセスによって取得することができる。
約5キログラムのバイオマス(乾燥重量)が、成長のための唯一のエネルギー源及び炭素源としてH2、CO2、及びO2ガス混合物で成長させたカプリアビダス・ネカトール株DSM 531によって生成された。このバイオマスから、ヘキサン可溶性油を抽出し、分析した。以下のプロトコルを、攪拌タンクバイオリアクター中でH2、CO2、及びO2原料からバイオマスを生成し、次いで、バイオマスから油を抽出するのに使用した。
カプリアビダス・ネカトールの細胞破壊及び湿ったバイオマスからの油の抽出
湿った細胞物質試料からの効率的な油抽出を、以下に記載のイソプロパノール/ヘキサン油抽出手順を用いて行った。この手順を用いて、粗ヘキサン抽出物を、唯一の炭素源としてのCO2で成長させたC.ネカトールのバイオマスから回収し、それから微生物油を取得した。図13は、油及びポリマーを含む、C.ネカトールからの粗ヘキサン抽出物を含有する試験管を示す。図14は、唯一の炭素源としてのCO2並びに唯一の水素源及び電子源としてのH2で成長させたC.ネカトールから抽出した油試料を示す。
小規模抽出結果を確認した後、大規模抽出の作業を始めた。4kgの湿ったC.ネカトールバイオマスを抽出用の20のバッチ(バッチあたり0.2kg)に分け、各バッチを振盪フラスコに移した。各フラスコに650mlのイソプロパノールを添加した。湿ったバイオマス1.5グラムあたり5mLの2−プロパノール溶媒を使用した。バイオマスを2−プロパノールと十分に混合し、均一な懸濁液を作製した。
CO2から生成され、C.ネカトールから抽出された油を、ケイ酸カラム上に添加し、中性脂質(NL)、極性脂質(PL)及び遊離脂肪酸(FFA)の画分に分離した。各画分の脂質を、最初にメチルエステルに変換することによるアシル鎖分布について分析し、次いで、ガスクロマトグラフィーによって分析した。個々のピークの分子量をGC/MSによって確認した。脂肪族アシル炭素鎖分布についてのメチルエステルの重量パーセンテージ(重量%)を、分析用標準物質から確立された相対的応答係数を利用するピーク面積の総数から計算した。図16は、カプリアビダス・ネカトールから抽出した油に存在する脂肪酸の鎖の長さのプロファイルを示す。油の主成分は、パルミチン酸であるC16:0である。パルミチン酸はまた、パーム油の主成分である。
シンガス原料、又はその成分からのアミノ酸の生成
カプリアビダス・ネカトール株DSM 531及びDSM 541を、H2/CO2/O2ガス混合物及びミネラル塩発酵培地を用いて培養した。培養物を、66.7% H2、9.5% CO2、5% O2及び18.8% N2を補充した血清ボトル中20mlのMSM培地(1Lの培地A:1Lあたり9g Na2HPO4.12H2O、1.5g H2PO4、1.0g NH4Cl及び0.2g MgSO4.7H2O;10mlの培地B:100mlあたり50mgのクエン酸第二鉄アンモニウム及び100mgのCaCl2;10mlの培地C:100mlあたり5g NaHCO3;並びに1mlの微量ミネラル溶液:1Lあたり100mg ZnSO4.7H2O、30mg MnCl2.4H2O、300mg H3BO3、200mg CoCl2.6H2O、10mg CuCl2.2H2O、20mg NiCl2.6H2O及び30mg Na2MoO4.2H2O)で、30℃、200rpmで、96時間成長させた。
ヒドロゲノビブリオ・マリナス株DSM 11271を、乾燥細胞密度1リットルあたり8グラムを超えるまで、成長のための唯一のエネルギー源及び炭素源としてのH2、CO2、及びO2ガスの混合物で成長させた。攪拌タンクバイオリアクター中にH2、CO2、及びO2を含むガスの混合物を用いて行う実験については、以下のプロトコルに従った。
ロドシュードモナス・カプシュラータ株DSM 1710を、成長のための唯一のエネルギー源及び炭素源としてH2、CO2、及びO2ガスの混合物でOD4.5まで成長させた。ガスの連続流を供給する1リットルの密封ボトル中にH2、CO2、及びO2を含むガスの混合物を用いて行う実験については、以下のプロトコルに従った。
ヒドロゲノバクター・サーモフィラスDSM 6534を、1リットルの気密性ボトル中で、成長のための唯一のエネルギー源及び炭素源としてのH2及びCO2及びO2ガス混合物で成長させた。ガス上部空間下での血清ボトル中のH.サーモフィラスDSM 6534の生培養物をDeutsche Sammlung von Mikroorganismen und Zellkulturen(DSMZ)から受け取った。この生培養物を用いて、H2:CO2:O2雰囲気が8:1:1の下で、「好熱性細菌(Thermophilic bacteria)」,Jakob Kristjansson,チャプター5、第III節,CRC Press,(1992),pp.86〜88に与えられるMSM培地を含有する160ml血清ボトルに10%接種物を提供した。接種後の600nmでの最初のODは0.03であった。温水浴に血清ボトルを浸すことによって、血清ボトルの温度を70℃に保った。攪拌は適用しなかった。培地が混濁するのが観察され、65時間後に、ODは、10倍超増加し0.354であると測定された。次いで、この血清ボトルを、120mLのMSM培地を含有し、H2:CO2:O2雰囲気が8:1:1である1リットルの気密ボトル中に10%接種物として継代培養した。培養ボトルを、水浴を用いて70℃に保ち、攪拌しなかった。64時間かけて、ガス上部空間を一度交換し、ODは0.25に増加した。さらに24時間かけて、ODは0.42に増加した。上部空間ガスを再び交換し、2日後に、ODは0.56と測定された。1mLの培養ブロスをDNA抽出及び配列決定のために採取した。
キサントバクター・オートトロフィカス株DSM 432を、成長のための唯一のエネルギー源及び炭素源としてH2、CO2、及びO2ガスの混合物で、乾燥細胞密度1リットルあたり14グラムまで成長させた。攪拌タンクバイオリアクター中にH2、CO2、及びO2を含むガスの混合物を用いて行う実験については、以下のプロトコルに従った。
CO2で成長させたknallgas株の幾何学的要因及び本質的に高い生産性のみを考慮する以下の計算は、光合成生物に基づくバイオプロセスを上回る本明細書に記載のknallgas微生物の適用の利点を明らかに示す。最初に、比較のために、池の中で、CO2で成長させた藻類についての米国における単位面積あたりの平均バイオマス生産性、又は面生産性は、13.2g/m2/日であると報告された[ANL,NREL,PNNL 2012 藻類の脂質からの再生可能ディーゼル:調和のとれたモデルからのコスト、排出量及び資源の可能性の統合ベースライン(Renewable diesel from algal lipids:an integrated Baseline for cost,emissions and resource potential from a harmonized model)ANL/ESD/12−4;NREL/TP−5100−55431;PNNL−21437.Argonne Il:アルゴンヌ米国国立研究所;Golden CO:米国国立再生可能エネルギー研究所;Richland WA:太平洋北西部国立研究所]。
総合システムは、図30に提供される化学量論を有することができる。
図31は、(A)エネルギー材料及び未処理無機化学材料(例えば、水)からの化学合成を支持するのに適する電子供与体(例えば、分子水素電子供与体)の生成のためのプロセス工程;(B)ポイント産業用排ガス、又は他のCO2源から捕捉されたCO2と共に、その後の生成されたH2電子供与体及びO2電子受容体、水、ミネラル栄養素の、(C)化学合成反応により二酸化炭素を捕捉及び固定して、タンパク質性バイオマスを作製する酸水素微生物を利用する、1以上のバイオリアクター(4)を収容する化学合成反応工程(複数可)への送達;(D)平衡して、電子供与体生成工程からの余剰の化学副生成物(例えば、O2)を回収した後に、(E)プロセス流からのバイオマス生成物の回収のためのプロセス工程;並びに(F)未使用の栄養素及びプロセス水だけでなく、微生物培養を維持するのに必要な細胞塊を炭素固定反応工程に戻して(すなわち、バイオリアクターに戻して)リサイクルすること、を有する本発明のある実施形態の一般的なプロセス流の略図を示す。
化学合成独立栄養株のスクリーニング
株を、最初に、Almore社のVacu−Quickジャーシステムを用いて、プレート上で化学合成独立栄養についてスクリーニングした。次いで、有望株を液体培養で試験した。
本発明の特定の実施形態は、太陽及び風などの間欠的再生可能動力源を活用して、炭素固定に必要なH2を生成する。CO2源は、発電所などの産業資源である。電解槽は、一般に、低電力需要及び高い再生可能電力供給の期間中に電力を引き出す。低い需要及び高い再生可能生成のこのような期間中に、再生可能で、CO2放出のない電気供給の容量は、テキサス州、スコットランド及びドイツなどの地域で最高で95%に達する。このように、実際に、電解槽は、水からH2生成のためのCO2放出のない電力を利用し、CO2を大量に使用する電力をほとんど利用しない。このような地域において、高い再生可能電力供給及び低いグリッド需要の期間は、その時間のおよそ50%に生じるので、電解槽は、その時間のおよそ50%動作することが期待される。施設内のH2及びCO2タンク貯蔵は、産業資源からのCO2生成と電解槽からのH2生成の間の時間の差異を減らし、これらのガスの両方のCO2固定バイオプロセスへの連続流を可能にする。化学合成独立栄養knallgas微生物は、CO2、H2、及びミネラル栄養素(すなわち、NPK)を高タンパク質性バイオマスに変換する(図32を参照されたい)。電解槽からのO2は、微好気性knallgasバイオプロセスの要件を超える。この余剰のO2は、純粋なガス副生成物として販売することができるか、又はユニットの熱効率を増加させ、ユニットから出る排ガス流中のCO2濃度を増加させるために、化石燃料若しくは動力装置にフィードバックされる。CO2濃度の増加は、炭素捕捉工程を促進する。
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Claims (35)
- 炭素原子を1つのみ含有する無機分子及び/又は有機分子を捕捉し、同化生合成によって生成される2以上の炭素原子を含有する有機分子に変換するための生物学的並びに化学的方法であって、
化学合成独立栄養微生物を維持するのに適する環境に、炭素原子を1つのみ含有する無機分子及び/又は有機分子を導入すること、
化学合成独立栄養微生物を維持するのに適する環境にガス状基質を導入することを含み、
炭素原子を1つのみ含有する無機分子及び/又は有機分子が、成長及び/又は生合成のために微生物によって炭素源として使用され;
炭素原子を1つのみ含有する無機分子及び/又は有機分子を、少なくとも1つの化学合成炭素固定反応及び化学合成独立栄養微生物内に含有される少なくとも1つの同化生合成経路によって環境内に2以上の炭素原子を含有する有機分子生成物に変換することを含み、
化学合成固定反応及び同化生合成経路が、化学的及び/若しくは電子化学的及び/若しくは熱化学的に作られたか、かつ/又は環境の外部にある少なくとも1つの供給源から環境内に導入される電子供与体及び電子受容体によって提供される化学並びに/又は電子化学エネルギーによって少なくとも部分的に促進される、
方法。 - 前記微生物が細菌細胞である、請求項1に記載の方法。
- 前記ガス状基質が、炭素源としてCO2を含む、請求項1に記載の方法。
- 前記ガス状基質が、エネルギー源としてH2及び/又はO2を含む、請求項1に記載の方法。
- 前記ガス状基質が、熱分解ガス又はプロデューサーガス又はシンガスを含む、請求項1に記載の方法。
- 前記ガス状基質が、H2及び/又はCO2及び/又はCOを含むガスの混合物を含む、請求項1に記載の方法。
- 前記微生物が、微生物の成長及びバイオ生成物の生成に適する条件下で、ガス状基質の存在下で培養した時に、アミノ酸及び/又はタンパク質及び/又はビタミン及び/又はバイオマスを生成する、請求項1に記載の方法。
- 前記微生物が、カプリアビダス種又はラルストニア種である、請求項1に記載の方法。
- 前記微生物がカプリアビダス・ネカトールである、請求項1に記載の方法。
- 前記微生物及び/又は前記微生物によって生成される栄養素が、1以上の他の生物に栄養を与えるか、又は提供するために使用される、請求項1に記載の方法。
- 前記微生物がknallgas微生物である、請求項1に記載の方法。
- 前記ガス状基質が、H2及び/又はCO2を含む、請求項11に記載の方法。
- 前記ガス状基質が、熱分解ガス又はプロデューサーガス又はシンガスである、請求項11に記載の方法。
- 前記ガス状基質が、都市固形廃棄物、黒液、農業廃棄物、木材廃棄物、残留天然ガス、バイオガス、サワーガス、メタンハイドレート、タイヤ、石油コークス、下水、肥料、わら、リグノセルロースエネルギー作物、リグニン、作物残留物、バガス、鋸屑、林業残留物、食品廃棄物、廃棄カーペット、廃プラスチック、埋立地ガス、ケルプ、海藻、及び/又はリグノセルロースバイオマスに由来する、請求項13に記載の方法。
- アミノ酸及び/又はタンパク質及び/又はビタミン及び/又はバイオマスが、培地から回収される、請求項1に記載の方法。
- 炭素原子を1つのみ含有する前記電子供与体及び/又は分子が、ガス化、熱分解、蒸気改質、自己改質のうちの少なくとも1つを含む有機物質に作用する熱化学プロセスを経て作られる、請求項1に記載の方法。
- 炭素原子を1つのみ含有する前記電子供与体及び/又は有機分子が、メタン蒸気改質を経て作られる、請求項1に記載の方法。
- ガス化及び/又は熱分解及び/又は自己改質及び/又は蒸気改質からの産出ガス中の一酸化炭素に対する水素の比が、ガスが微生物に送達される前に、水生ガスシフト反応を用いて調節される、請求項16又は請求項17に記載の方法。
- 前記微生物が、以下の属:カプリアビダス種、ロドコッカス種、ヒドロゲノビブリオ種、ロドシュードモナス種、水素細菌(Hydrogenobacter)種、ゴルドニア種、アルスロバクター種、ストレプトマイセス種、ロドバクター種、及び/又はキサントバクター種のうちの1以上から選択される微生物を含む、請求項1に記載の方法。
- 前記電子供与体が、以下の還元剤:アンモニア;アンモニウム;一酸化炭素;亜ジチオン酸塩;元素硫黄;炭化水素;水素;メタ亜硫酸塩;一酸化窒素;亜硝酸塩;チオ硫酸ナトリウム(Na2S2O3)又はチオ硫酸カルシウム(CaS2O3)を含むが、これらに限定されないチオ硫酸塩などの硫酸塩;硫化水素などの硫化物;亜硫酸塩;チオネート;チオナイト;可溶化相又は固相の遷移金属若しくはそれらの硫化物、酸化物、カルコゲナイド、ハロゲン化物、水酸化物、オキシ水酸化物、リン酸塩、硫酸塩若しくは炭酸塩;及び固体電極材料中の伝導電子若しくは価電子帯電子のうちの1以上を含むが、これらに限定されない、請求項1に記載の方法。
- 前記電子受容体が、以下のもの:二酸化炭素;酸素;硝酸塩;亜硝酸塩;第2鉄又は他の遷移金属イオン;硫酸塩;又は固体電極材料中の価電子帯又は伝導帯ホールのうちの1以上を含む、請求項1に記載の方法。
- 生物学的変換工程の前に、1以上の化学的前処理工程が先行し、その際、前記微生物が必要とする前記電子供与体及び/又は電子受容体及び/又は炭素源及び/又はミネラル栄養素が、少なくとも1つの投入化学物質から作られるか、かつ/又はそれから精製されるか、かつ/又は炭素固定工程から生じる化学物質からリサイクルされるか、かつ/又は他の産業、鉱業、農業、下水処理若しくは廃棄物発生プロセスからの廃棄物流から作られるか、又はその中に含有されている、請求項1に記載の方法。
- 前記電子供与体及び/又は電子受容体が、温室効果ガスの排出が低い再生可能な、代替の又は従来の動力源を用いて作られるか、又はリサイクルされ、前記動力源が、太陽光発電、太陽熱、風力、水力、原子力、地熱、向上した地熱、海洋熱、海洋波動、及び潮力のうちの少なくとも1つから選択される、請求項1に記載の方法。
- 前記電子供与体及び/又は電子受容体が、電気グリッド供給が電気グリッド需要を超える期間中、グリッド電気を用いて作られ、貯蔵タンクが、前記電子供与体及び/又は電子受容体の発生、並びに化学合成反応中のそれらの消費を減らす、請求項1に記載の方法。
- 前記有機化学生成物が、5個の炭素又はそれ以上である炭素骨格を有する化合物を含む、請求項1に記載の方法。
- 分子水素が、電子供与体として作用し、以下のもの:水の電気分解、水の熱化学分解、ブラインの電気分解、硫化水素の電気分解及び/又は熱化学分解のうちの少なくとも1つを用いる方法により作られる、請求項1に記載の方法。
- 水素生成のための水の電気分解が、以下のもの:プロトン交換膜(PEM)、KOHなどの液体電解質、アルカリ電気分解、固体ポリマー電解質電気分解、高圧電気分解、水蒸気の高温電気分解(HTES)のうちの1以上を用いて行われる、請求項26に記載の方法。
- 水素生成のための水の熱化学分解が、以下のもの:酸化鉄サイクル、酸化セリウム(IV)−酸化セリウム(III)サイクル、亜鉛−酸化亜鉛サイクル、硫黄−ヨウ素サイクル、銅−塩素サイクル、カルシウム−臭素−鉄サイクル、ハイブリッド硫黄サイクルのうちの1以上を用いて行われる、請求項26に記載の方法。
- 分子水素が、電子供与体として作用し、以下のもの:炭素の捕捉及び隔離(CCS)対応メタン蒸気改質;CCS対応石炭ガス化;Kvaernerプロセス及びカーボンブラック製品を作る他のプロセス;CCS対応ガス化又はバイオマスの熱分解;バイオ炭副生成物を生成するバイオマスの熱分解のうちの1以上を含む、二酸化炭素の放出が少ない又は全く放出しない、水素を生成することが知られている電子化学又は熱化学プロセスにより作られる、請求項1に記載の方法。
- アミノ酸及び/又はタンパク質及び/又はビタミン及び/又はバイオマスを生成する方法であって、微生物の成長並びにアミノ酸及び/又はタンパク質及び/又はビタミン及び/又はバイオマスの生成に適する条件下での成長及びバイオ産物生成のためのガス状基質並びに他の栄養素を含む培地を含むバイオリアクター中で、請求項1に記載の微生物を培養することを含み、前記微生物が、アミノ酸及び/又はタンパク質及び/又はビタミン及び/又はバイオマスを生成する、方法。
- 少なくとも1つの化学合成反応及び少なくとも1つの同化生合成経路が、アミノ酸;ペプチド;タンパク質;脂質;多糖;及び/又はビタミンのうちの少なくとも1つを含む生化学物質の形成をもたらす、請求項1に記載の方法。
- バイオマス及び/又は生化学物質が、前記少なくとも1つの化学合成反応を経て生成され、前記バイオマス及び/又は生化学物質が、以下のもの:発酵のための有機炭素源及び/又は窒素源;他の微生物若しくは生物の成長のための窒素源;ヒト用の窒素源若しくは食品成分;動物用の飼料;製造プロセス若しくは化学プロセス用の原料又は化学中間体;医薬品物質、医薬物質若しくは栄養物質の供給源;肥料;土壌添加物;並びに/又は土壌安定剤のうちの少なくとも1つとして適用される、請求項1に記載の方法。
- 前記化学合成反応からの前記炭素源及び/又は窒素源が、市販の酵素、抗生物質、アミノ酸、タンパク質、食品、食品成分;ビタミン、脂質、バイオプラスチック、多糖、栄養補助食品、医薬品のうちの少なくとも1つを含む生化学物質を生成するための発酵に使用される、請求項32に記載の方法。
- 動物用の前記飼料が、牛、羊、鶏、豚、魚、甲殻類、昆虫、無脊椎動物、及びサンゴのうちの1以上に餌を与えるために使用される、請求項32に記載の方法。
- 前記甲殻類又はサンゴが、C1供給源から生合成される栄養素を用いて成長し、CO2をアルベドが多い固体無機質形態に隔離する炭酸塩材料を生成する、請求項34に記載の方法。
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CN109154006A (zh) | 2019-01-04 |
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AU2017236795A1 (en) | 2018-09-27 |
WO2017165244A1 (en) | 2017-09-28 |
AU2021277653A1 (en) | 2021-12-23 |
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EP3430150A1 (en) | 2019-01-23 |
US20240060191A1 (en) | 2024-02-22 |
CL2018002647A1 (es) | 2019-04-12 |
BR112018068946A2 (pt) | 2019-01-22 |
US11725290B2 (en) | 2023-08-15 |
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IL261828A (en) | 2018-10-31 |
EP3430150A4 (en) | 2019-12-25 |
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