JP2019511951A - 固相マイクロ抽出用コーティング - Google Patents
固相マイクロ抽出用コーティング Download PDFInfo
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- JP2019511951A JP2019511951A JP2018535386A JP2018535386A JP2019511951A JP 2019511951 A JP2019511951 A JP 2019511951A JP 2018535386 A JP2018535386 A JP 2018535386A JP 2018535386 A JP2018535386 A JP 2018535386A JP 2019511951 A JP2019511951 A JP 2019511951A
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Abstract
Description
本出願は、参照により本明細書に組み込まれる、2016年3月2日に出願された米国特許仮出願第62/302710号の優先権の利益を主張する。
本開示は固相マイクロ抽出用コーティングに関する。
以下の段落は、その中で述べられるいずれかが先行技術または当業者の知識の一部であることを容認するものではない。
以下の導入は、読者を本明細書に導くものであって、いかなる発明も定義するものではない。以下または本文書の他の部分に記載の装置要素または方法ステップの組み合わせあるいはサブコンビネーションにおいて、1つまたは複数の発明が存在し得る。本発明者らは、そのような1つまたは複数の他の発明を特許請求の範囲に単に記載しないことによって、本明細書に開示の1つまたは複数のいかなる発明に対するそれらの権利も放棄しない。
ここで、添付の図面を参照して、本開示の実施形態を単なる例として説明する。
一般に、本開示は、SPMEサンプリング装置のための抽出用コーティングを提供し、抽出用コーティングは、加熱脱離法、溶媒脱離法、固体サンプル脱離法またはこれらの組み合わせと適合するフルオロカーボンポリマー内に固定された粒子収着性材料を含む。抽出用コーティングは「SPME用コーティング」と呼ばれることもある。
特定の例では、SPME用コーティングは、フルオロカーボン溶媒(例えば、FC−72、FC−70またはFC−75)に溶解されたフルオロカーボンポリマー(例えば、PTFE、FPEまたはFEPM)の溶液中の吸着性粒子または吸収性粒子(例えば、C−18/シリカ、ジビニルベンゼン、carboxen 1006またはHLB)、ナノシート(例えば、グラフェン、酸化グラフェンまたはメソ多孔質炭素)またはナノチューブ(例えば、カーボンナノチューブ)の懸濁液で固体基材を覆うことによって調製され得る。
この方法は、ハイスループット自動化サンプル調製方法の一部として実施され得る。
直径200μmのステンレス鋼線を塩化ナトリウムで飽和した水溶液に浸漬し、3.5Vの電圧を印加することによってエッチングした。コーティング手順の前に、エッチングした基材を水/メタノール50:50(v/v)溶液中で10分間超音波処理した。FC−72中のPTFE AF 2400の2.6%(w/w)溶液1.5mlに60mgのHLB粒子(直径5μm)を懸濁させることによってコーティングスラリーを調製した。FC−72は、1.68g/cm3の密度を有する。したがって、スラリーは、約3.8gのFC−72、約0.10gのPTFE AF 2400、および60mgのHLB粒子を含む。PTFE AF 2400対粒子の比は1.7:1(w/w)である。
コーティングスラリーを実施例1に記載の通り調製した。コーティング前に前処理しなかった、115g/m2の単位重量、406ミクロンの厚さ、および99%の炭素含有量を有するカーボンメッシュファブリックを表面で真っすぐに保つために、バーコーターの表面に固定した。一定の引き塗り速度でフィルムアプリケータを使用して、固定したファブリックをスラリーで被覆し、薄い均質なコーティング層をその上に有するカーボンメッシュファブリックを得た。FC−72溶媒を蒸発させるために、被覆されたファブリックを1分間放置して乾燥させた。被覆されたファブリックでのSPME装置あたりのコーティング体積は、実施例1の被覆されたワイヤと比べてさらに大きく、本開示の著者らは、被覆されたファブリックが、より低い分析物の検出閾値を有するであろうと予想している。
多様な化学官能基および物理的化学的特性を有する、表1に一覧にしたGCに適用できる分析物すべての混合物を超純水にスパイクした。有機溶媒の体積を1%(v/v)未満に保ちながら、1リットルあたり8.3〜664.4μgの範囲の化合物濃度で水にスパイクした。スパイクした水サンプルは、すべての分析物を同時に試験抽出することができた。
表3に一覧にしたLCに適用できる化合物すべての混合物をリン酸緩衝液(pH 7.4)にスパイクした。有機溶媒の体積を1%(v/v)未満に保ちながら、1リットルあたり0.1〜1000.0μgの範囲の化合物濃度でリン酸緩衝液にスパイクした。コデイン−D3、6−アセチルモルフィン−D3およびコカイン−D3を内部標準(IS)として50.0μg/Lの濃度で使用した。
生物付着に対する不活性に関して、実施例1に記載のSPME用コーティングの生体適合性を調査した。血液、尿、グレープジュース、ヒト血清および唾液をモデルマトリックスとして使用して、SPME用コーティング繊維を連続する吸着/すすぎ/溶媒脱離サイクル(これは、LC用途におけるSPMEに日常的に適用される手順の典型である。)に曝露した。品質管理として、分析物をスパイクしたPBSからの抽出を使用した。複雑なマトリックスに曝露する前に、コーティングの初期性能を示すために、スパイクしたPBSから3回のQC抽出を実施した。初期性能と比べたマトリックス曝露後のコーティング性能の何らかの変化を調査するために、次いで、繊維を10回の抽出/脱離サイクルでマトリックスに曝露し、続いて再びPBS中のQC抽出を行った。総計50回のマトリックス曝露について、PBS QC抽出およびマトリックス抽出のこのサイクルを交互に実施した。
LC−ESI−MS分析においてイオン抑制または増大に寄与し得るマトリックス成分の共抽出を回避するその能力に関して、実施例1に記載のSPME用コーティングの生体適合性を調査した。全血、グレープジュース、唾液、ヒト血清および尿をサンプルマトリックスとして使用して、絶対的なマトリックス効果評価の点からSPME用コーティングを調査した。
複雑なマトリックス中の抽出およびGC注入ポート内への加熱脱離の後にその抽出能力を一定に維持するその能力の点から、実施例1に記載のSPME用コーティングの能力を調査した。グレープジュース、血清、尿および唾液をモデルマトリックスとして使用した。
Claims (49)
- 加熱脱離法、溶媒脱離法、固体サンプル脱離法またはこれらの組み合わせと適合するフルオロカーボンポリマー内に固定された収着性粒子材料を含む固相マイクロ抽出(SPME)用コーティング。
- 前記フルオロカーボンポリマーは、フルオロカーボンモノマー、またはフルオロカーボンモノマーを含むモノマーの混合物の重合によって生成されたポリマーを含む、請求項1に記載のSPME用コーティング。
- 前記フルオロカーボンモノマーは、フッ化ビニル(VF1)、フッ化ビニリデン(VDF)、テトラフルオロエチレン(TFE)、ヘキサフルオロプロピレン(HFP)、パーフルオロプロピルビニルエーテル(PPVE)、パーフルオロメチルビニルエーテル(PMVE)もしくはクロロトリフルオロエチレン(CTFE)である、または
モノマーの前記混合物は、フッ化ビニル(VF1)、フッ化ビニリデン(VDF)、テトラフルオロエチレン(TFE)、ヘキサフルオロプロピレン(HFP)、パーフルオロプロピルビニルエーテル(PPVE)、パーフルオロメチルビニルエーテル(PMVE)、クロロトリフルオロエチレン(CTFE)もしくはこれらの組み合わせ、ならびに任意選択でエチレン(E)および/またはプロピレン(P)を含む、
請求項2に記載のSPME用コーティング。 - 前記フルオロカーボンポリマーは、ポリテトラフルオロエチレン(PTFE)、フッ化エチレンプロピレン(FPE)、フルオロエラストマー[テトラフルオロエチレン−プロピレン](FEPM)もしくはこれらの任意の組み合わせのポリマーである、またはこれらを含むコポリマーである、請求項1に記載のSPME用コーティング。
- 前記フルオロカーボンポリマーは、テトラフルオロエチレンおよび2,2−ビストリフルオロメチル−4,5−ジフルオロ−1,3−ジオキソールのコポリマーであり、例えば13:87の比のコポリマーまたは35:65の比のコポリマーなどのコポリマーである、請求項1に記載のSPME用コーティング。
- 前記フルオロカーボンポリマーは、最高320℃までの熱安定性;短鎖アルコール、炭化水素(例えば、脂肪族、環状または芳香族炭化水素)、水、塩素化溶媒、エステル、エーテル、ニトリルもしくはこれらの任意の組み合わせなどの非フッ素化溶媒に対する化学的安定性;0.01〜14のpHを有する溶媒に対する化学的安定性;またはこれらの任意の組み合わせを有する、請求項1から5のいずれか一項に記載のSPME用コーティング。
- 前記フルオロカーボンポリマーは、ポリマーの混合物である、請求項1から6のいずれか一項に記載のSPME用コーティング。
- 前記フルオロカーボンポリマーは、炭素−フッ素(C−F)結合および炭素−水素(C−H)結合を有し、前記フルオロカーボンポリマー内のすべての前記C−F結合および前記C−H結合のうちの5%未満がC−H結合である、請求項1から7のいずれか一項に記載のSPME用コーティング。
- 前記フルオロカーボンポリマーは、C−H結合を実質的に有しない、請求項8に記載のSPME用コーティング。
- 前記収着性材料は、メソ細孔、マクロ細孔またはマイクロ細孔を有する多孔質材料である、請求項1から9のいずれか一項に記載のSPME用コーティング。
- 前記細孔の少なくとも80%は、約10Å〜約10,000Åの直径を有する、請求項10に記載のSPME用コーティング。
- 前記収着性材料は、約100Å〜約180Åの直径を有する細孔を有する多孔質材料である、請求項1から9のいずれか一項に記載のSPME用コーティング。
- 前記細孔の少なくとも80%は、約100Å〜約180Åの直径を有する、請求項12に記載のSPME用コーティング。
- 前記収着性材料は、約10m2/g〜約3000m2/gの表面積を有し、例えば約200m2/g〜約800m2/gなどの表面積を有する、請求項1から13のいずれか一項に記載のSPME用コーティング。
- 前記収着性材料は、粒子、ナノシート、ナノチューブまたはこれらの任意の組み合わせを含む、請求項1から14のいずれか一項に記載のSPME用コーティング。
- 前記収着性材料は、無機材料、有機材料、ハイブリッド無機/有機材料、または無機材料および有機材料の両方の混合物である、請求項15に記載のSPME用コーティング。
- 前記粒子は、約1nm〜約100μmの直径を有し、例えば約3μm〜約10μmまたは約3μm〜約7μmなどの直径を有する、請求項15または16に記載のSPME用コーティング。
- 前記ナノシートは、約1nm〜約100nmの厚さを有する、請求項15または16に記載のSPME用コーティング。
- 前記ナノチューブは、約1nm〜約10nmの直径を有し、例えば約4nm〜約6nmなどの直径を有する、請求項15または16に記載のSPME用コーティング。
- 前記収着性材料は、順相シリカ粒子、C−1/シリカ粒子、C−4/シリカ粒子、C−6/シリカ粒子、C−8/シリカ粒子、C−18/シリカ粒子、C−30/シリカ粒子、逆相アミドシリカ粒子、HS−F5/シリカ粒子、フェニル/シリカ粒子、シアノ/シリカ粒子、ジオール/シリカ粒子、イオン性液体/シリカ粒子、分子インプリントポリマー粒子、親水性−親油性バランス(HLB)粒子、carboxen 1006粒子、carbowax粒子、ジビニルベンゼン(DVB)粒子、オクタデシルシラン粒子、ナノ粒子、加工鉱物ベースの粒子、カーボンナノチューブ、官能化カーボンナノチューブ、グラフェン、酸化グラフェン、官能化グラフェン、量子ドット、有機部分(炭素鎖、強カチオン部分、弱カチオン部分、強アニオン部分または弱アニオン部分など)で任意選択で官能化された有機ポリマー粒子、有機部分(炭素鎖、強カチオン部分、弱カチオン部分、強アニオン部分または弱アニオン部分など)で任意選択で官能化された無機ポリマー粒子またはこれらの任意の組み合わせを含む、請求項1から14のいずれか一項に記載のSPME用コーティング。
- 前記収着性材料は、N−ビニルピロリジノンおよびジビニルベンゼンの共重合ポリマー生成物を含む粒子などの親水性−親油性バランス粒子を含む、請求項1から14のいずれか一項に記載のSPME用コーティング。
- 前記フルオロカーボンポリマーは、13:87の比のテトラフルオロエチレンおよび2,2−ビストリフルオロメチル−4,5−ジフルオロ−1,3−ジオキソールのコポリマーであり、
前記収着性材料は、N−ビニルピロリジノンおよびジビニルベンゼンの共重合ポリマー生成物を含む親水性−親油性バランス粒子を含む、
請求項1に記載のSPME用コーティング。 - 約5μm〜約500μmの平均厚さを有する、請求項1から22のいずれか一項に記載のSPME用コーティング。
- 均質なコーティング表面を有する、請求項1から23のいずれか一項に記載のSPME用コーティング。
- 担体と、
前記担体の少なくとも一部を覆う、請求項1から24のいずれか一項に記載のSPME用コーティングと
を含む固相マイクロ抽出(SPME)サンプル装置。 - 前記担体は、金属担体、金属合金担体、溶融石英担体、プラスチック担体、フルオロ−プラスチック担体または炭素材料担体である、請求項25に記載のSPMEサンプル装置。
- 前記炭素材料担体は、炭素繊維ファブリックである、請求項26に記載のSPMEサンプル装置。
- 前記担体は、ステンレス鋼、チタン、またはニチノールなどのニッケル−チタン合金を含む、請求項26に記載のSPMEサンプル装置。
- 前記担体は、ニードル、メッシュファブリック、金属メッシュまたはブレードの形態に成形される、請求項25から28のいずれか一項に記載のSPMEサンプル装置。
- 固相マイクロ抽出(SPME)サンプル装置を製造する方法であって、
フルオロカーボンポリマーおよび収着性材料を溶媒中で混合するステップと、
前記混合物を担体に塗布して、前記担体の少なくとも一部の上に実質的に均一なSPME用コーティング層を形成するステップと、
前記溶媒を除去するステップと
を含む方法。 - 前記溶媒は、フルオロカーボンベースの流体を含む、請求項30に記載の方法。
- 前記フルオロカーボンベースの流体は、パーフルオロヘキサン、パーフルオロ(2−ブチル−テトラヒドロフラン)、パーフルオロトリペンチルアミンまたはこれらの組み合わせを含む、請求項31に記載の方法。
- 前記溶媒は、パーフルオロ−ポリエーテルをさらに含む、請求項31または32に記載の方法。
- 前記溶媒は、非フルオロカーボンベースの流体をさらに含む、請求項31から33のいずれか一項に記載の方法。
- 前記フルオロカーボンベースの流体および前記非フルオロカーボンベースの流体は、前記フルオロカーボンポリマーコーティング層のポロゲンとして作用することができるエマルションを生成するのに十分な量で存在する、請求項34に記載の方法。
- 前記混合物の複数の層を連続的に塗布して、前記SPME用コーティング層を形成するステップを含む、請求項30から35のいずれか一項に記載の方法。
- 前記収着性材料は、順相シリカ粒子、C−1/シリカ粒子、C−4/シリカ粒子、C−6/シリカ粒子、C−8/シリカ粒子、C−18/シリカ粒子、C−30/シリカ粒子、逆相アミドシリカ粒子、HS−F5/シリカ粒子、フェニル/シリカ粒子、シアノ/シリカ粒子、ジオール/シリカ粒子、イオン性液体/シリカ粒子、分子インプリントポリマー粒子、親水性−親油性バランス(HLB)粒子、carboxen 1006粒子、carbowax粒子、ジビニルベンゼン(DVB)粒子、オクタデシルシラン粒子、ナノ粒子、加工鉱物ベースの粒子、カーボンナノチューブ、官能化カーボンナノチューブ、グラフェン、酸化グラフェン、官能化グラフェン、量子ドット、有機部分(炭素鎖、強カチオン部分、弱カチオン部分、強アニオン部分または弱アニオン部分など)で任意選択で官能化された有機ポリマー粒子、有機部分(炭素鎖、強カチオン部分、弱カチオン部分、強アニオン部分または弱アニオン部分など)で任意選択で官能化された無機ポリマー粒子またはこれらの任意の組み合わせを含む、請求項30から36のいずれか一項に記載の方法。
- 前記収着性材料は、N−ビニルピロリジノンおよびジビニルベンゼンの共重合ポリマー生成物を含む粒子などの親水性−親油性バランス粒子を含む、請求項37に記載の方法。
- 前記フルオロカーボンポリマーは、13:87の比のテトラフルオロエチレンおよび2,2−ビストリフルオロメチル−4,5−ジフルオロ−1,3−ジオキソールのコポリマーであり、
前記収着性材料は、N−ビニルピロリジノンおよびジビニルベンゼンの共重合ポリマー生成物を含む親水性−親油性バランス粒子を含む、
請求項30に記載の方法。 - 請求項1から24のいずれか一項に記載のSPME用コーティングを、少なくとも1つの分析物を含むサンプルマトリックスに曝露するステップと、
抽出された前記分析物を脱離するステップと
を含む、固相マイクロ抽出(SPME)の方法。 - 前記脱離するステップは、前記SPME用コーティングを加熱脱離温度、例えば最高300℃までの温度などに曝露するステップを含み、前記方法が、ガスクロマトグラフィー、または、熱的に安定な分析物の検出に適した分光技術、例えば質量分析法などとの直接連結を任意選択でさらに含む、請求項40に記載の方法。
- 前記脱離するステップは、前記SPME用コーティングを溶媒脱離用溶媒に曝露するステップを含み、前記方法が、液体クロマトグラフィー、ガスクロマトグラフ、キャピラリー電気泳動、または溶媒安定な分析物の測定に適した任意の分光技術を任意選択でさらに含む、請求項40に記載の方法。
- 前記脱離は、電熱気化、アークおよびスパークアブレーション、レーザーアブレーション、グロー放電、マトリックス支援レーザー脱離/イオン化(MALDI)または脱離エレクトロスプレーイオン化(DESI)を含み、前記方法が、ガスクロマトグラフィーなどの分光技術、または前記分析物の検出に適した質量分析法との直接連結を任意選択でさらに含む、請求項40に記載の方法。
- 前記分析物は、水溶性化合物などの極性化合物である、請求項40から43のいずれか一項に記載の方法。
- 前記分析物は、非極性化合物である、請求項40から43のいずれか一項に記載の方法。
- 前記分析物は、非フルオロカーボンポリマーである、請求項40から43のいずれか一項に記載の方法。
- 前記サンプルマトリックスは、生体マトリックスである、請求項40から43のいずれか一項に記載の方法。
- 前記サンプルマトリックスは、スラッジまたは土壌などの環境サンプルである、請求項40から43のいずれか一項に記載の方法。
- 前記サンプルマトリックスまたはそのヘッドスペースから前記分析物を抽出および脱離するために、前記SPME用コーティングが1回を超えて使用される、請求項40から48のいずれか一項に記載の方法。
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