JP2017505989A - 印刷法によるエピタキシャルリフトオフ太陽電池の小型放物面型集光器との統合 - Google Patents
印刷法によるエピタキシャルリフトオフ太陽電池の小型放物面型集光器との統合 Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
Description
本発明は、米陸軍研究局によって授与された授与番号W911NF−08−2−0004の下で、米国政府の支援を受けてなされた。本発明において、政府は、一定の権利を有する。
本開示の主題は、合同大学法人研究協定に対する一つ以上の団体である、ミシガン大学およびナノフレックス電力会社(Nanoflex Power Corporation)を代表して、および/または、これらに関連してなされた。本協定は、本開示の主題が準備された日以前に有効であり、本協定の範囲内で行われた活動の結果としてなされた。
本明細書で使用される用語「III−V材料」は、周期表のIIIA族およびVA族からの元素を含む化合物結晶を表すために使用されうる。より具体的には、用語「III−V材料」は、本明細書では、ガリウム(Ga)、インジウム(In)およびアルミニウム(Al)の族と、ヒ素(As)、リン(P)、窒素(N)およびアンチモン(Sb)の族との組み合わせである化合物を表すために使用されうる。
出願人らは、ウエハーとエピタキシーとの間に挟まれる表面保護層を用いることによって、ウエハーの損傷をなくす、完全に非破壊的なELO(ND−ELO)法を本明細書に開示する。出願人らは、この表面保護層を除去するとき、全ての固有の表面損傷も除去できることを発見した。本方法は、プラズマ法と組み合わせられた、化学的な選択性のあるエッチャントを用いる。
本明細書に記載されるELO処理を加速させるために、出願人らは、エッチング工程を用いた。特に、出願人らは、AlAs犠牲層までのエピタキシャル層内に、パターンがエッチングされた場合、ELOを達成する時間が、著しく改善されることを発見した。一実施形態では、出願人らは、光活性セルを形成した後、上述した冷間圧接処理の前に、金属マスクのパターンを通した反応性イオンエッチングを用いて、平行な溝を犠牲層まで形成した場合、ELO処理が加速されることを示した。特に、この改良されたND−ELO法を用いると、ウエハー全体のエッチングを必要としないため、リフトオフのエッチング時間は、著しく減少される。むしろ、エッチャントは、狭い帯(stripe)の間の溝に入ってAlAs犠牲層をエッチングでき、本処理は、帯の幅に依存して、ウエハー全体をエッチングするより5X〜10X速くなりうる。
従来の複合放物面型集光器(CPC)は、設計されたCPCの受光角に依存して、約4X〜10Xという限定された集光係数を提供できるのみである。また、これらの集光器は、真空成形を用いる塑性変形技術では作製されることが困難である、高いアスペクト比を必要とする。
一実施形態では、高分子有機ケイ素、たとえばポリジメチルシロキサン(PDMS)などのエラストマースタンプを、本明細書で上述した方法を用いて作製できる。たとえば、金属化されてエピタキシャルに接合され、AlAs犠牲層までエッチングされて平行に隆起した帯を有する表面を金属化した、エラストマースタンプを作製できる。そして、上述した、改良されたELO法は、このエラストマースタンプ上に薄膜太陽電池の帯状のアレイを形成するために用いられる。この実施形態を、図6(a)に示す。続いて、太陽電池の上面にパターン形成し、太陽電池の上面を金属化して、当該表面からの照射および接触を可能にする。そして、カソードおよびアノード用の導体パッドを、当該表面上にパターン形成し、太陽電池のアレイを、後のデバイス統合のために冷間圧接で接合する。
エピタキシャルリフトオフ(ELO)において直面する様々な困難があるが、本開示に記載された方法が解決する。たとえば、ELOは、しばしば、説明したように遅い処理であり、非常に長い時間(現在、2”のウエハーにつき6時間〜10日)がかかる。ウエハーが、(HFなどの)リフトオフエッチャントに長時間位置すればするほど、除去することが困難な表面の酸化(すなわち酸化ヒ素)が発生する。したがって、エピタキシャルリフトオフの時間を短縮することによって、ウエハー表面を過度に損傷することを防止する。商業化によって、好ましくはより大きいウエハーが使用され、ELO時間は、ウエハーの直径と共におよそ線形的に増加する。ELOは、製造環境のボトルネックを提示しうる。
以下の例は、ウエハーとエピタキシーとの間に挟まれる表面保護層を用いることによって、ウエハーの損傷をなくす、完全に非破壊的なELO(ND−ELO)法を示す。全ての固有の表面損傷と共に、表面保護層をどのように除去できたかを示すために、図1に示す構造を作製し、本発明の方法を用いて、プラズマ法と組み合わせられた、化学的な選択性のあるエッチャントを用いた。
Claims (47)
- エピタキシャルリフトオフを行う非破壊的な方法であって、
成長基板を準備することと、
前記成長基板上に少なくとも一つの保護層を堆積することと、
前記保護層上に少なくとも一つの犠牲層を堆積することと、
前記犠牲層上に光活性セルを堆積することと、
前記少なくとも一つの光活性セル上に金属マスクを堆積することと、
前記金属マスクを通して第1のエッチング工程を行い、前記光活性セルにパターンを形成することと、ここで、前記パターンは、前記犠牲層まで延び、
一つ以上の第2のエッチング工程を用いて、前記犠牲層を除去することと、
を含む方法。 - 前記成長基板は、GaAsまたはInPを含む請求項1に記載の方法。
- 前記少なくとも一つの保護層は、前記成長基板と格子整合する請求項1に記載の方法。
- 前記少なくとも一つの保護層は、GaAs、InP、InGaAs、AlInP、GaInP、InAs、InSb、GaP、AlP、GaSb、AlSbおよびそれらの組み合わせから選択される請求項3に記載の方法。
- 前記少なくとも一つの保護層は、GaAsおよびInGaPが交互に重なる少なくとも三つの層を含む請求項4に記載の方法。
- 前記少なくとも一つの保護層は、ガスソース分子線エピタキシー法(GSMBE)、有機金属化学気相成長法(MOCVD)、ハイドライド気相エピタキシー法(HVPE)、固体ソース分子線エピタキシー法(SSMBE)および化学ビームエピタキシー法から選択される少なくとも一つの方法によって堆積される請求項1に記載の方法。
- 前記少なくとも一つの保護層は、緩衝層、エッチング停止層またはそれらの組み合わせを含む請求項1に記載の方法。
- 前記一つ以上の第2のエッチング工程は、ウェットエッチャント、ドライエッチャントまたはそれらの組み合わせを用いて、前記犠牲層に接触することを含む請求項1に記載の方法。
- 前記ウェットエッチャントは、HF、H3PO4、HCl、H2SO4、H2O2、HNO3、C6H8O7およびそれらの組み合わせ、ならびにH2Oとの組み合わせを含む請求項8に記載の方法。
- 前記ドライエッチャントは、プラズマを用いた反応性イオンエッチング(RIE)を含む請求項8に記載の方法。
- 前記第1のエッチング工程は、プラズマを用いた反応性イオンエッチング(RIE)を含む請求項1に記載の方法。
- 前記犠牲層は、AlAsを含み、前記一つ以上の第2のエッチング工程は、HFを用いて前記AlAsに接触することを含む請求項8に記載の方法。
- エッチングされた前記パターンは、前記少なくとも一つの光活性セルにエッチングされた二つ以上の平行な溝を含む請求項1に記載の方法。
- 前記基板は、GaAsを含み、前記保護層を含む構成は、GaAs基板/InAlP/InGaP/GaAs/InAlP/AlAsを含む請求項1に記載の方法。
- 前記少なくとも一つの光活性セルは、単一接合セルまたは多接合セルを含む請求項1に記載の方法。
- エピタキシャルリフトオフのための成長構造であって、
成長基板と、
前記成長基板上の少なくとも一つの保護層と、
前記保護層上の少なくとも一つの犠牲層と、
前記犠牲層上の少なくとも一つの光活性セルと、
前記光活性セルから前記犠牲層までエッチングされた少なくとも一つのパターンと、
を含み、
前記エッチングされたパターンは、二つ以上の平行な溝を含む成長構造。 - 前記成長基板は、GaAsを含み、前記少なくとも一つの保護層は、InP、InGaAs、AlInP、GaInP、InAs、InSb、GaP、AlP、GaSb、AlSbおよびそれらの組み合わせから選択される請求項16に記載の成長構造。
- 前記少なくとも一つの保護層は、GaAsおよびInGaPが交互に重なる少なくとも三つの層を含む請求項17に記載の成長構造。
- 前記犠牲層は、AlAsを含む請求項16に記載の成長構造。
- 前記光活性セルは、光起電性デバイスを形成するための活性半導体層を含む請求項16に記載の成長構造。
- 前記少なくとも一つの光活性セルは、単一接合セルまたは多接合セルを含む請求項16に記載の成長構造。
- 前記少なくとも一つの保護層は、緩衝層、エッチング停止層またはそれらの組み合わせを含む請求項16に記載の成長構造。
- 前記基板は、GaAsを含み、前記保護層を含む構成は、GaAs基板/InAlP/InGaP/GaAs/InAlP/AlAsを含む請求項16に記載の成長構造。
- 光起電性デバイス構造を作製する方法であって
成長基板を準備することと、
前記成長基板上に少なくとも一つの保護層を堆積することと、
前記保護層上に少なくとも一つの犠牲層を堆積することと、
前記犠牲層上に少なくとも一つの光活性セルを堆積することと、
前記少なくとも一つの光活性セルから前記犠牲層まで延びる少なくとも二つの平行な溝のパターンをエッチングすることと、
を含み、
前記エッチングすることにより、前記構造の表面に、前記犠牲層と、前記光活性セルを含む平坦部とに延びる並んだ溝が形成される方法。 - 前記少なくとも一つの光活性セル上に少なくとも一つの金属を堆積することと、前記平坦部上に位置する前記光活性セルをホスト基板に接合することと、をさらに含む請求項24に記載の方法。
- 前記接合することは、冷間圧接、熱アシスト冷間圧接または熱圧着から選択される直接接合方法を含む請求項24に記載の方法。
- 前記ホスト基板は、Au、Ag、Pt、Pd、NiおよびCuから選択される少なくとも一つの金属を用いて金属化されたエラストマー材料を含む請求項25に記載の方法。
- 前記エラストマー材料は、ポリジメチルシロキサンを含む請求項27に記載の方法。
- 前記エラストマー材料は、前記犠牲層までエッチングされた前記光活性セルの、平行に隆起した帯を含む前記平坦部を露出させるように、円形のスタンプに丸められる請求項27に記載の方法。
- 前記エラストマー材料は、円形のスタンプに丸められる前に、二倍のサイズまで引き伸ばされる請求項27に記載の方法。
- 前記犠牲層をエッチングして、薄膜太陽電池の帯状アレイを前記円形のスタンプ上に形成することをさらに含む請求項30に記載の方法。
- 前記エッチングすることは、ウェットエッチャント、ドライエッチャントまたはそれらの組み合わせを用いて、前記犠牲層に接触することを含む請求項31に記載の方法。
- 前記ウェットエッチャントは、HF、H3PO4、HCl、H2SO4、H2O2、HNO3、C6H8O7およびそれらの組み合わせ、ならびにH2Oとの組み合わせを含む請求項32に記載の方法。
- 前記ドライエッチャントは、プラズマを用いた反応性イオンエッチング(RIE)を含む請求項32に記載の方法。
- パターン形成すること、金属化すること、およびそれらの組み合わせから選択される、前記光活性セルの表面上に行われる追加の処理工程をさらに含む請求項31に記載の方法。
- 少なくとも一つの円筒状の放物面型小型集光器アレイを、直線状の搬送台に載せることをさらに含む請求項31に記載の方法。
- 前記小型集光器アレイおよび太陽電池は、当該集光器アレイおよび当該太陽電池の両方の上にある、前記カソードおよびアノード用の導体パッドをそれぞれ含み、当該導体パッドは、前記エラストマースタンプの回転速度と、前記集光器アレイの搬送速度との制御の下、位置合わせされて互いに接触する請求項36に記載の方法。
- 前記円筒状の放物面型小型集光器アレイは、25〜100μmの範囲の厚さを有する、プラスチック材料またはフレキシブル性のある金属を含む請求項36に記載の方法。
- 前記プラスチック材料は、真空および熱の下で成形されて、円筒状の放物面型小型集光器アレイを形成するアミドを含み、当該アミドは、Au、Ag、Pt、Pd、NiおよびCuから選択される少なくとも一つの金属を用いて金属化される請求項38に記載の方法。
- 前記円形のスタンプ上に位置する前記少なくとも一つの光活性セルを、前記円筒状の放物面型小型集光器アレイに接合して、統合された太陽電池アレイを形成することをさらに含む請求項36に記載の方法。
- 円筒状の放物面型小型集光器アレイは、放物面の凹形のデザインを有する請求項40に記載の方法。
- 前記放物面の凹形は、直線状の放物面反射鏡を含み、当該反射鏡の焦線に沿って配置される前記光活性セル上に光を集中させる請求項41に記載の方法。
- 前記光活性セルおよび前記直線状の放物面反射鏡は、同一の曲率半径を有する請求項40に記載の方法。
- パターンをエッチングすることの前に、前記光活性セル上に金属マスクを堆積することをさらに含み、前記パターンをエッチングすることは、前記金属マスクを通して、プラズマを用いて反応性イオンエッチング(RIE)をすることを含む請求項24に記載の方法。
- 前記犠牲層は、AlAsを含む請求項24に記載の方法。
- 前記少なくとも一つの保護層を堆積する前に、前記基板を長方形および/または正方形の複数の区分に分割することをさらに含む請求項24に記載の方法。
- 前記基板は、ウエハーを含む請求項46に記載の方法。
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KR20160108440A (ko) | 2016-09-19 |
US20160329457A1 (en) | 2016-11-10 |
US10069033B2 (en) | 2018-09-04 |
EP3095137A2 (en) | 2016-11-23 |
JP6570009B2 (ja) | 2019-09-04 |
CN106165111A (zh) | 2016-11-23 |
TW201543708A (zh) | 2015-11-16 |
WO2015156874A9 (en) | 2015-11-05 |
WO2015156874A2 (en) | 2015-10-15 |
WO2015156874A8 (en) | 2016-10-20 |
TWI660520B (zh) | 2019-05-21 |
WO2015156874A3 (en) | 2015-12-17 |
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