JP2016514704A - 持続する局所麻酔のためのネオサキシトキシン併用製剤 - Google Patents
持続する局所麻酔のためのネオサキシトキシン併用製剤 Download PDFInfo
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- JP2016514704A JP2016514704A JP2016503385A JP2016503385A JP2016514704A JP 2016514704 A JP2016514704 A JP 2016514704A JP 2016503385 A JP2016503385 A JP 2016503385A JP 2016503385 A JP2016503385 A JP 2016503385A JP 2016514704 A JP2016514704 A JP 2016514704A
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Abstract
Description
本出願は、2013年3月15日に出願された「Combinations of Neosaxitoxin with Bupivacaine and Epinephrine Increase Efficacy of Peripheral Nerve Block and Infiltration Local Anesthesia and Analgesia Without Increasing Toxicity」という名称の米国特許第61/789,054号(Charles Berde)の優先権を主張し、当該出願の教示は本明細書に参考として援用される。
これは、一般に、毒性の増大がない、改善された神経ブロックおよび局所浸潤麻酔ならびに痛覚脱失、具体的には、特定の全投与量および濃度投与量において、単独で、またはエピネフリンとの併用におけるネオサキシトキシンとブピバカインとの併用にある。
6〜12時間の手術グレードの神経ブロック、続いて、最大約48時間までのレーザーブロックおよびさらなる処置なしの疼痛緩和を信頼性高く与える非徐放性薬剤は、望ましい。前者の期間は、術中に、同様に手術直後期間にも有用である;後者は、減少しつつある痛覚脱失を提供し、治癒プロセスとして、関わった身体部分の使用の増大を可能にする。ExparelTM(市場に出ている唯一の長時間持続局所麻酔薬)は、注射後24時間でピークに達する、ヒトにおける予測外の神経ブロックを提供し、その麻酔効果は、用量に逆比例する。さらに、それは、徐放系の使用を必然的に伴い、局所組織傷害および炎症を引き起こす。
ネオサキシトキシン(「NeoSTX」)およびブピバカインの投与量を、単独で、またはエピネフリンとの併用において同定して、最大2〜3日の間の疼痛緩和を提供するために研究を行った。ラットにおける坐骨神経の経皮的ブロックを使用する研究は、1)ブピバカイン−NeoSTX併用は、NeoSTX単独と比較して、全身毒性を増大させない;2)ブピバカイン−NeoSTX併用は、NeoSTX単独と比較して、より信頼性の高いブロックおよびより長時間持続のブロックを生じる;および3)NeoSTX−ブピバカイン−エピネフリンの3成分併用は、NeoSTX−ブピバカインの2成分併用より長期間の局所麻酔を生じることを実証した。エピネフリンをこのNeoSTX−ブピバカイン併用に追加すると、機械的刺激に対する完全なブロックの持続が劇的に長期化される。
i.3〜12時間の期間の手術の間の麻酔(ほぼ完全な無感覚)
ii.以下を確保しながら、少なくとも24時間の期間の術後の痛覚脱失(長期の疼痛緩和)
iii.24〜48時間の時間枠で四肢の運動においてある程度の強度を許容するための運動ブロックからの回復
NeoSTXとのブピバカイン投与を低減するという安全性の利点は、全ての年齢の患者にとって重要であるが、小児にとっては特に重量である。前向きレジストリからの疫学データは、より若年の小児が、局所麻酔薬全身反応に関して成人と比較すると、増大したリスクにあることを示す。局所麻酔薬および局部麻酔は、幼児および小児において手術後に疼痛緩和を提供するためにまずます使用されつつある。これら併用によって提供されるより大きな安全性限界によって、小児科学における特有の用途がある。小児患者にとって、種々の適応症に関して最適な、好ましいおよび広範囲の用量、体積および濃度は、NeoSTXの物理化学的特性に関する懸念および身体区画のサイズならびに小児および年齢の高い方の幼児の体重での分布規模の大きさがどの程度かに基づいて導出した。
痛覚脱失とは、意識喪失なしの疼痛への無感覚をいう。
サイト1ブロッカーは、電位開口型ナトリウムチャネルのそれらの強力かつ特異的なブロックについて認識された分子長のファミリーである。サイトIナトリウムチャネルブロッカーとしては、テトロドトキシン(TTX)、サキシトキシン(STX)、デカルバモイルサキシトキシン、ネオサキシトキシン、およびゴニオトキシン(本明細書ではまとめて「トキシン」といわれる)が挙げられる。テトロドトキシンは、フグのうちのいくつかの種およびカリフォルニアイモリの中のある種の卵巣および卵から得られる。化学的には、それは、アミノペルヒドロキノリン(amino perhydroquinaoline)である。Pharmacological Reviews, Vol. 18 No. 2, pp. 997−1049を参照のこと。テトロドトキシン単独は毒性が強すぎて、麻酔としては使用できない。テトロドトキシンとブピバカインとの併用は、テトロドトキシン単独と比較して、増大した全心毒性なしにラットにおいて長時間持続坐骨神経ブロックを生じた(Kohane, et al., Anesthesiology, 1998:119−131)。最も広く知られているサイト1トキシンであるテトロドトキシンは、麻酔として有効であるものの、それは、フグ由来であることから、臨床使用には高価である;TTXを作り出す内共生細菌がエキソビボで増殖される場合には、そのTTXの生成は減少する。
本明細書で使用される場合、用語「局所麻酔薬」とは、局所的な無感覚もしくは疼痛緩和を提供する薬物を意味する。利用され得る局所麻酔薬のクラスとしては、以下が挙げられる:アミノアシルアニリド化合物(例えば、リドカイン、プリロカイン、ブピバカイン、メピバカインおよび環系もしくはアミン窒素上に種々の置換基を有する関連局所麻酔薬化合物);アミノアルキルベンゾエート化合物(例えば、プロカイン、クロロプロカイン、プロポキシカイン、ヘキシルカイン、テトラカイン、シクロメチカイン、ベノキシネート、ブタカイン、プロパラカイン、および関連局所麻酔薬化合物);コカインおよび関連局所麻酔薬化合物;アミノカーボネート化合物(例えば、ジペロドンおよび関連局所麻酔薬化合物);N−フェニルアミジン化合物(例えば、フェナカインおよび関連麻酔化合物);N−アミノアルキルアミド化合物(例えば、ジブカインおよび関連局所麻酔薬化合物);アミノケトン化合物(例えば、ファリカイン(falicaine)、ジクロニンおよび関連局所麻酔薬化合物);ならびにアミノエーテル化合物(例えば、プラモキシン、ジメチソキン(dimethisoquien)、および関連局所麻酔薬化合物)。好ましい局所麻酔薬は、アミノ−アミドおよびアミノエステルであり、最も好ましいのは、ブピバカイン(ブピバカインの左旋性鏡像異性体が好ましく、ここで上記局所麻酔薬の血管収縮薬活性は、望ましい)、テトラカイン、およびロピバカイン(これは、僅かにより感覚選択性である)である。
有用な血管収縮薬は、局所的に作用して血流を制限し、そしてそれによって、上記薬物が投与される領域に上記薬物を保持するするものである。これは、全身毒性を実質的に低減するという効果を有する。好ましい血管収縮薬は、αアドレナリン作動性レセプター(例えば、エピネフリンおよびフェニルエピネフリン)に対して作用するものである。他の薬物および色素は、副作用として血管収縮させる(例えば、ブピバカインおよびレボブピバカイン)。
上記製剤はまた、保存剤、pH調節剤、抗酸化剤、および等張剤を含み得る。
好ましい実施形態において、上記NeoSTX、ブピバカインおよび必要に応じてエピネフリンは、水性溶液中でバイアルの中で提供される。製剤のタイプに依存して、以前におよび以下で概説されるように、上記バイアルサイズは、15〜40mlの範囲に及び得、1〜3本のバイアルが種々の状況において単一の患者のために使用され得る。別の実施形態において、上記NeoSTX、局所麻酔薬、および必要に応じて血管収縮薬は、1本以上のバイアルの中に提供され、必要に応じて、凍結乾燥され、次いで、使用前に再水和および組み合わされる。この第2の実施形態に関しては、好ましいバイアルサイズは、5〜40mlの範囲に及び得る。
動物およびヒトでの研究は、有効投与量およびヒトの処置のための体積を決定するために必要である。例えば、インビトロ生理学実験からのサイト1ナトリウムチャネルブロッカーの効能の順位からは、インビボでのそれら化合物の効能の順位は推定されない(Kohane, et al., Reg. Anesth. Pain Med., 2000; 25: 52−9)。
3〜12時間の期間の手術の間の麻酔(ほぼ完全な無感覚)、24〜48時間の時間枠で四肢の運動においてある程度の強度を許容するための運動ブロックからの回復を確保しながら、少なくとも24時間の期間の術後の痛覚脱失(長期の疼痛緩和)。
図1A〜1Fは、ブピバカインの存在下もしくは非存在下で投与したNeoSTXの用量に関して、15分でブロック強度の発生を示す。全てのブピバカイン含有製剤は、その時点で3つ全ての行動測定の完全なブロックと関連した。ブピバカインの非存在下では、3mcg/kg以下のNeoSTX単独の用量は、動物のうちの大部分に関して不完全なブロックを生じた。
生理食塩水中のNeoSTXの注射を受けている動物と比較すると、ブピバカインの追加は、熱的および機械的感覚−侵害防御および運動−固有受容ブロックからの100%回復までの時間において実質的増大を生じた(P<0.001)。結果を図2A〜2Fに示す。ブピバカインありおよびなしでNeoSTXの漸増用量を受けている群のBonferroni較正ペアワイズ分析は、1mcg/kgより高い全ての用量で有意により長いブロック持続を有することを実証した(図2A)。
坐骨神経注射後の全身薬物分布のマーカーとして、神経行動測定を注射していない右脚から得た。ブピバカイン単独と比較すると、NeoSTXとブピバカインとの注射は、15分でのEPTブロックの増大した強度と関連した(P=0.001)が、ホットプレートもしくはVon Frey応答における変化とは有意に関連しなかった(図2C, 2E)。変数としてNeoSTX用量およびブピバカインの存在を使用するBonferroni較正モデルにおいて、NeoSTXとブピバカインとの併用は、3mcg/kg(それぞれ、P=0.011およびP=0.038)および3.5mcg/kg(それぞれ、P<0.001およびP=0.036)の用量で反対側の脚でのブピバカイン単独より有意に大きいホットプレート(2A, 2D)およびEPT(2B, 2E)ブロックを生じた。観察された比較的小さな反対側に起こるブロックに関しては、ANOVAから、NeoSTX用量が3mcg/kg未満である場合に、NeoSTX動物とNeoSTX−ブピバカイン併用動物との間の反対側の肢において、100%回復までの時間に有意差はないことが明らかになった(図2E)。
3mcg/kg NeoSTX群において死亡がないとすると、その投与量を、最大8mcg/kgまで上昇させた。この最大用量は、NeoSTX単独およびブピバカインとの併用の両方に関して、投与の30分以内に100%死亡率を生じた。全ての動物において、死亡は、末期の無呼吸に起因した。LD50を、NeoSTX単独に関しては4.9mcg/kg(95% CI=4.2〜6.2)、およびNeoSTXとブピバカインに関しては5.7mcg/kg(95% CI=4.9〜7.9)で計算した(図4)。測定された範囲にわたってNeoSTXを上昇させると、致死率の増大と有意に関連し(Z=5.82, P<0.001)、ブピバカインの追加による死亡率の低下の効果は、有意に近づいた(Z=1.86, P=0.06)。ここで強調される点は、ブピバカインの共投与が、NeoSTXの全身毒性を増大ではなくむしろ低下させたことである。
神経傷害のEstebe−Myersスコア付けから、坐骨神経注射後の非常に良好な組織学的プロフィールが明らかになった。全ての処置条件に関して、メジアンEstebe−Myers神経傷害スコアは、0(IQR 0−0)であった。3もしくは4というスコア付けされた神経はなかった。いずれの処置群と、非注射コントロール(右)坐骨神経との間にも統計的差異はなかった。試験した神経の総数は、以下を含んだ:ビヒクル 19、ブピバカイン 0.25%のみ 19、反対側(注射していない右側) 16、生理食塩水中のNeoSTX 1mcg/kg 4、ブピバカイン中のNeoSTX 1mcg/kg 8、生理食塩水中のNeoSTX 2mcg/kg 4、ブピバカイン中のNeoSTX 2mcg/kg 7、生理食塩水中のNeoSTX 3mcg/kg 19、ブピバカイン中のNeoSTX 3mcg/kg 27、生理食塩水中のNeoSTX 3.5mcg/kg 12、ブピバカイン中のNeoSTX 3.5mcg/kg 13、生理食塩水中のNeoSTX 4mcg/kg 1、ブピバカイン中のNeoSTX 4 mcg/kg 6。盲検した組織学者の解釈に対する検証チェックとして、スライドを、故意の神経傷害(緩い結紮モデル)を受けた動物から採取した陽性コントロール神経の切片から得、同じプロトコル下で加工処理した。これら陽性コントロール神経には全て、高い傷害順位が与えられ、Estebe−Myersスコアは、3もしくは4であった。
グレード1(軽度):通常は一過性であり、特別な処置を要さず、被験体の毎日の活動を妨害しない体験。
グレード2(中程度):あるレベルの不便さもしくは懸念を被験体にもたらし、毎日の活動を幾分妨害し得るが、通常は簡単な治療的手段(薬物治療を含み得る)によって改善され得る体験。
グレード3(重度):許容できないもしくは耐えられない、被験体の通常の毎日の活動を顕著に妨害し、そして全身薬物治療もしくは他の処置を要する体験
グレード4(生命を脅かす):差し迫った死の危険を被験体に引き起こす経験。
グレード5(死亡):被験体の死亡
Claims (20)
- 覚醒しているヒト、鎮静させたヒトもしくは麻酔をかけたヒトにおける疼痛の処置もしくは防止のための投与ユニットであって、有効な量の5〜40mcgの間のネオサキシトキシンと、ブピバカイン、レボブピバカイン、テトラカイン、およびロピバカインからなる群より選択される0.1%(1mg/ml)〜0.5%(5mg/ml)の間の濃度範囲にある局所麻酔薬と、ならびに2mcg/ml(共通用語で1:500,000)〜10mcg/ml(1:100,000)の間の濃度範囲にあるエピネフリンとを含み、0.1〜1mcg NeoSTX/mlの間の最小有効濃度を投与の部位において生じさせる、投与ユニット。
- 0.1%(1mg/ml)〜0.25%(2.5mg/ml)の間の濃度範囲にあり、成人では225mg以下もしくは小児では2.5mg/kg以下の総全身ブピバカイン用量を与えるブピバカイン;
0.1mcg/ml〜1mcg/mlの濃度範囲にあり、成人では3.5〜100mcgもしくは小児では0.05〜1.5mcg/kgの総全身用量を与えるNeoSTX、および
2mcg/ml(共通用語において1:500,000)〜10mcg/ml(1:100,000)の間の濃度範囲にあるエピネフリン、
を含む、成人では35〜120mlおよび小児では0.5〜1.8ml/kgの高体積使用のための請求項1に記載の投与ユニット。 - 全開腹術、胸腹部切開、もしくは側腹部切開の大きな外科的創傷の多層の浸潤に有効な量にある、請求項2に記載の投与ユニット。
- 帝王切開、腹式子宮摘出、食道胃切除、腎摘出、もしくは大きな腹部癌手術(例えば、結腸切除)に有効な量にある、請求項3に記載の投与ユニット。
- 全股関節置換(股関節形成)もしくは全膝関節置換(膝関節形成)の創部浸潤に有効な量にある、請求項3に記載の投与ユニット。
- 0.125%〜0.3%(1.25〜3mg/ml)の濃度範囲にあり、成人では150mg以下(小児では2mg/kg以下)の全身用量を与えるブピバカイン、
0.2〜2mcg/mlの濃度範囲にあり、成人では7〜100mcg(小児では0.1〜1.5mcg/kg)の全身用量を与えるNeoSTX、および
0〜10mcg/ml(<1:100,000)の濃度範囲にあるエピネフリン
を含む、15〜50mlの中間体積使用のための、請求項1に記載の投与ユニット。 - 末梢神経ブロックもしくは神経叢ブロック(神経周囲注入)に有効な量にある、請求項6に記載の投与ユニット。
- 浸潤(創傷の層に沿った注入)に有効な量にある、請求項6に記載の投与ユニット。
- 肩、手もしくは腕の手術、鼠径ヘルニア修復のための浸潤もしくは腸骨鼠径神経/腸骨下腹神経ブロック、尿道下裂修復のための陰茎ブロック、全膝関節置換もしくは前十字靱帯修復のための大腿神経ブロック、開胸手術のための肋間神経ブロック、または下肢切断もしくは足部および足関節手術のための大腿神経および坐骨神経ブロックに有効な量にある、請求項6に記載の投与ユニット。股関節手術のために、これは、腰神経叢ブロックおよび低体積坐骨神経ブロックを含み得る。
- 関節置換手術のための股関節もしくは膝関節についての神経ブロック(大腿神経および坐骨神経、腰神経叢および坐骨神経)に有効な量にある、請求項6に記載の投与ユニット。
- 3〜12時間の間の期間の手術のための麻酔(ほぼ完全な無感覚)と、少なくとも24時間の手術後の痛覚脱失(長期の疼痛緩和)と、ならびに投与後24〜48時間以内にいくらかの強度の四肢の運動を許容するための運動ブロックからの回復とを提供するために有効な量にある、中間体積使用のための請求項1に記載の投与ユニット。
- 0.25%〜0.5%(2.5〜5mg/ml)の濃度にあり、ここで5〜15ml投与が成人において75mg以下の全身ブピバカイン用量を与える、ブピバカイン、
0.5〜5mcg/mlの濃度範囲にあり、ここで5〜15ml投与が成人において5〜75mcgの全身用量を与える、NeoSTX、および
2.5〜10mcg/ml(1:500,000〜1:100,000)の濃度範囲にある、エピネフリン
を含む、低体積長時間持続用途の請求項1に記載の投与ユニット。 - 複合性局所疼痛症候群/反射性交感神経性ジストロフィーもしくは脚の血管不全のための腰部交感神経節ブロック、または膵炎もしくは膵臓癌のための腹腔神経叢ブロックを提供するために有効な量にある、請求項12に記載の投与ユニット。
- 下肢切断に関して迅速な運動回復が問題ではない長時間持続の坐骨神経ブロックを提供するために有効な量にある、請求項12に記載の投与ユニット。
- 有効な量の5〜40mcgの間のネオサキシトキシン、ならびにブピバカイン、レボブピバカインおよびロピバカインからなる群より選択される局所麻酔薬を含み、投与部位において0.5〜1mcg NeoSTX/mlの間の最小有効濃度を生成する、覚醒したヒトにおける疼痛の処置もしくは防止のための投与ユニット。
- 投与後24〜48時間以内に運動ブロックからの回復を可能にする、腕および脚に対する運動効果を有する末梢神経ブロックおよび神経叢ブロックに有効な量にある、請求項15に記載の投与ユニット。
- 請求項1〜16のいずれかに記載の投与ユニットの有効な量を必要性のあるヒトに投与する工程を含む使用の方法。
- 前記ヒトは成人である、請求項17に記載の方法。
- 前記ヒトは小児である、請求項17に記載の方法。
- 前記ヒトは覚醒している、請求項17に記載の方法。
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