JP2010220582A - Granular material, and method for applying the granular material - Google Patents

Abstract

<P>PROBLEM TO BE SOLVED: To efficiently adhere leguminous bacteria to leguminous plant at low cost. <P>SOLUTION: The granular material includes: leguminous bacteria 30; a granular core member 10 comprising natural substance-originated porous material and holding the leguminous bacteria 30; a granular or powdery support 40 supporting the core member 10 comprising natural substance-originated porous material and holding the leguminous bacteria 30 so as to cover the core member; a granular or powdery water-retaining body 31 made of natural substance-originated hygroscopic and water-retaining material; and saccharide functioning as a binder 20 between the leguminous bacteria 30 and the water-retaining body 31. <P>COPYRIGHT: (C)2011,JPO&INPIT

Description

  The present invention relates to a granular material for inoculating legumes with rhizobia and a method for applying the granular material.

  Nitrogen is one of the elements that most restricts plant growth and is a vital nutrient for crop production. In today's agriculture, chemical fertilizers such as nitrogen fertilizers are widely used as indispensable materials and greatly contribute to stable crop production. However, fertilizer supply and demand has been tightened due to the recent global demand for biofuels and increased global grain production accompanying population growth, and fertilizer prices have soared. Prices are expected to continue to rise in the future, and reducing fertilizer costs and maintaining productivity are urgent issues at production sites. Under such circumstances, the use of rhizobia using biological fixed nitrogen has been proposed as one of the means for reducing chemical fertilizer and sustainable agricultural production.

  Rhizobium has long been known as a soil microorganism important for the growth of leguminous plants. It forms symbiosis with the roots of leguminous plants and forms carbohydrates that are suitable for growth from the grown plants. Receives nutrient supply. Instead, the bacteroids formed in the nodules convert the nitrogen in the air to ammonia and supply the nitrogen compound in a form that the plant can use. By the action of nitrogen fixation of the rhizobia, the same action as giving nitrogen fertilizers such as ammonium sulfate and urea to the plant can be performed in a natural state.

  At present, in order to efficiently inoculate soil with rhizobia having a high nitrogen-fixing ability, for example, a method in which rhizobia is dressed on seeds and seeded with the powdered seeds (see, for example, Patent Document 1), nodules There has been proposed a method (for example, see Patent Document 2) of applying a material obtained by formulating a bacterium with a capsule (disintegrant) made of a superabsorbent polymer (PVA) or the like to soil.

Japanese Patent Laid-Open No. 10-210807

JP-A-6-62667

  However, in the case of powdered seeds as in Patent Document 1, particularly under conditions where the soil moisture at the time of sowing in the heavy clay paddy field conversion field is extremely low, it is easily affected by the soil environment such as drying and the activity of rhizobia There was a problem that the decrease in the temperature occurred early. In other words, when the activity of rhizobia decreases, the amount of movement and diffusion to the whole rhizosphere where leguminous roots grow is reduced, and since it loses competition with indigenous rhizobia having a low nitrogen fixing ability, It does not reach the number of occurrences according to the amount of clothes, and cannot exert a nitrogen fixing effect.

  In the material of Patent Document 2, by protecting the rhizobia with a capsule, there is a possibility that the activity of the rhizobia can be prevented to a certain extent so as not to be affected by the soil environment after application. It could not be said that the survival of bacteria and the effect of application, such as nodulation, plant growth promotion effect, etc. were sufficient.

  In addition, materials formulated by adding rhizobia into capsules require various facilities related to formulation, including facilities for filling the capsules with rhizobia, which increases production costs and ultimately There was a problem that the price of materials would be high. Such materials are materials that require application of several tens of kilograms to several hundreds of kilograms depending on the scale of the field. Therefore, when the price of the materials increases, the production cost and the price of agricultural products sold in the market are also affected.

  An object of the present invention is to deal with such a problem. That is, it is an object of the present invention to efficiently grow rhizobia on legumes at low cost.

  In order to achieve the above object, the granular material according to the present invention has at least the following configuration.

  The granular material according to the present invention includes a rhizobia, a porous material derived from a natural substance and a granular core member that retains the rhizobia, and a porous substance derived from a natural substance that retains the rhizobia. A granular or powder carrier that is supported so as to cover the core member, a granular or powder water-retaining body composed of a natural material-derived hygroscopic and water-retaining substance, and a binder for the rhizobia and water retaining body And a sugar.

  Examples of the rhizobia here include the following rhizobia.

  Porous materials derived from natural substances used in the core member here are, for example, pumice, zeolite, perlite, diatomaceous earth, akadama earth, kanuma earth, black earth, charcoal, shells, etc. Easy one is preferred. In addition, the shape of the porous material may be any shape such as a spherical shape, an elliptical shape, a cylindrical shape, and a rectangular shape. Further, the particle size of the porous material is preferably a particle size (for example, 0.5 mm to 3.0 mm) that can be efficiently applied to the soil with a known seeding machine or the like in a state where the carrier is coated. .

  Examples of the porous material derived from natural substances used in the carrier include peat moss, zeolite, radiolite, diatomaceous earth, perlite, talc, white porcelain clay, clay, coconut peat, calcium carbonate, calcium chloride, activated carbon, and carbon black. Pulp, koji, soybean meal, bentonite, kaolin, montmorillonite, alumina and the like that are easily available in large quantities at low cost and are easy to process are preferred. In addition, the shape of the porous material may be any shape such as a spherical shape, an elliptical shape, a cylindrical shape, and a rectangular shape. Moreover, the powder diameter / particle diameter of the porous material is, for example, a powder diameter / particle diameter (for example, 0) that can effectively protect the rhizobia supported on the porous material used for the core member having the particle diameter. 0.01 to 0.10 mm) is preferable.

  Examples of the saccharide herein include water-soluble saccharides and sugar alcohols. Specifically, fructose, sucrose, glucose, maltose, lactose, fructose, arabinose, xylose, mannose, galactose, maltose, mannitol, xylitol, trehalose, sorbitol, maltotriose, ribose, rhamnose, fucose, isomaltose, raffinose , Oligosaccharide, starch syrup, dextrin, starch, erythritol, lactitol, palatinit, pullulan, reduced starch syrup, honey, maple syrup, molasses, molasses, strawberry, acetylglucosamine, ethylene glycol, glycerin and mixtures of two or more thereof, or Examples include those containing other sugars. Among the exemplified saccharides, from the viewpoint of improving the production efficiency of the granular material, among the exemplified saccharides, honey, maple syrup, molasses, molasses, molasses and the like have a low water content, adhesive strength, and Those having a high viscosity and a short drying time are preferred. Further, among these saccharides, molasses is preferable from the viewpoints of being inexpensively available in large quantities, reducing raw material costs, and reusing by-products (food waste materials) generated during sugar production.

  Examples of the water-retaining body composed of a natural substance-derived material having hygroscopicity and water retention herein include those composed of glycosaminoglycan, a highly water-absorbing polymer and the like. Specific substances include hyaluronic acid, keratan sulfate, chondroitin, chondroitin sulfate, dermatan sulfate, sodium alginate, sodium polyacrylate, agar, gelatin, carboxymethyl cellulose, polyvinyl alcohol, natto resin, epoxy resin, lactic acid resin, silica gel and Examples thereof include a mixture of two or more of them, or other substances having hygroscopicity and water retention. From the viewpoint of ensuring good rhizobial survival / proliferation of granular materials among the water-retaining bodies composed of the exemplified hygroscopic and water-retaining substances, the water-retaining body comprises at least a substance containing hyaluronic acid. Is preferred.

  In order to ensure good survival of rhizobia in the granular material and to suppress the propagation of various bacteria, the water activity in the granular material is preferably set to 0.10 to 0.60.

  The granular material is preferably applied to a site where rhizobia can efficiently grow on the seeds of the sowing legumes. As the part, it is the direction where the root which grows from a seed goes, for example, in the fertilization range. Moreover, in order to apply a granular material efficiently and reliably in the fertilization range, it is preferable to mix and apply with a fertilizer, for example.

The schematic block diagram of the granular material which concerns on this invention. It is a schematic process drawing which shows an example of the manufacturing method of the granular material which concerns on this invention, (a) is a 1st process drawing, (b) is a 2nd process drawing. Schematic which shows an example of the application method of the granular material which concerns on this invention. Schematic which shows the other example of the application method of the granular material which concerns on this invention. FIG. 4 shows the nodulation effect of the granular material according to the present invention, wherein (a) shows the number of rhizobial seedlings and crop growth results in the early flowering stage, and (b) shows the number of rhizobial seedlings and crop growth in the late flowering stage. It is a result.

  Hereinafter, the form for implementing the granular material which concerns on this invention is demonstrated.

  FIG. 1 is a schematic configuration diagram of a granular material 1 according to the present embodiment. The granular material 1 is a nucleus in which a rhizobial fungus 30 and a powdery water retaining body 31 are held in an adhering state by a binder 20 on a granular core member 10 using a natural porous substance, and the rhizobial fungus 30 and the water retaining body 31 are held. The member 10 is supported by a powdery carrier 40 using a natural porous material in a covering form. In addition, the granular material 1 has a water activity of 0.10 to 0.60 in order to suppress propagation of various bacteria and ensure the survival of the rhizobia 30. The reason for this water activity is that when the water activity exceeds 0.60, various bacteria such as molds that adversely affect the survival of the rhizobia are likely to propagate. This is because the survivability is lowered, so that a sufficient application effect (nodulation) cannot be obtained. That is, if the water activity is 0.10 to 0.60, there is little growth of fungi such as mold that adversely affects the survival of the rhizobia, the activity of the rhizobia itself is good, and a sufficient application effect (nodulation) The survival of the rhizobia from which can be obtained) can be ensured.

  In actuality, the rhizobia 30 is held by the nuclear member 10 in a state of being attached to or mixed with the water retaining body 31 by the binder 20, but in this embodiment, the rhizobia 30 is held by the nuclear member 10. In order to represent the state, the binder 20, the rhizobia 30 and the water retaining body 31 are illustrated as being in a layered state.

  The core member 10 is a naturally occurring material, and is a granular material obtained by processing a porous material that is easily available in large quantities at low cost and processed to 0.5 mm to 3.0 mm.

  The binder 20 is a molasses that can be easily obtained in large quantities and is preferable for reducing raw material costs and reusing by-products (food waste materials) generated during sugar production. Moreover, since molasses has high adhesive force and viscosity and low water content, it is easy to manufacture the granular material 1 and adjust the water activity of the granular material 1 to 0.10 to 0.60. Contributes to the improvement of manufacturing efficiency of material 1. Further, as the molasses, the survival of the rhizobia 30 can be ensured by using the molasses having a salt concentration that is largely involved in the survival of the rhizobia 30 and less than 0.10 mol / L.

  The water-retaining body 31 is made of hyaluronic acid, which is excellent in moisture absorption and water-retaining properties necessary for good rhizobial survival / proliferation of granular materials and is easily available.

  2A to 2B are schematic process diagrams illustrating an example of a method for manufacturing the granular material 1.

  First step (FIG. 2 (a)): After mixing the core member 10, the cultured rhizobia 30 and the water retaining body 31 with the molasses serving as the binder 20, the mixture is stirred and mixed using a granulator (not shown). While granulating, the rhizobial granular material 1A in which the rhizobia 30 and the water retaining body 31 are attached to the core member 10 is manufactured.

  Second step (FIG. 2 (c)): When the rhizobia 30 and the water retaining body 1 are sufficiently attached to the core member 10, the carrier 40 is added to the rhizobial granules 1A in the granulator A, and the granulator is activated. Then, the carrier 40 is attached in a covering form around the rhizobial granular material 1A.

  The granular material 1 can be manufactured by the above process. In this manufacturing process, since the molasses with a low water content is used as the binder 20, the time for drying the granular material 1 after the manufacturing can be shortened, or the drying process is not necessary. Moreover, in this manufacturing process, while making the water activity of the granular material 1 be 0.10 to 0.60, the mixing amount of the binder 20 is set so that the carrier 40 is surely coated on the rhizobial granular material 1A. The water content of the binder 20, the water evaporation amount of the binder 20 during granulation, the moisture absorption amount and the water retention amount of the water retaining body 31, and the like are adjusted as appropriate. Moreover, a well-known rolling granulator, a stirring granulator, etc. can be used for a granulator. In addition, the core member 10 and the carrier 40 are pulverized and sized to a predetermined size using a known pulverization and sizing device (not shown).

  According to the granular material 1 of the present embodiment, the rhizobia 30 is protected from the stress of soil components by the carrier 40 attached in a covering form. In addition, the waste molasses, which has a good water activity for preventing the survival of the rhizobia 30 and preventing the propagation of miscellaneous bacteria and serving as the binder 20, is a nutrient for the rhizobia 30. Further, the micropores of the core member 10 and the carrier 40 can be used as a residence for the rhizobia 30. Furthermore, the core member 10, the binder 20, the water retention body 31, and the carrier 40 are inexpensive and easy to obtain in large quantities, and the core member 10 and the carrier 40 are formed into a granular or powder form by a known pulverization and sizing apparatus. Since it can process, the raw material cost and manufacturing cost of the granular material 1 can be reduced. Moreover, the granular material 1 can be manufactured with a known granulator using these raw materials. Furthermore, the granular material 1 has a particle size that can be efficiently applied to soil by a known seeding machine or the like. Furthermore, when the granular material 1 is applied to a farm field, the water retaining body 31 absorbs and retains moisture contained in soil, moisture due to rainfall, and the like. And the water | moisture content hold | maintained at the water holding body 31 melt | dissolves the binder 20, and it can make it easy for rhizobia to elute and to spread | diffuse and fix to soil.

  That is, the granular material 1 of the present embodiment is less susceptible to stress from soil components on the rhizobia 30 and can provide a favorable environment for inhabiting. Furthermore, since the granular material 1 is manufactured at a low cost, it is inexpensive. Accordingly, the decrease in activity in the soil is suppressed, and the survival of the rhizobia 30 can be expected, and the granular material 1 that can be easily applied to the soil can be provided at low cost. Therefore, it can be expected that rhizobia 30 is efficiently grown on legumes at low cost.

  The granular material 1 of the present embodiment is a general fertilization method such as a method of applying to the soil at the time of pulverized tillage, a method of applying directly under the seed, a method of applying to the side stripes, a method of applying uniformly to the entire rhizosphere, etc. Application in a similar manner is possible. It can also be mixed with fertilizer and applied.

  FIG. 3 is a schematic diagram illustrating an example of a method for applying the granular material 1 of the present embodiment. This application method is a method in which the granular material 1 is applied in the application range of the fertilizer 3. According to this application method, the root 4 that grows from the seed 2 seeks nutrients and extends in the direction of the fertilizer 3, and by applying the granular material 1 directly above the fertilized position, The contact opportunity of the material 1 can be increased. That is, the opportunity for contact between the root 4 and the granular material 1 increases, so that the opportunity for nodulation increases and the nodule formation is performed efficiently.

  This fertilization position includes either directly under the seed (indicated by a one-dot chain line) or a side stripe (indicated by a two-dot chain line), and can be applied using a known seeding machine (not shown) at this position.

  FIG. 4 is a schematic view showing another example of the application method of the granular material 1 of the present embodiment. In this application method, the mixture obtained by mixing the granular material 1 and the fertilizer 3 is applied directly under a seed (indicated by a one-dot chain line) or a side strip (indicated by a two-dot chain line) with a known fertilizer (not shown). Is the method. According to this application method, similar to the application method shown in FIG. 3, the contact opportunity between the root 4 and the granular material 1 can be increased, and the mixture of the granular material 1 and the fertilizer 3 is applied. The reliability of applying 1 in the growth direction of the root 4 is high, and nodulation is more efficiently performed.

  5 (a) and 5 (b) are test results actually applied to a farm field for the nodulation effect of the granular material 1 of the present embodiment. In this field, in the field under the same conditions, the number of nodule seedlings and the dry weight of the nodule only when seeded with powdered seeds and the soil with the same powdered seeds were seeded with granular materials of the following structure: This is a comparison of the number of nodule formation, root nodule dry weight, leaf color (SPAD), above-ground dry weight and plant height when applied (application sections 1 to 3). FIG. 5 (a) shows the number of rhizobial seedlings and crop growth results in the early flowering stage, and FIG. 5 (b) shows the number of rhizobial seedlings and crop growth results in the late flowering stage. .

Used granular materials
Used Rhizobium Bradyrhizobium japonicum J1065
Core material used Zeolite
Carrier used Pete Moss
Binder used Molasses (salt concentration: 0.05 mol / L)
Water retainer used Hyaluronic acid
Rhizobium density 1.4 × 10 ⁷ cfu / g
Application position Same as base fertilizer and phosphate fertilizer (side strip)

Used powdered seeds
Seeds Soy Toyohomare
Used Rhizobium Bradyrhizobium japonicum J1065
Rhizobium density 2.0 × 10 ⁷ cfu / g
Sowing position Approximately 2.5cm below the ground surface

Field conditions
Field used Paddy field conversion field
Use base fertilizer chemical fertilizer BBS343
Used phosphate fertilizer 43 heavy stone
Fertilization position About 5cm under the dressing seed, side fertilizer

  As a result, the number of root nodule, root nodule weight, leaf color (SPAD), above-ground dry matter weight and plant height are the same for all application areas and early flowering and late flowering. Heavy, leaf color (SPAD), aboveground dry matter weight and plant height significantly exceeded. That is, it was proved that the granular material is effective for nodulation. In addition, as the amount of granular material applied increases, the number of nodule seedlings, nodule dry matter weight, leaf color (SPAD), aboveground dry matter weight and plant height increase. That is, the granular material 1 of the present embodiment that can be manufactured at a low cost and can be provided at a low cost is advantageous for increasing the yield of soybeans while suppressing an increase in the burden on the producer.

  It should be noted that the present invention is not limited to the illustrated embodiments, and can be implemented with configurations within a range that does not deviate from the contents described in the respective claims.

    1: Granular material 2: Seed 3: Fertilizer 4: Root 10: Core member 20: Binder 30: Rhizobium 40: Carrier

Claims (6)

With rhizobia,
A porous material derived from a natural material, and a granular core member holding the rhizobia,
A granular or powdery carrier that is a porous material derived from a natural material and is supported so as to cover the core member holding the rhizobia,
A granular or powder water-retaining body made of a natural material-derived hygroscopic and water-retaining substance,
A saccharide serving as a binder for the rhizobia and the water retention body;
A granular material characterized by comprising:   The granular material according to claim 1, wherein the water retaining body is made of a substance containing at least hyaluronic acid.   The granular material according to claim 1 or 2, wherein the saccharide is molasses.   The granular material according to any one of claims 1 to 3, wherein the granular material has a water activity of 0.10 to 0.60. It is an application method of the granular material in any one of Claims 1-4,
A method for applying a granular material, wherein the seed is applied to a sowing legume seed in a fertilization range. It is an application method of the granular material in any one of Claims 1-4,
A method of applying a granular material, wherein the seeds of a sowed legume are mixed with fertilizer and applied.

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