JP2010215971A - Method of producing three-dimensional shaped article and three-dimensional shaped article obtained from the same - Google Patents

Method of producing three-dimensional shaped article and three-dimensional shaped article obtained from the same Download PDF

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JP2010215971A
JP2010215971A JP2009064695A JP2009064695A JP2010215971A JP 2010215971 A JP2010215971 A JP 2010215971A JP 2009064695 A JP2009064695 A JP 2009064695A JP 2009064695 A JP2009064695 A JP 2009064695A JP 2010215971 A JP2010215971 A JP 2010215971A
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light beam
powder
layer
modeling plate
solidified layer
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JP5337545B2 (en
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Isao Fuwa
勲 不破
Tokuo Yoshida
徳雄 吉田
Satoshi Abe
諭 阿部
Masataka Takenami
正孝 武南
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Panasonic Electric Works Co Ltd
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Abstract

<P>PROBLEM TO BE SOLVED: To provide a method of producing a shaped article more desirable in respect of cutting machining. <P>SOLUTION: In the method of producing the three-dimensional shaped article, (i) a step in which a predetermined position of a powder layer provided on a shaping plate is irradiated with a light beam, and a solidified layer is formed by sintering or melt-solidifying the powder at the predetermined position, and (ii) a step for forming a new powder layer on the obtained solidified layer, and a further solidified layer is formed by irradiating a predetermined position of the new powder layer with a light beam, are repeatedly performed. In the method of producing the three-dimensional shaped article, a hardness difference between the shaping plate and solidified layer is set to be Vickers hardness Hv of 0-400. <P>COPYRIGHT: (C)2010,JPO&INPIT

Description

本発明は、三次元形状造形物の製造方法および三次元形状造形物に関する。より詳細には、本発明は、粉末層の所定箇所に光ビームを照射して固化層を形成することを繰り返し実施することによって複数の固化層が積層一体化した三次元形状造形物を製造する方法に関すると共に、それによって得られる三次元形状造形物にも関する。   The present invention relates to a method for manufacturing a three-dimensional shaped object and a three-dimensional shaped object. More specifically, the present invention manufactures a three-dimensional shaped object in which a plurality of solidified layers are laminated and integrated by repeatedly performing formation of a solidified layer by irradiating a predetermined portion of the powder layer with a light beam. In addition to the method, the present invention also relates to a three-dimensional shaped object obtained thereby.

従来より、粉末材料に光ビームを照射して三次元形状造形物を製造する方法(一般的には「粉末焼結積層法」と称される)が知られている。かかる方法では、「(i)粉末層の所定箇所に光ビームを照射することよって、かかる所定箇所の粉末を焼結又は溶融固化させて固化層を形成し、(ii)得られた固化層の上に新たな粉末層を敷いて同様に光ビームを照射して更に固化層を形成する」といったことを繰り返して三次元形状造形物を製造している(特許文献1または特許文献2参照)。粉末材料として金属粉末やセラミック粉末などの無機質の粉末材料を用いた場合では、得られた三次元形状造形物を金型として用いることができ、樹脂粉末やプラスチック粉末などの有機質の粉末材料を用いた場合では、得られた三次元形状造形物をモデルとして用いることができる。このような製造技術によれば、複雑な三次元形状造形物を短時間で製造することが可能である。   Conventionally, a method of manufacturing a three-dimensional shaped object by irradiating a powder material with a light beam (generally referred to as “powder sintering lamination method”) is known. In such a method, “(i) by irradiating a predetermined portion of the powder layer with a light beam, the powder at the predetermined portion is sintered or melt-solidified to form a solidified layer, and (ii) of the obtained solidified layer A three-dimensional shaped article is manufactured by repeating the process of “laying a new powder layer on the top and irradiating the same with a light beam to form a solidified layer” (see Patent Document 1 or Patent Document 2). When inorganic powder materials such as metal powder and ceramic powder are used as the powder material, the obtained three-dimensional shaped object can be used as a mold, and organic powder materials such as resin powder and plastic powder can be used. In such a case, the obtained three-dimensional shaped object can be used as a model. According to such a manufacturing technique, it is possible to manufacture a complicated three-dimensional shaped object in a short time.

粉末焼結積層法では、酸化防止等の観点から不活性雰囲気下に保たれたチャンバー内で三次元形状造形物が製造される場合が多い。粉末材料として金属粉末を用い、得られる三次元形状造形物を金型として用いる場合を例にとると、図1に示すように、まず、所定の厚みt1の粉末層22を造形プレート21上に形成した後(図1(a)参照)、光ビームを粉末層22の所定箇所に照射して、造形プレート21上において固化層24を形成する。そして、形成された固化層24の上に新たな粉末層22を敷いて再度光ビームを照射して新たな固化層を形成する。このように繰り返して固化層を形成すると、複数の固化層24が積層一体化した三次元形状造形物を得ることができる(図1(b)参照)。最下層に相当する固化層は造形プレート面に接着した状態となって形成され得るので、三次元形状造形物と造形プレートとは相互に一体化した状態となる。一体化した三次元形状造形物と造形プレートとは、そのまま金型として用いることができる。   In the powder sintering lamination method, a three-dimensional shaped object is often manufactured in a chamber maintained in an inert atmosphere from the viewpoint of preventing oxidation or the like. Taking a case where a metal powder is used as a powder material and the obtained three-dimensional shaped object is used as a mold, as shown in FIG. 1, first, a powder layer 22 having a predetermined thickness t1 is placed on a modeling plate 21, as shown in FIG. After the formation (see FIG. 1A), the solidified layer 24 is formed on the modeling plate 21 by irradiating a predetermined portion of the powder layer 22 with a light beam. Then, a new powder layer 22 is laid on the formed solidified layer 24 and irradiated again with a light beam to form a new solidified layer. When a solidified layer is formed repeatedly as described above, a three-dimensional shaped object in which a plurality of solidified layers 24 are laminated and integrated can be obtained (see FIG. 1B). Since the solidified layer corresponding to the lowermost layer can be formed in a state of being adhered to the modeling plate surface, the three-dimensionally shaped object and the modeling plate are integrated with each other. The integrated three-dimensional shaped object and the modeling plate can be used as a mold as they are.

ここで、造形プレートと一体化した三次元形状造形物を金型として用いる場合、最下層に相当する固化層(=第1層目の固化層)の形成は、造形プレートとの密着性を高めるために、比較的高いエネルギーの光ビームを照射して行われるのが一般的である。造形プレート(特に鋼材から成る造形プレート)の表面は、高エネルギーの光ビームを受けると、図2に示すように、その表面箇所および近傍が急加熱・急速冷却にさらされることにより“焼き入れられた組織”となって硬くなる(例えば、特許文献3および4参照)。これにより、造形プレート内では硬度差が生じるだけでなく、造形プレートと造形物との間でも硬度差が生じてしまう。“焼き入れ”により硬くなった箇所が存在すると、造形物製造後に切削機械加工を行う際に不都合となるので好ましくない。具体的には、硬くなった箇所に対してドリルによる穴開け加工や旋盤による旋削加工などの切削機械加工を行うと、ドリル刃先の欠損やドリルシャンクの折れやバイト刃先の欠損などが発生してしまう可能性があるだけでなく、そのような不都合を回避すべく加工条件を変更又は制御しなければならない。   Here, when the three-dimensional shaped object integrated with the modeling plate is used as a mold, the formation of the solidified layer corresponding to the lowermost layer (= the first solidified layer) improves the adhesion with the modeling plate. Therefore, it is generally performed by irradiating a light beam having a relatively high energy. When the surface of a modeling plate (particularly a modeling plate made of steel) receives a high-energy light beam, the surface portion and the vicinity thereof are “quenched” by being exposed to rapid heating and rapid cooling as shown in FIG. The structure becomes hard and hard (see, for example, Patent Documents 3 and 4). As a result, not only a hardness difference is generated in the modeling plate, but also a hardness difference is generated between the modeling plate and the modeled object. The presence of a portion hardened by "quenching" is not preferable because it becomes inconvenient when performing cutting machining after the molded article is manufactured. Specifically, when cutting machining such as drilling with a drill or turning with a lathe is performed on a hardened part, drill tip breakage, drill shank breakage, bite tip breakage, etc. may occur. The machining conditions must be changed or controlled to avoid such inconveniences.

特表平1−502890号公報JP-T-1-502890 特開2000−73108号公報JP 2000-73108 A 特開2008−280581号公報JP 2008-280581 A 特開2008−280582号公報JP 2008-280582 A

本発明は、かかる事情に鑑みて為されたものである。即ち、本発明の課題は、三次元形状造形物の製造方法の中でも、切削機械加工の点でより望ましい造形物を製造できる方法を提供することである。   The present invention has been made in view of such circumstances. That is, the subject of this invention is providing the method which can manufacture a modeling thing more desirable in the point of cutting machining among the manufacturing methods of a three-dimensional shaped modeling object.

上記課題を解決するために、本発明では、
(i)造形プレート上に設けた粉末層の所定箇所に光ビーム(例えばレーザ光のような指向性エネルギービーム)を照射して前記所定箇所の粉末を焼結又は溶融固化させて固化層を形成する工程、および
(ii)得られた固化層の上に新たな粉末層を形成し、前記新たな粉末層の所定箇所に光ビームを照射して更なる固化層を形成する工程
を繰り返して行う三次元形状造形物の製造方法であって、
造形プレートと固化層との硬度差が、ビッカース硬度Hvで0〜400となるようにすることを特徴とする、三次元形状造形物の製造方法が提供される。
In order to solve the above problems, in the present invention,
(I) A solidified layer is formed by irradiating a predetermined portion of the powder layer provided on the modeling plate with a light beam (for example, a directional energy beam such as a laser beam) to sinter or melt and solidify the powder at the predetermined portion. And (ii) repeatedly forming a new powder layer on the obtained solidified layer and irradiating a predetermined portion of the new powder layer with a light beam to form a further solidified layer. A method for manufacturing a three-dimensional shaped object,
A method for producing a three-dimensional shaped object is provided, wherein the hardness difference between the modeling plate and the solidified layer is 0 to 400 in terms of Vickers hardness Hv.

本発明の製造方法は、造形プレート硬度と固化層硬度との差が小さい又は発生しないことを特徴としている。より具体的には、本発明の製造方法では、「造形プレートにおいて造形物が形成される領域部分」と「造形物の底部分」との硬度差がビッカース硬度Hvで400以内となるようにする。   The manufacturing method of the present invention is characterized in that the difference between the modeling plate hardness and the solidified layer hardness is small or does not occur. More specifically, in the manufacturing method of the present invention, the difference in hardness between the “region part where the shaped object is formed on the modeling plate” and the “bottom part of the shaped object” is within 400 in terms of Vickers hardness Hv. .

本明細書にいう「ビッカース硬度Hv」とは、JIS Z2244の規格に準じて荷重200〜1000gfでもって10秒間押し込んだ後、それによって形成されたくぼみの対角線長さから求められる数値を意味している。   The “Vickers hardness Hv” as used in this specification means a numerical value obtained from the diagonal length of a depression formed by pressing for 10 seconds with a load of 200 to 1000 gf according to the standard of JIS Z2244. Yes.

ある好適な態様では、造形プレートおよび粉末層が、固化層形成時の光ビームの照射によって焼きの入らない材質から成っており、造形プレートと粉末層との硬度差がビッカース硬度Hvで0〜500となっている。かかる態様では、造形プレートの材質が、炭素含有量0〜0.3質量%の鉄系材料、オーステナイト系ステンレス鋼、フェライト系ステンレス鋼、銅、チタンおよびアルミから成る群から選択される少なくとも1種類の材料を含んで成ることが好ましい。一方、粉末層は、少なくとも鉄粉末とニッケル粉末とを含んで成る混合粉末の粉末層であることが好ましい(かかる場合、ニッケル粉末は、混合粉末の重量基準で5〜30重量%程度含まれていることが好ましい)。
)。
In a preferred embodiment, the modeling plate and the powder layer are made of a material that does not burn by irradiation of the light beam at the time of forming the solidified layer, and the hardness difference between the modeling plate and the powder layer is 0 to 500 in terms of Vickers hardness Hv. It has become. In this aspect, the material of the modeling plate is at least one selected from the group consisting of iron-based materials having a carbon content of 0 to 0.3% by mass, austenitic stainless steel, ferritic stainless steel, copper, titanium, and aluminum. It is preferable to comprise these materials. On the other hand, the powder layer is preferably a powder layer of a mixed powder comprising at least iron powder and nickel powder (in such a case, the nickel powder is contained in an amount of about 5 to 30% by weight based on the weight of the mixed powder. Preferably).
).

また、別のある好適な態様では、造形プレートおよび/または粉末層が固化層形成時の光ビームの照射によって焼きの入る材質(例えば鉄系材料)となっており、固化層の形成に際して造形プレートおよび/または粉末層に対して焼きが入ってしまった場合、その焼きが入った箇所(例えば、造形プレートと固化層との接合界面近傍)を光ビームによって焼き鈍し処理する。焼き鈍し処理に用いる光ビーム源としては、固化層の形成に用いる光ビーム源を用いてもよい。尚、かかる態様においては、固化層形成に用いる光ビームの照射エネルギー密度よりも小さい照射エネルギー密度の光ビームを用いて、焼き鈍し処理を行うことが好ましい。特に、集光径、走査ピッチおよび走査速度の少なくとも1つを調整した光ビームを用いて、焼き鈍し処理を行うことが好ましい。   In another preferred embodiment, the modeling plate and / or the powder layer is made of a material (for example, an iron-based material) that can be burned by irradiation with a light beam at the time of forming the solidified layer. If the powder layer is baked, and the baked portion (for example, the vicinity of the bonding interface between the modeling plate and the solidified layer) is annealed with a light beam. As the light beam source used for the annealing treatment, a light beam source used for forming a solidified layer may be used. In such an embodiment, it is preferable to perform the annealing treatment using a light beam having an irradiation energy density smaller than that of the light beam used for forming the solidified layer. In particular, it is preferable to perform the annealing process using a light beam in which at least one of the condensed diameter, the scanning pitch, and the scanning speed is adjusted.

更に別のある好適な態様では、造形プレートおよび/または粉末層が光ビームの照射によって焼きの入ることがないように、600〜1000℃の高温雰囲気下で工程(i)および工程(ii)を実施する。即ち、600〜1000℃の高温雰囲気下で固化層(特に、第1層目の固化層)の形成を行う。この場合、0.5〜2.5J/mmの小さい照射エネルギー密度の光ビームを用いて固化層の形成を行うことが好ましい。 In still another preferred embodiment, the steps (i) and (ii) are performed under a high temperature atmosphere of 600 to 1000 ° C. so that the shaping plate and / or the powder layer is not burned by irradiation with a light beam. carry out. That is, the solidified layer (particularly, the first solidified layer) is formed in a high temperature atmosphere of 600 to 1000 ° C. In this case, it is preferable to form the solidified layer using a light beam having a small irradiation energy density of 0.5 to 2.5 J / mm 2 .

本発明では、上述した製造方法で得られる三次元形状造形物も提供される。特に好適な態様では、かかる三次元形状造形物は造形プレートと一体化しており、造形プレートと三次元形状造形物との硬度差がビッカース硬度Hvで0〜400(即ち、400以内)となっている。   In this invention, the three-dimensional shape molded article obtained by the manufacturing method mentioned above is also provided. In a particularly preferable aspect, such a three-dimensional shaped object is integrated with the modeling plate, and the hardness difference between the modeling plate and the three-dimensional shaped object is 0 to 400 (that is, within 400) in terms of Vickers hardness Hv. Yes.

本発明の製造方法では、得られる三次元形状造形物につき、造形プレート硬度と固化層硬度との差が小さくなっている又は発生しないようになっている。つまり、造形プレートと一体化して得られる三次元形状造形物において硬度差が減じられている。従って、造形物製造後においてドリルによる穴開け加工や旋盤による旋削加工などの切削機械加工を行う際、ドリル刃先の欠損やドリルシャンクの折れやバイト刃先の欠損などを防止できるだけでなく、そのような工具の折れ・欠損を回避するための煩雑な制御が必要なくなる。より具体的にいうと、造形プレート硬度と固化層硬度との差が大きい場合、即ち、柔らかい箇所と硬い箇所とが存在する場合では、柔らかい箇所と硬い箇所とで加工条件を変えなければならないところ(仮に同じ加工条件で行うと工具の折れ・欠損が生じてしまうことになり得る)、本発明により得られる「造形プレートと一体化した三次元形状造形物」では、造形プレートと三次元形状造形物との間の硬度差が小さい又は実質的に硬度差が存在しないので、そのように加工条件を変える必要がなくなる。換言すれば、本発明では、同じ加工条件であっても工具の折れ・欠損が生じることはないといえる。   In the manufacturing method of the present invention, the difference between the modeling plate hardness and the solidified layer hardness is small or does not occur with respect to the three-dimensional shaped object to be obtained. That is, the hardness difference is reduced in the three-dimensional shaped object obtained by being integrated with the modeling plate. Therefore, when performing cutting machining such as drilling with a drill or turning with a lathe after manufacturing a shaped object, not only can the drill tip breakage, drill shank breakage, bite tip breakage, etc. be prevented. There is no need for complicated control for avoiding tool breakage or chipping. More specifically, when the difference between the modeling plate hardness and the solidified layer hardness is large, that is, when there are soft and hard parts, the processing conditions must be changed between the soft part and the hard part. (If it is performed under the same processing conditions, the tool may be broken or broken.) In the “three-dimensional shaped object integrated with the shaping plate” obtained by the present invention, the shaping plate and the three-dimensional shape shaping are obtained. Since there is little or no hardness difference between the workpiece and the workpiece, there is no need to change the processing conditions. In other words, in the present invention, it can be said that the tool is not broken or broken even under the same machining conditions.

また、従来技術においては、造形プレートと三次元形状造形物との硬度差(特にそれらの界面近傍の硬度)を想定した上で切削加工用の工具ないしは設備を用意しなければならなかったものの、本発明では、製造設備自体を実質的に変更することなく、かかる硬度差を減じることができるといった点でも有益である。   In addition, in the prior art, it was necessary to prepare tools or equipment for cutting after assuming a hardness difference between the modeling plate and the three-dimensional modeled object (particularly the hardness near the interface between them) The present invention is also advantageous in that the hardness difference can be reduced without substantially changing the manufacturing equipment itself.

光造形複合加工機の動作を模式的に示した断面図Sectional view schematically showing the operation of the stereolithography combined processing machine 焼き入れが生じた態様を表した模式図Schematic diagram showing the mode of quenching 粉末焼結積層法が行われる態様を模式的に示した斜視図The perspective view which showed typically the aspect by which the powder sintering lamination method is performed 粉末焼結積層法が実施される光造形複合加工機の構成を模式的に示した斜視図The perspective view which showed typically the structure of the optical shaping complex processing machine by which a powder sintering lamination method is implemented 光造形複合加工機の動作のフローチャートFlow chart of operation of stereolithography combined processing machine 光造形複合加工プロセスを経時的に表した模式図Schematic representation of the optical modeling complex processing process over time 「焼きの入らない材質を使用する態様」を概念的に表した模式図Schematic diagram conceptually showing "a mode of using non-baked material" 焼きの入らない材質を用いた場合の硬度差を示すグラフGraph showing the difference in hardness when using non-baked materials 「焼き鈍し処理を行う態様」を概念的に表した模式図Schematic diagram conceptually showing the "mode of annealing treatment" 焼き鈍し処理時の光ビームの走査態様を概念的に表した模式図Schematic diagram conceptually showing the scanning mode of the light beam during annealing treatment 「焼き入れが生じない条件で固化層形成を行う態様」を概念的に表した模式図Schematic diagram conceptually showing "a mode in which solidified layer formation is performed under conditions where quenching does not occur"

以下では、図面を参照して本発明をより詳細に説明する。   Hereinafter, the present invention will be described in more detail with reference to the drawings.

[粉末焼結積層法]
まず、本発明の製造方法の前提となる粉末焼結積層法について説明する。図1,図3および図4には、粉末焼結積層法を実施できる光造形複合加工機1の機能および構成が示されている。光造形複合加工機1は、「金属粉末および樹脂粉末などの粉末を所定の厚みで敷くことによって粉末層を形成する粉末層形成手段2」と「外周が壁27で囲まれた造形タンク29内においてシリンダー駆動で上下に昇降する造形テーブル20」と「造形テーブル20上に配され造形物の土台となる造形プレート21」と「光ビームLを任意の位置に照射する光ビーム照射手段3」と「造形物の周囲を削る切削手段4」とを主として備えている。粉末層形成手段2は、図1に示すように、「外周が壁26で囲まれた粉末材料タンク28内においてシリンダー駆動で上下に昇降する粉末テーブル25」と「造形プレート上に粉末層22を形成するためのスキージング用ブレード23」とを主として有して成る。光ビーム照射手段3は、図3および図4に示すように、「光ビームLを発する光ビーム発振器30」と「光ビームLを粉末層22の上にスキャニング(走査)するガルバノミラー31(スキャン光学系)」とを主として有して成る。必要に応じて、光ビーム照射手段3には、光ビームスポットの形状を補正するビーム形状補正手段(例えば一対のシリンドリカルレンズと、かかるレンズを光ビームの軸線回りに回転させる回転駆動機構とを有して成る手段)やfθレンズなどが具備されている。切削手段4は、「造形物の周囲を削るミーリングヘッド40」と「ミーリングヘッド40を切削箇所へと移動させるXY駆動機構41」とを主として有して成る(図3および図4参照)。
[Powder sintering lamination method]
First, the powder sintering lamination method as a premise of the production method of the present invention will be described. 1, 3, and 4 show the function and configuration of an optical modeling composite processing machine 1 that can perform the powder sintering lamination method. The optical modeling composite processing machine 1 includes “a powder layer forming means 2 for forming a powder layer by spreading a powder such as a metal powder and a resin powder with a predetermined thickness” and “in a modeling tank 29 whose outer periphery is surrounded by a wall 27. In FIG. 2, a modeling table 20 that moves up and down by cylinder drive ”,“ a modeling plate 21 that is arranged on the modeling table 20 and serves as a foundation of the modeling object ”, and“ light beam irradiation means 3 that irradiates the light beam L to an arbitrary position ” "The cutting means 4 which cuts the circumference | surroundings of a molded article" is mainly provided. As shown in FIG. 1, the powder layer forming means 2 includes “a powder table 25 that moves up and down by a cylinder drive in a powder material tank 28 whose outer periphery is surrounded by a wall 26” and “a powder layer 22 on a modeling plate. And a squeezing blade 23 "for forming. As shown in FIGS. 3 and 4, the light beam irradiation means 3 includes a “light beam oscillator 30 that emits a light beam L” and a “galvanomirror 31 that scans (scans) the light beam L onto the powder layer 22 (scanning). Optical system) ”. If necessary, the light beam irradiating means 3 has beam shape correcting means (for example, a pair of cylindrical lenses and a rotation driving mechanism for rotating the lenses around the axis of the light beam) for correcting the shape of the light beam spot. And an fθ lens. The cutting means 4 mainly includes “a milling head 40 that cuts the periphery of a modeled object” and “an XY drive mechanism 41 that moves the milling head 40 to a cutting position” (see FIGS. 3 and 4).

光造形複合加工機1の動作を図1、図5および図6を参照して詳述する。図5は、光造形複合加工機の動作フローを示しており、図6は、光造形複合加工プロセスを経時的に簡易に示している。   The operation of the optical modeling complex machine 1 will be described in detail with reference to FIGS. 1, 5, and 6. FIG. 5 shows an operation flow of the stereolithography combined processing machine, and FIG. 6 simply shows the stereolithography combined processing process over time.

光造形複合加工機の動作は、粉末層22を形成する粉末層形成ステップ(S1)と、粉末層22に光ビームLを照射して固化層24を形成する固化層形成ステップ(S2)と、造形物の表面を切削する切削ステップ(S3)とから主に構成されている。粉末層形成ステップ(S1)では、最初に造形テーブル20をΔt1下げる(S11)。次いで、粉末テーブル25をΔt1上げた後、図1(a)に示すように、スキージング用ブレード23を、矢印A方向に移動させ、粉末テーブル25に配されていた粉末(例えば「平均粒径5μm〜100μm程度の鉄粉」または「平均粒径30μm〜100μm程度のナイロン、ポリプロピレン、ABS等の粉末」)を造形プレート21上へと移送させつつ(S12)、所定厚みΔt1にならして粉末層22を形成する(S13)。次に、固化層形成ステップ(S2)に移行し、光ビーム発振器30から光ビームL(例えば炭酸ガスレーザ、Nd:YAGレーザまたは紫外線など)を発し(S21)、光ビームLをガルバノミラー31によって粉末層22上の任意の位置にスキャニングし(S22)、粉末を溶融させ、固化させて造形プレート21と一体化した固化層24を形成する(S23)。光ビームは、空気中を伝達させることに限定されず、光ファイバーなどで伝送させてもよい。   The operation of the optical modeling composite processing machine includes a powder layer forming step (S1) for forming the powder layer 22, a solidified layer forming step (S2) for forming the solidified layer 24 by irradiating the powder layer 22 with the light beam L, It is mainly composed of a cutting step (S3) for cutting the surface of the modeled object. In the powder layer forming step (S1), the modeling table 20 is first lowered by Δt1 (S11). Next, after raising the powder table 25 by Δt1, as shown in FIG. 1A, the squeezing blade 23 is moved in the direction of arrow A, and the powder (for example, “average particle size”) While “iron powder of about 5 μm to 100 μm” or “powder of nylon, polypropylene, ABS or the like having an average particle size of about 30 μm to 100 μm” is transferred onto the modeling plate 21 (S12), the powder is adjusted to a predetermined thickness Δt1. The layer 22 is formed (S13). Next, the process proceeds to a solidified layer forming step (S2), where a light beam L (for example, carbon dioxide laser, Nd: YAG laser, or ultraviolet light) is emitted from the light beam oscillator 30 (S21). Scanning to an arbitrary position on the layer 22 (S22), the powder is melted and solidified to form a solidified layer 24 integrated with the modeling plate 21 (S23). The light beam is not limited to being transmitted in the air, but may be transmitted by an optical fiber or the like.

固化層24の厚みがミーリングヘッド40の工具長さ等から求めた所定厚みになるまで粉末層形成ステップ(S1)と固化層形成ステップ(S2)とを繰り返し、固化層24を積層する(図1(b)参照)。尚、新たに積層される固化層は、焼結又は溶融固化に際して、既に形成された下層を成す固化層と一体化することになる。   The powder layer forming step (S1) and the solidified layer forming step (S2) are repeated until the thickness of the solidified layer 24 reaches a predetermined thickness obtained from the tool length of the milling head 40, and the solidified layer 24 is laminated (FIG. 1). (See (b)). In addition, the solidified layer newly laminated | stacked will be integrated with the solidified layer which comprises the already formed lower layer in the case of sintering or melt-solidification.

積層した固化層24の厚みが所定の厚みになると、切削ステップ(S3)へと移行する。用いる切削手段は、汎用の数値制御(NC:Numerical Control)工作機械またはそれに準ずるものであってよい。特に、切削工具(エンドミル)を自動交換可能なマシニングセンタ(MC)であることが好ましい。エンドミルは、例えば超硬素材の二枚刃ボールエンドミルが主に用いられる。加工形状や目的に応じて、スクエアエンドミル、ラジアスエンドミル、ドリルなども用いてよい。図1および図6に示すような態様ではミーリングヘッド40を駆動させることによって切削ステップの実施を開始している(S31)。例えば、ミーリングヘッド40の工具(ボールエンドミル)が直径1mm、有効刃長さ3mmである場合、深さ3mmの切削加工ができるので、Δt1が0.05mmであれば、60層の固化層を形成した時点でミーリングヘッド40を駆動させる。XY駆動機構41によってミーリングヘッド40を矢印X及び矢印Y方向に移動させ、積層した固化層24から成る造形物の表面を切削加工する(S32)。そして、三次元形状造形物の製造が依然終了していない場合では、粉末層形成ステップ(S1)へ戻ることになる。以後、S1乃至S3を繰り返して更なる固化層24を積層することによって、三次元形状造形物の製造を行う(図6参照)。   When the thickness of the laminated solidified layer 24 reaches a predetermined thickness, the process proceeds to the cutting step (S3). The cutting means to be used may be a general-purpose numerical control (NC) machine tool or the like. In particular, a machining center (MC) that can automatically replace a cutting tool (end mill) is preferable. As the end mill, for example, a two-blade ball end mill made of cemented carbide is mainly used. A square end mill, a radius end mill, a drill, or the like may be used depending on the processing shape and purpose. In the embodiment shown in FIGS. 1 and 6, the cutting step is started by driving the milling head 40 (S31). For example, when the tool (ball end mill) of the milling head 40 has a diameter of 1 mm and an effective blade length of 3 mm, a cutting process with a depth of 3 mm can be performed. Therefore, if Δt1 is 0.05 mm, 60 solidified layers are formed. At that time, the milling head 40 is driven. The milling head 40 is moved in the directions of the arrow X and the arrow Y by the XY drive mechanism 41, and the surface of the modeled object composed of the laminated solidified layer 24 is cut (S32). And when manufacture of a three-dimensional shape molded article has not ended yet, it will return to a powder layer formation step (S1). Thereafter, the three-dimensional shaped object is manufactured by repeating S1 to S3 and laminating a further solidified layer 24 (see FIG. 6).

固化層形成ステップ(S2)における光ビームLの照射経路と、切削ステップ(S3)における切削加工経路とは、予め三次元CADデータから作成しておく。この時、等高線加工を適用して加工経路を決定する。例えば、固化層形成ステップ(S2)では、三次元CADモデルから生成したSTLデータを等ピッチ(例えばΔt1を0.05mmとした場合では0.05mmピッチ)でスライスした各断面の輪郭形状データを用いる。   The irradiation path of the light beam L in the solidified layer forming step (S2) and the cutting path in the cutting step (S3) are previously created from three-dimensional CAD data. At this time, a machining path is determined by applying contour line machining. For example, in the solidified layer forming step (S2), contour shape data of each cross section obtained by slicing STL data generated from a three-dimensional CAD model at an equal pitch (for example, 0.05 mm pitch when Δt1 is 0.05 mm) is used. .

[本発明の製造方法]
本発明の製造方法は、上述した粉末焼結積層法につき、特に、光ビーム照射に起因した“焼き入れ現象”に着目している。より具体的には、本発明では、造形物の製造に際して、“焼き入れ”が生じないようにしているか、あるいは、そのような“焼き入れ”が入ったとしても、それを減じるようにしている。
[Production method of the present invention]
The manufacturing method of the present invention pays particular attention to the “quenching phenomenon” caused by light beam irradiation in the above-described powder sintering lamination method. More specifically, in the present invention, in the production of a shaped object, “quenching” is prevented from occurring, or even if such “quenching” is entered, it is reduced. .

以下の説明では、粉末として「金属粉末」を用いる態様(即ち、粉末層として金属粉末層を用いる態様)を例にとって説明する。   In the following description, an embodiment using “metal powder” as a powder (that is, an embodiment using a metal powder layer as a powder layer) will be described as an example.

本発明の製造方法では、造形プレートと固化層との硬度差が、ビッカース硬度Hvで0〜500となるようにする。より具体的には、「造形プレートにおいて造形物が形成される表面領域部分」と「造形物の底部分」との硬度差がビッカース硬度Hvで0〜500となるようにする。このような硬度差にすると、造形プレートと造形物との界面近傍に対してドリルによる穴開け加工や旋盤による旋削加工などの切削機械加工を行う際、ドリル刃先の欠損やドリルシャンクの折れやバイト刃先の欠損などを防止できるだけでなく、そのような工具の折れ・欠損を回避するための煩雑な制御が必要なくなる。   In the manufacturing method of the present invention, the hardness difference between the modeling plate and the solidified layer is set to 0 to 500 in terms of Vickers hardness Hv. More specifically, the hardness difference between the “surface region part on which the modeled object is formed on the modeling plate” and the “bottom part of the modeled object” is set to 0 to 500 in terms of Vickers hardness Hv. With such a hardness difference, when cutting machining such as drilling or turning with a lathe is performed on the vicinity of the interface between the modeling plate and the modeled object, chipping of the drill tip, breakage of the drill shank, or cutting tool Not only is it possible to prevent chipping of the cutting edge, but complicated control for avoiding such bending and chipping of the tool becomes unnecessary.

造形プレートと固化層との硬度差は、できるだけ小さくすることが好ましく、最も望ましくは硬度差が0である。即ち、造形プレートと固化層との間には硬度差がないことが最も望ましい。従って、本発明の製造方法では、造形プレートと固化層との硬度差がビッカース硬度Hvで400以内となるようにするが、その中でも好ましくはビッカース硬度Hvで200以内、より好ましくはビッカース硬度Hvで100以内とする。尚、本明細書では、造形プレートと固化層との硬度差を“ビッカース硬度(Vickers Hardness)”で規定しているが、必ずしもそれに限定されず、同じ硬度差を有する他の硬度単位であっても、効果としては同じであり、本発明の範囲に含まれることに留意されたい。   The difference in hardness between the modeling plate and the solidified layer is preferably as small as possible, and most desirably the difference in hardness is zero. That is, it is most desirable that there is no difference in hardness between the modeling plate and the solidified layer. Therefore, in the manufacturing method of the present invention, the difference in hardness between the modeling plate and the solidified layer is set to be within 400 in terms of Vickers hardness Hv, but among these, it is preferably within 200 in terms of Vickers hardness Hv, and more preferably with Vickers hardness Hv. Within 100. In this specification, the hardness difference between the modeling plate and the solidified layer is defined by “Vickers Hardness”. However, the hardness difference is not necessarily limited to other hardness units having the same hardness difference. However, it should be noted that the effects are the same and fall within the scope of the present invention.

「造形プレートと固化層との硬度差が、ビッカース硬度Hvで0〜400となるようにする」といった態様には、種々の態様が考えられる。以下それについて詳述する。   Various modes are conceivable as modes in which “the hardness difference between the modeling plate and the solidified layer is 0 to 400 in terms of Vickers hardness Hv”. This will be described in detail below.

(焼きの入らない材質を使用する態様)
「焼きの入らない材質を使用する態様」の概念を図7に示す。図示するように、造形プレートおよび粉末層が光ビームの照射によって焼きの入らない材質から成っていると共に、造形プレートと粉末層との硬度差がビッカース硬度Hvで0〜500となっている。かかる態様では、造形プレートおよび粉末層の双方が、固化層形成時に照射される光ビームによって焼きが入らないので、固化層形成の前後でそれらの硬度が実質的に変化しない。そして、造形プレートと粉末層とは、そもそも硬度差がビッカース硬度Hvで0〜500となっているので、最終的には造形プレートと固化層との硬度差がビッカース硬度Hvで0〜500となり得る。
(Mode using non-baked material)
The concept of “a mode of using a material that does not burn” is shown in FIG. As shown in the figure, the modeling plate and the powder layer are made of a material that is not burned by light beam irradiation, and the hardness difference between the modeling plate and the powder layer is 0 to 500 in terms of Vickers hardness Hv. In such an embodiment, both the modeling plate and the powder layer are not burned by the light beam irradiated at the time of forming the solidified layer, so that their hardness does not substantially change before and after the formation of the solidified layer. And, since the hardness difference between the modeling plate and the powder layer is 0 to 500 in terms of Vickers hardness Hv, the hardness difference between the modeling plate and the solidified layer can ultimately be 0 to 500 in terms of Vickers hardness Hv. .

ここで、本明細書にいう「焼きが入る」とは、加熱(特に急加熱)された材料が急冷に付されることで、材料硬度が増加する物理現象を実質的に意味している。特定の理論に拘束されるわけではないが、「焼きが入る」とは、例えば、加熱によって結晶組成がオーステナイト化した材料を急冷することによってマルテンサイト化させる現象を指している。従って、「焼きの入らない材質」とは、加熱(特に急加熱)されて急冷されたとしても、材料硬度が実質的に増すことのない材質(例えば、マルテンサイト化しない材質)を意味している。   Here, “burn-in” as used in this specification substantially means a physical phenomenon in which the hardness of the material increases when the heated (particularly rapidly heated) material is subjected to rapid cooling. Although not limited by a specific theory, “burning” refers to a phenomenon in which, for example, a material whose crystal composition is austenitized by heating is martensitized by quenching. Therefore, “a material that does not burn” means a material that does not substantially increase the material hardness (for example, a material that does not become martensite) even when heated (particularly rapidly heated) and rapidly cooled. Yes.

「造形プレートが光ビームの照射によって焼きの入らない材質から成る態様」としては、造形プレートの材質が、炭素含有量0〜0.3質量%の鉄系材料(例えば炭素含有量約0.1質量%の鉄系材料)、オーステナイト系ステンレス鋼(例えばSUS304)、フェライト系ステンレス鋼(例えばSUS430)、銅、チタンおよびアルミから成る群から選択される少なくとも1種類の材料を含んで成る例を挙げることができる。また、「粉末層が光ビームの照射によって焼きの入らない材質から成っている態様」としては、粉末層が、鉄粉末とニッケル粉末とを少なくとも含んで成る混合粉末の粉末層となっている例を挙げることができる。尚、かかる「鉄粉末とニッケル粉末とを含んで成る混合粉末」には、その他、ニッケル系合金粉末、銅粉末、銅系合金粉末および/または黒鉛粉末などを含んでいてもよい(例えば、鉄粉末の配合量が60〜90重量%、ニッケル粉末及びニッケル系合金粉末の両方又はいずれか一方の配合量が5〜35重量%、銅粉末および/または銅系合金粉末の両方又はいずれか一方の配合量が5〜15重量%、ならびに、黒鉛粉末の配合量が0.2〜0.8重量%となった混合粉末であってよい)。更には、粉末層は、銅マンガン合金粉末(CuMn粉末)を含んで成るものであってもよく、例えば、70%SCM440−20%Ni−10%CuMn−0.3%Cであってよい。   As "a mode in which the modeling plate is made of a material that does not burn when irradiated with a light beam", the modeling plate is made of an iron-based material having a carbon content of 0 to 0.3 mass% (for example, a carbon content of about 0.1). An example comprising at least one material selected from the group consisting of (mass% iron-based material), austenitic stainless steel (eg SUS304), ferritic stainless steel (eg SUS430), copper, titanium and aluminum. be able to. In addition, as an example of “a mode in which the powder layer is made of a material that does not burn when irradiated with a light beam”, the powder layer is a powder layer of a mixed powder including at least iron powder and nickel powder. Can be mentioned. In addition, the “mixed powder comprising iron powder and nickel powder” may include nickel alloy powder, copper powder, copper alloy powder, and / or graphite powder (for example, iron powder). The amount of the powder is 60 to 90% by weight, the amount of the nickel powder and / or the nickel-based alloy powder is 5 to 35% by weight, the copper powder and / or the copper-based alloy powder, or either one of them. It may be a mixed powder having a blending amount of 5 to 15% by weight and a graphite powder having a blending amount of 0.2 to 0.8% by weight). Furthermore, the powder layer may comprise a copper manganese alloy powder (CuMn powder), for example, 70% SCM440-20% Ni-10% CuMn-0.3% C.

図8には、“焼きの入らない材質”の条件下で得られた結果を示している(特に図8の(a)参照)。具体的には、図8において(a)のグラフは、「焼きの入らない造形プレート材質」としてSUS303を用い、「焼きの入らない粉末層材質」として、前記70%SCM440−20%Ni−10%CuMn−0.3%Cを用いたものである。図8の(b)の焼きの入る材質条件のグラフと比較すると理解しやすいように、図8の(a)の焼きの入らない材質条件では、造形プレートと粉末層との硬度差が実質的に存在しないことが分かる。   FIG. 8 shows the results obtained under the condition of “material that does not burn” (see FIG. 8A in particular). Specifically, in FIG. 8A, the graph of (a) uses SUS303 as “a non-baking shaped plate material” and 70% SCM440-20% Ni-10 as “a non-burning powder layer material”. % CuMn-0.3% C is used. As can be easily understood by comparing with the graph of the material condition in which baking is performed in FIG. 8B, the hardness difference between the modeling plate and the powder layer is substantially reduced in the material condition in which baking does not occur in FIG. It can be seen that it does not exist.

好ましい造形プレート材質と粉末層材質との組合せとしては、例えば、造形プレートがオーステナイト系ステンレス鋼(例えばSUS304)を含んで成り、粉末層が少なくとも鉄粉末とニッケル粉末とを含んで成る組み合わせを挙げることができる。また、造形プレートが銅、チタンおよび/またはアルミなどの非鉄金属材料を含んで成り、粉末層が、同じく、銅、チタンおよび/またはアルミなどの非鉄金属粉末を含んで成る組み合わせも挙げることができる。   As a preferable combination of the modeling plate material and the powder layer material, for example, a combination in which the modeling plate includes austenitic stainless steel (for example, SUS304) and the powder layer includes at least iron powder and nickel powder is given. Can do. There may also be a combination in which the shaping plate comprises a non-ferrous metal material such as copper, titanium and / or aluminum and the powder layer also comprises a non-ferrous metal powder such as copper, titanium and / or aluminum. .

(焼き鈍し処理を行う態様)
「焼き鈍し処理を行う態様」の概念を図9に示す。造形プレートおよび/または粉末層が光ビーム照射に起因して焼きの入る材質から成っており、固化層の形成に際して造形プレートおよび/または粉末層に対して焼きが入ってしまった場合、図示するように、その焼きが入った箇所を光ビームによって焼き鈍し処理する。換言すれば、造形プレートおよび/または粉末層が、固化層形成時に照射される光ビームに起因して焼きの入ってしまった際、その“焼き入れ”により硬度が高くなってしまった箇所(以後では「焼き入れ箇所」とも称す)に対して焼き鈍し処理を行う。一般的には、造形プレートと造形物との界面近傍、特には造形プレートの表面部分に焼きが入ることが多いので、その部分に対して焼き鈍し処理を行う(造形プレート表面に形成される“焼き入れ箇所”については、「図8の(b)の硬度が増加している部分」を参照のこと)。かかる焼き鈍し処理を行うと、焼き入れ箇所が軟らかくなるので、最終的には造形プレートと固化層との硬度差がビッカース硬度Hvで0〜500となり得る。
(Mode in which annealing treatment is performed)
FIG. 9 shows the concept of “a mode in which annealing treatment is performed”. If the modeling plate and / or the powder layer is made of a material that burns due to light beam irradiation, and the molding plate and / or the powder layer is baked when forming the solidified layer, as shown in the figure In addition, the portion where the baking is performed is annealed with a light beam and processed. In other words, when the modeling plate and / or the powder layer is baked due to the light beam irradiated at the time of forming the solidified layer, the portion where the hardness is increased by the “quenching” (hereinafter referred to as “hardening”) Then, it is also referred to as “quenched part”). Generally, near the interface between the modeling plate and the modeled object, in particular, the surface of the modeling plate is often burned, and annealing is performed on that part (the “baking formed on the surface of the modeling plate”). For the “insertion point”, refer to “the part where the hardness of FIG. 8B is increased”. When the annealing treatment is performed, the quenched portion becomes soft, so that the hardness difference between the modeling plate and the solidified layer can be finally 0 to 500 in terms of Vickers hardness Hv.

「造形プレートが光ビームの照射に起因して焼きの入る材質から成る態様」の例としては、造形プレートの材質が炭素鋼(例えばS45C、S50CおよびS55Cなど)を含んで成るものを挙げることができる。その一方、「粉末層が光ビームの照射に起因して焼きの入る材質から成る態様」の例としては、粉末層が、クロムモリブデン鋼粉末やダイス鋼粉末から成るものを挙げることができる。   As an example of “an aspect in which the modeling plate is made of a material that is burned due to the irradiation of the light beam”, a material in which the modeling plate material includes carbon steel (for example, S45C, S50C, and S55C) can be cited. it can. On the other hand, as an example of “an embodiment in which the powder layer is made of a material that is burned due to irradiation with a light beam”, the powder layer can be made of chromium molybdenum steel powder or die steel powder.

ここで、本明細書で用いる「焼き鈍し処理」とは、“焼き入れ箇所”を或る温度に加熱して、冷却(好ましくはゆっくりと冷却)する処理を一般に指しており、「焼鈍(しょうどん)」または「アニーリング」とも呼ぶことができるものである。例えば、“焼き入れ箇所”を550〜850℃程度(より好ましくは600〜800℃程度)に加熱し(場合によっては、加熱後に得られた温度を約0.5時間〜約10時間維持し)、その後、20〜30℃の温度にまで8〜24時間程度かけて冷却することが好ましい。尚、焼き鈍し処理に際は、必要に応じて、減圧下、真空下または不活性雰囲気下で行ってもよい。   As used herein, “annealing treatment” generally refers to a process of heating (quenching point) to a certain temperature and cooling (preferably slowly cooling). ) "Or" annealing ". For example, the “quenched part” is heated to about 550 to 850 ° C. (more preferably about 600 to 800 ° C.) (in some cases, the temperature obtained after the heating is maintained for about 0.5 hours to about 10 hours) Then, it is preferable to cool to a temperature of 20 to 30 ° C. over about 8 to 24 hours. Note that the annealing treatment may be performed under reduced pressure, vacuum, or inert atmosphere as necessary.

焼き鈍し処理に用いる光ビーム源としては、専用の光ビーム源を用いることができるものの、固化層形成に用いる光ビーム源を用いてもよい。即ち、図3または図4にて符合3で示す光ビーム照射手段を用いて焼き鈍し処理を行ってよい。かかる場合、製造設備自体を実質的に変更しなくてよいので、製造設備コストなどの点で有利であると共に、固化層形成に引き続いて、焼き鈍し処理を間断なく実施できるので、製造時間の点でも有利である。   As a light beam source used for the annealing treatment, a dedicated light beam source can be used, but a light beam source used for forming a solidified layer may be used. That is, the annealing process may be performed using the light beam irradiation means indicated by reference numeral 3 in FIG. In such a case, since it is not necessary to substantially change the manufacturing equipment itself, it is advantageous in terms of manufacturing equipment costs and the like, and since the annealing treatment can be performed without interruption following the formation of the solidified layer, also in terms of manufacturing time. It is advantageous.

一般的には、焼き鈍し処理に用いる光ビームL’は、固化層形成に用いる光ビームLよりも小さい照射エネルギー密度を有するものが好ましい。より具体的には、焼き鈍し処理に用いる光ビームL’の照射エネルギー密度E’は、固化層形成に用いる光ビームLの照射エネルギー密度Eの2割〜8割程度、より好ましくは3割〜7割程度であってよい。あくまでも一例にすぎないが、図9に示すように、粉末層厚さTaが50μmの場合では、固化層形成の照射エネルギー密度Eを10J/mm程度とする一方、焼き鈍し処理の照射エネルギー密度E’を5J/mm程度とする。 In general, it is preferable that the light beam L ′ used for the annealing treatment has a smaller irradiation energy density than the light beam L used for forming the solidified layer. More specifically, the irradiation energy density E ′ of the light beam L ′ used for the annealing treatment is about 20% to 80%, more preferably 30% to 7% of the irradiation energy density E of the light beam L used for forming the solidified layer. It may be about 20%. Although only an example, as shown in FIG. 9, when the powder layer thickness Ta is 50 μm, the irradiation energy density E for forming the solidified layer is set to about 10 J / mm 2 , while the irradiation energy density E for the annealing treatment is set. 'Is about 5 J / mm 2 .

固化層形成の照射エネルギー密度よりも小さい光ビームL’でもって焼き鈍し処理を行う態様は、特に、集光径、走査ピッチおよび走査速度の少なくとも1つを調整して行うことが好ましい。例えば、固化層形成時よりも、(a)光ビームの集光径(即ち、レーザスポット径)を大きくすること、(b)光ビームの走査ピッチを狭めること、および/または、(c)光ビームの走査速度を上げること等を施した光ビームL’でもって“焼き入れ箇所”を複数回照射してよい(より好ましくは、所定の時間を空けて複数回照射される)。一例として、図10に示すように、固化層形成時よりもスポット径を大きくすると共に、固化層形成時よりも走査ピッチを狭めることによって、焼き入れ箇所(図10(b)に示すポイントA’)が、数回にわたってより小さいエネルギー密度の光ビームで照射される態様を挙げることができる。かかる場合、図10(b)の「ポイントA’における時間−温度グラフ」に示されるように、ポイントA’には徐々に冷却されるのと同様の効果がもたらされるので、ポイントA’が焼き鈍し処理されることになる。   It is particularly preferable that the annealing process is performed with the light beam L ′ smaller than the irradiation energy density for forming the solidified layer, by adjusting at least one of the condensing diameter, the scanning pitch, and the scanning speed. For example, (a) increasing the light beam condensing diameter (ie, laser spot diameter), (b) narrowing the scanning pitch of the light beam, and / or (c) light than when forming the solidified layer. The “quenched portion” may be irradiated a plurality of times with the light beam L ′ subjected to an increase in the scanning speed of the beam (more preferably, the irradiation is performed a plurality of times with a predetermined time interval). As an example, as shown in FIG. 10, the spot diameter is made larger than that at the time of forming the solidified layer, and the scanning pitch is made narrower than at the time of forming the solidified layer, so that the quenched portion (point A ′ shown in FIG. 10B). ) Is irradiated with a light beam having a smaller energy density several times. In this case, as shown in the “time-temperature graph at point A ′” in FIG. 10B, the point A ′ has the same effect as being gradually cooled, and therefore the point A ′ is annealed. Will be processed.

(焼き入れが生じない条件で固化層形成を行う態様)
「焼き入れが生じない条件で固化層形成を行う態様」を図11に示す。図示するように、固化層の形成(即ち、本発明の製造方法の工程(i)および工程(ii))を600〜1000℃程度の高温雰囲気下、好ましくは800〜1000℃程度の高温雰囲気下で実施する。かかる態様では、固化層形成に際して周辺雰囲気の温度が非常に高いので、固化層形成に際して、光ビームの照射箇所が“急加熱・急速冷却”の状態とならない。従って、光ビームの照射箇所に対して焼きが入ることがなく、最終的には造形プレートと固化層との硬度差もビッカース硬度Hvで0〜400となり得る(造形プレートと粉末層との硬度差がビッカース硬度Hvで0〜400となっている場合を想定している)。換言すれば、かかる態様では、照射エネルギー密度の小さい光ビームでもって固化層形成が可能であるので、照射箇所が“急加熱・急速冷却”の状態とならず、“焼き入れ”が回避される。具体的には0.5〜2.5J/mm程度の小さい照射エネルギー密度の光ビームでもって固化層の形成、特に、最下層に相当する第1層目の固化層の形成を行う。尚、本明細書において照射エネルギー密度Eとは、以下の式で表される:
E=P/(δ×v)
E[J/mm]:照射エネルギー密度
P[W]:出力
δ[mm]:光ビームの走査ピッチ
v[mm/s]:光ビームの走査速度
(Mode in which solidified layer is formed under conditions where quenching does not occur)
FIG. 11 shows an “embodiment in which a solidified layer is formed under conditions where quenching does not occur”. As shown in the figure, the formation of the solidified layer (that is, the steps (i) and (ii) of the production method of the present invention) is performed in a high temperature atmosphere of about 600 to 1000 ° C., preferably in a high temperature atmosphere of about 800 to 1000 ° C. To implement. In such an embodiment, the temperature of the ambient atmosphere is very high when the solidified layer is formed, so that the portion irradiated with the light beam is not in the “rapid heating / rapid cooling” state when forming the solidified layer. Therefore, there is no burning in the irradiated portion of the light beam, and finally the hardness difference between the modeling plate and the solidified layer can be 0 to 400 in Vickers hardness Hv (the hardness difference between the modeling plate and the powder layer). Is assumed to be 0 to 400 in terms of Vickers hardness Hv). In other words, in this embodiment, since a solidified layer can be formed with a light beam with a low irradiation energy density, the irradiated portion is not in a “rapid heating / rapid cooling” state, and “quenching” is avoided. . Specifically, the solidified layer is formed with a light beam having a small irradiation energy density of about 0.5 to 2.5 J / mm 2 , particularly, the first solidified layer corresponding to the lowermost layer is formed. In the present specification, the irradiation energy density E is represented by the following formula:
E = P / (δ × v)
E [J / mm 2 ]: Irradiation energy density P [W]: Output δ [mm]: Scanning pitch of light beam v [mm / s]: Scanning speed of light beam

“高温雰囲気”は、密閉チャンバー内に加熱ガスを供給して形成してもよいし、密閉チャンバー内で雰囲気ガスを加熱することによって形成してもよい。尚、高温雰囲気を成すガスとしては、例えば、窒素ガスなどの不活性ガスを挙げることができる。   The “high temperature atmosphere” may be formed by supplying a heating gas into the sealed chamber, or may be formed by heating the atmosphere gas in the sealed chamber. In addition, as gas which comprises a high temperature atmosphere, inert gas, such as nitrogen gas, can be mentioned, for example.

以上、本発明の実施形態について説明してきたが、本発明の適用範囲のうちの典型例を例示したに過ぎない。従って、本発明はこれに限定されず、種々の改変がなされ得ることを当業者は容易に理解されよう。   As mentioned above, although embodiment of this invention has been described, it has only illustrated the typical example of the application scope of this invention. Therefore, those skilled in the art will readily understand that the present invention is not limited thereto and various modifications can be made.

本発明の三次元形状造形物の製造方法を実施することによって、種々の物品を製造することができる。例えば、『粉末層が無機質の金属粉末層であって、固化層が焼結層となる場合』では、得られる三次元形状造形物をプラスチック射出成形用金型、プレス金型、ダイカスト金型、鋳造金型、鍛造金型などの金型として用いることができる。   Various articles | goods can be manufactured by implementing the manufacturing method of the three-dimensional shape molded article of this invention. For example, in “when the powder layer is an inorganic metal powder layer and the solidified layer is a sintered layer”, the resulting three-dimensional shaped article is a plastic injection mold, a press mold, a die-cast mold, It can be used as a mold such as a casting mold or a forging mold.

1 光造形複合加工機
2 粉末層形成手段
3 光ビーム照射手段
4 切削手段
19 粉末/粉末層(例えば金属粉末/金属粉末層または樹脂粉末/樹脂粉末層)
20 造形テーブル
21 造形プレート
22 粉末層(例えば金属粉末層または樹脂粉末層)
23 スキージング用ブレード
24 固化層(例えば焼結層または硬化層)またはそれから得られる三次元形状造形物
25 粉末テーブル
26 粉末材料タンクの壁部分
27 造形タンクの壁部分
28 粉末材料タンク
29 造形タンク
30 光ビーム発振器
31 ガルバノミラー
32 反射ミラー
33 集光レンズ
40 ミーリングヘッド
41 XY駆動機構
41a X軸駆動部
41b Y軸駆動部
42 ツールマガジン
50 チャンバー
52 光透過窓
L 固化層の形成のための光ビーム
L’焼き鈍し処理のための光ビーム
DESCRIPTION OF SYMBOLS 1 Optical modeling combined processing machine 2 Powder layer formation means 3 Light beam irradiation means 4 Cutting means 19 Powder / powder layer (For example, metal powder / metal powder layer or resin powder / resin powder layer)
20 modeling table 21 modeling plate 22 powder layer (for example, metal powder layer or resin powder layer)
23 Blade for squeezing 24 Solidified layer (for example, sintered layer or hardened layer) or three-dimensional shaped object 25 obtained therefrom 25 Powder table 26 Wall part 27 of powder material tank 27 Wall part 28 of modeling tank 28 Powder material tank 29 Modeling tank 30 Light beam oscillator 31 Galvano mirror 32 Reflection mirror 33 Condensing lens 40 Milling head 41 XY drive mechanism 41a X-axis drive unit 41b Y-axis drive unit 42 Tool magazine 50 Chamber 52 Light transmission window L Light beam L for forming a solidified layer 'Light beam for annealing treatment

Claims (11)

(i)造形プレート上に設けた粉末層の所定箇所に光ビームを照射して前記所定箇所の粉末を焼結又は溶融固化させて固化層を形成する工程、および
(ii)得られた固化層の上に新たな粉末層を形成し、前記新たな粉末層の所定箇所に光ビームを照射して更なる固化層を形成する工程
を繰り返して行う三次元形状造形物の製造方法であって、
造形プレートと固化層との硬度差が、ビッカース硬度Hvで0〜400となるようにすることを特徴とする、三次元形状造形物の製造方法。
(I) a step of irradiating a predetermined portion of the powder layer provided on the modeling plate with a light beam to sinter or melt and solidify the powder at the predetermined portion to form a solidified layer; and (ii) the obtained solidified layer A method for producing a three-dimensional shaped object by repeating a step of forming a new powder layer on the surface and irradiating a predetermined portion of the new powder layer with a light beam to form a further solidified layer,
A method for producing a three-dimensional shaped article, characterized in that the hardness difference between the modeling plate and the solidified layer is 0 to 400 in terms of Vickers hardness Hv.
造形プレートおよび粉末層が、前記光ビームの照射によって焼きの入らない材質から成っており、造形プレートと粉末層との硬度差がビッカース硬度Hvで0〜400となっていることを特徴とする、請求項1に記載の三次元形状造形物の製造方法。   The modeling plate and the powder layer are made of a material that does not burn by irradiation with the light beam, and the hardness difference between the modeling plate and the powder layer is 0 to 400 in terms of Vickers hardness Hv, The manufacturing method of the three-dimensional shape molded article of Claim 1. 造形プレートの材質が、炭素含有量0〜0.3質量%の鉄系材料、オーステナイト系ステンレス鋼、フェライト系ステンレス鋼、銅、チタンおよびアルミから成る群から選択される少なくとも1種類の材料を含んで成ることを特徴とする、請求項2に記載の製造方法。   The material of the modeling plate includes at least one material selected from the group consisting of iron-based materials having a carbon content of 0 to 0.3% by mass, austenitic stainless steel, ferritic stainless steel, copper, titanium, and aluminum. The manufacturing method according to claim 2, wherein: 粉末層が、少なくとも鉄粉末とニッケル粉末とを含んで成る混合粉末の粉末層であることを特徴とする、請求項2に記載の製造方法。   The method according to claim 2, wherein the powder layer is a powder layer of a mixed powder comprising at least iron powder and nickel powder. 造形プレートおよび/または粉末層が、前記光ビームの照射によって焼きの入る材質となっており、
固化層形成に際して造形プレートおよび/または粉末層に対して焼きが入ってしまった場合、その焼きが入った箇所を光ビームによって焼き鈍し処理することを特徴とする、請求項1に記載の製造方法。
The modeling plate and / or the powder layer is a material that burns by irradiation with the light beam,
2. The method according to claim 1, wherein when the solidified layer is formed, if the baking is performed on the modeling plate and / or the powder layer, the portion where the baking is performed is annealed with a light beam.
焼き鈍し処理に用いる光ビーム源として、固化層の形成に用いる光ビーム源を用いることを特徴とする、請求項5に記載の製造方法。   6. The manufacturing method according to claim 5, wherein a light beam source used for forming a solidified layer is used as the light beam source used for the annealing treatment. 固化層の形成に用いる光ビームの照射エネルギー密度よりも小さい照射エネルギー密度の光ビームを用いて、焼き鈍し処理を行うことを特徴とする、請求項5または6に記載の製造方法。   The manufacturing method according to claim 5 or 6, wherein annealing is performed using a light beam having an irradiation energy density smaller than that of the light beam used for forming the solidified layer. 集光径、走査ピッチおよび走査速度の少なくとも1つを調整した光ビームを用いて、焼き鈍し処理を行うことを特徴とする、請求項7に記載の製造方法。   The manufacturing method according to claim 7, wherein annealing is performed using a light beam in which at least one of a condensing diameter, a scanning pitch, and a scanning speed is adjusted. 造形プレートおよび/または粉末層が前記光ビームの照射によって焼きの入ることがないように、前記工程(i)および前記工程(ii)を600〜1000℃の高温雰囲気下で実施することを特徴とする、請求項1に記載の製造方法。   The step (i) and the step (ii) are performed in a high temperature atmosphere of 600 to 1000 ° C. so that the modeling plate and / or the powder layer is not burned by the irradiation of the light beam. The manufacturing method according to claim 1. 照射エネルギー密度0.5〜2.5J/mmの光ビームでもって固化層の形成を行うことを特徴とする、請求項9に記載の製造方法。 The method according to claim 9, wherein the solidified layer is formed with a light beam having an irradiation energy density of 0.5 to 2.5 J / mm 2 . 請求項1〜10のいずれかに記載の製造方法で得られた三次元形状造形物であって、
三次元形状造形物が造形プレートと一体化しており、造形プレートと三次元形状造形物との硬度差がビッカース硬度Hvで0〜400となっていることを特徴とする三次元形状造形物。
A three-dimensional shaped object obtained by the manufacturing method according to claim 1,
A three-dimensional shaped article, wherein the three-dimensional shaped article is integrated with the modeling plate, and the hardness difference between the modeling plate and the three-dimensional shaped article is 0 to 400 in terms of Vickers hardness Hv.
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JP2012224907A (en) * 2011-04-19 2012-11-15 Panasonic Corp Method for manufacturing three-dimensionally shaped article
WO2017142284A1 (en) * 2016-02-16 2017-08-24 이철수 Laser scanner-based, large area three-dimensional printing apparatus, to which machining is applied
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JP2017203191A (en) * 2016-05-12 2017-11-16 株式会社エンプラス Production method of hybrid molded object and hybrid molded object
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JP2017226877A (en) * 2016-06-22 2017-12-28 パナソニックIpマネジメント株式会社 Production method for three-dimensional molded article
JP2018150592A (en) * 2017-03-14 2018-09-27 株式会社ソディック Lamination molding apparatus
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