JP2008522979A - 神経障害性疼痛及びその関連する症状を治療するためのイブジラスト - Google Patents
神経障害性疼痛及びその関連する症状を治療するためのイブジラスト Download PDFInfo
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- JP2008522979A JP2008522979A JP2007544628A JP2007544628A JP2008522979A JP 2008522979 A JP2008522979 A JP 2008522979A JP 2007544628 A JP2007544628 A JP 2007544628A JP 2007544628 A JP2007544628 A JP 2007544628A JP 2008522979 A JP2008522979 A JP 2008522979A
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Abstract
Description
本発明は一般的に、神経障害性疼痛を治療する方法に関する。特に、本発明は、イブジラスト(3−イソブチリル−2−イソプロピルピラゾロ[1,5−a]ピリジン)の投与により、神経障害性疼痛及びその関連する症状を治療又は予防する方法に関する。
近年、疼痛管理は、高齢者人口の増加、生活の質を取り巻く問題、及び疼痛を患うと言われる患者数の増大等により、医業において益々注目されている領域である。疼痛は、感覚的及び感情的の両方の経験であり、一般的に組織の損傷又は炎症を伴う。一般的に、疼痛は二つの一般的な分類、即ち急性疼痛及び慢性疼痛に分けられる。何れも、病因、病態生理、診断、及び最も重要なことには治療が異なる。
Gilron, I.ら、New Eng.J.of Medicine(2005年3月31日)Vol 352:1281〜82,No.13 Wilsonら、Clin J Pain 2002 Mar−Apr;18(2):77〜83 WatkinsおよびMaier Drug Disc.Today: Ther. Strategies(2004)1(1):83〜88 Fujimoto,T.ら、J.of Neuroimmunology,(1999)95 35〜92 Mizunoら、Neuropharmacology(2004)46:404〜411
本発明は、神経障害性疼痛を治療する新規手法に関し、神経障害性疼痛がイブジラストの投与により効果的に治療又は予防できるという驚くべき発見に基づく。標準的な神経障害性疼痛モデルを使用して、本発明者等は、イブジラストの全身投与が、多様な症候群に関連するもののような慢性神経障害性疼痛を、除去するとまではいかなくても、予防及び減衰する上で有効であることを発見した。場合によっては、イブジラストの投与が、既存の治療に非反応性の神経障害性疼痛関連状態に有効な治療を提供する可能性もある。更に、イブジラストは、一晩にわたり機械的異痛症を有意に減衰する上で有効であり、したがって、ギャバペンチンのような既存の慢性疼痛薬に対して著しい利点をもたらすことが見出されている。当該持続的効果は、大部分の神経障害性疼痛薬において稀なものである。
本発明の実施は、特に指示のない限り、当該技術分野の範囲内で、化学、生化学及び薬理学の従来の方法を使用する。当該技法は、文献において詳細に説明されている。例えば、A.L. Lehninger, Biochemisty (Worth Publishers, Inc., current addition); Morrison and Boyd, Organic Chemistry (Allyn and Bacon, Inc., current addition); J. March, Advanced Organic Chemistry (McGraw Hill, current addition); Remington: The Science and Practice of Pharmacy, A. Gennaro, Ed., 20th Ed.; Goodman & Gilman, The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics, J. Griffith Hardman, L.L. Limbird, A. Gilman, 10th Ed.)を参照されたい。
本発明を詳細に記載する前に、本発明が特定の投与様式、患者群等に限定されず、添付の記載及び図面から明らかなように、様々に変化する場合があることを理解するべきである。
前述の通り、本発明者等は、イブジラストが神経障害性疼痛、例えば、とりわけウイルス性神経痛(例えば、ヘルペス、AIDS)、糖尿病性神経障害、幻肢痛、断端/神経腫痛、虚血後疼痛(発作)、線維筋痛、反射性交感神経性ジストロフィ(RSD)、複合性局所疼痛症候群(CRPS)、癌性疼痛、椎間板破損、及び三叉神経痛、癌化学療法誘発性の神経障害性疼痛のような特定の症候群に関連する神経障害性疼痛の治療に驚くほど有効であることを発見した。本明細書に記載される通りに標準的疼痛モデルを使用した結果に基づき、本発明者等は、多様な方法及び1日1回の低頻度で投与できるイブジラストの投与が、神経障害性疼痛の重篤度に相当な低減をもたらす上で、特に、機械的異痛症のような特定の種類の神経障害性疼痛を、逆転するとはいかなくても、重篤度に相当な低減をもたらす上で驚くほど有効であることを見出した。本発明の更なる特徴を本明細書に記載する。
神経障害性疼痛の治療のための本発明の方法は、該分子であるイブジラストの投与に基づいている。イブジラストは、以下に示す構造を有する小型の分子医薬品(分子量230.3)である。
前述の通り、本発明は、イブジラストの治療上有効な投与量を投与することによる、神経障害性疼痛を患う哺乳類被験体を治療する方法である。当該投与は、被験体が経験する神経障害性疼痛の量を低下すること、即ち、添付の実施例で実証されているように、神経障害性疼痛の有意な減衰、更には逆転をもたらす上で有効である。イブジラストは、好ましくは、少なくとも約100ng/ml、125ng/ml、150ng/ml、175ng/ml、200ng/ml、225ng/ml、250ng/ml、若しくは300ng/ml、又はそれ以上の最大血漿濃度(Cmax)を達成する上で有効な初期投与レベルで投与される。好ましい実施形態では、少なくとも約125ng/mlのCmaxを達成する上で有効な投与レベルで投与される。更により好ましくは、検出可能な効能に相関するイブジラストの初期治療投薬量が、少なくとも約350、400、450、500、550、600、650、700、750、800、850、900、950、1000、1100、1200、1300、1400、1500、1600、1700若しくは1800ng/ml、又はそれ以上のCmaxを伴う投与量となる。
治療量は、経験的に決定することができ、治療中の特定の状態、被験体、及び組成物に含有される各活性薬剤の効果及び毒性によって変わる。投与する実際の用量は、被験体の年齢、体重及び一般的な状態、並びに治療中の状態の重篤度、医療専門家の判断、及び投与する特定の組み合わせによって変わる。
現在の疼痛治療は主に、疼痛シグナルを中継するニューロンを標的にする。前記ニューロンは、長きにわたり考察され、進化的に保存された、末梢から体性知覚皮質へ信号を伝達する脊椎動物の経路の一部に含まれる。ニューロンが持続的な疼痛状態の発症における唯一の実体でないことを示唆する文献は益々増えてきている(Watkins and Maier (2003) Nat. Rev. Drug Discov. 2: 973−85)。グリア細胞(小膠細胞及び星状膠細胞)は、十分に確立された動物モデルにおいて、神経障害性疼痛の主要な参加者であることが確立されており(Wieseler−Frankら、(2004) Neurochem. Int. 45: 389−95)ヒトの病因にも関係している(Watkins and Maier (2002) Physiol. Rev. 82: 981−1011)。
神経障害性疼痛を治療するイブジラストの能力は、当該技術分野で既知の何れかの標準的疼痛モデルにより評価することができる。当該モデルの例は以下の通りである。
本発明の治療製剤は、イブジラストからなるだけでなく、場合により、以下に記載する1種以上の追加の成分を含有する場合がある。
イブジラストに加えて、神経障害性疼痛を治療する本発明の組成物は更に、1種以上の薬学的に許容可能な賦形剤又は担体を含む場合がある。代表的な賦形剤には、ポリエチレングリコール(PEG)、硬化ヒマシ油(HCO)、クレモホル、炭水化物、デンプン(例えば、トウモロコシデンプン)、無機塩、抗菌剤、酸化防止剤、結合剤/充填剤、界面活性剤、潤滑剤(例えば、ステアリン酸カルシウム、ステアリン酸マグネシウム)、タルクのような滑走剤、崩壊剤、希釈剤、緩衝剤、酸、塩基、フィルムコート、こられの組み合わせ等が含まれるが、これらに限定されない。
本発明の製剤(又はキット)は、イブジラストに加えて、神経障害性疼痛を治療する上で有効な1種以上の追加の活性薬剤を含有する場合がある。好ましくは、該活性薬剤が、イブジラストと異なる作用機序を有する薬剤となる。当該活性作用物質には、ギャバペンチン、メマンチン、プレギャバリン、モルヒネ及び関連するアヘン剤、カンナビノイド、トラマドール、ラモトリジン、カルバマゼピン、デュロキセチン、ミルナシプラン、及び三環系抗うつ薬が含まれる。
好ましくは、該組成物が、イブジラストの安定性を改善し、半減期を延長するために配合される。例えば、イブジラストは持続性放出製剤で送達される場合がある。徐放性又は持続性放出製剤は、リポソーム、非吸収性で不浸透性のポリマー(例えばエチレン酢酸ビニルコポリマー及びHytrel(登録商標)コポリマー)、膨張性ポリマー(例えばヒドロゲル)、又は吸収性ポリマー(例えばコラーゲン及び特定のポリ酸)、又はポリエステル(例えば吸収性縫合糸の製造に使用されるポリエステル)のような担体又はビヒクルにイブジラストを組み込むことによって調製される。更に、イブジラストは粒状担体に封入する、吸収させる又は会合させることができる。粒状担体の例には、ポリメチルメタクリレートポリマーから誘導される担体、並びにポリ(ラクチド)及びPLGとして知られるポリ(ラクチド−co−グリコリド)から誘導される微粒子が含まれる。例えば、Jefferyら、Pharm. Res. (1993) 10: 362−368;及びMcGeeら、J. Microencap. (1996)を参照されたい。
本明細書に記載されるイブジラスト組成物は、全ての種類の製剤、特に、全身又は鞘内投与に適しているものを包含する。経口剤形には、錠剤、ロゼンジ、カプセル剤、シロップ剤、経口懸濁剤、乳剤、顆粒、及びペレット剤が含まれる。代替の製剤には、エアロゾル、経皮パッチ、ゲル剤、クリーム剤、軟膏、坐剤、再構成できる粉末剤又は凍結乾燥剤、並びに液剤が含まれる。例えば、注入の前に固体組成物を再構成する上で適した希釈剤の例には、注入用静菌性水、水中5%のデキストロース、リン酸塩緩衝生理食塩水、リンゲル溶液、生理食塩水、滅菌水、脱イオン水、及びこれらの組み合わせが含まれる。液体医薬組成物に関しては、液剤及び懸濁剤が考慮される。好ましくは、本発明のイブジラスト組成物が、経口投与に適したものとなる。
又、本明細書で定められるものとして、使用説明書を伴った、少なくとも1種の本発明の複合組成物を含有するキットがある。
神経障害性疼痛のラットCCIモデルにおける、機械的異痛症に対するイブジラストの効果
機械的異痛症に対するイブジラストの効果を、神経障害性疼痛のラット慢性狭窄損傷(CCI)モデルで評価した。
試験薬剤:イブジラストを、Sigma(米国ミズーリ州セントルイス)又はHaorui Pharma (米国ニュージャージー州エジソン)から純粋な粉末剤として得て、腹腔内(i.p.)投与用の溶剤として毎日調製した。適量のイブジラストを100%ポリエチレングリコール(PEG)400(Sigma)に溶解し、滅菌生理食塩水中で35%PEG400の最終濃度に希釈した(注入の場合0.9%)。
用量選択試験:予備試験を、イブジラストの単回及び複数回の腹腔内投与に対するラットの耐性を評価するために設計した。≦5ml/kgの量で投与された、35%PEG/生理食塩水で配合された腹腔内(i.p.)用量>20mg/kgのイブジラストは、持続時間が1時間まで続いたラットで有害な挙動効果を生じた。これらには、長引く頭痛、呼吸数の増加、時折の回転挙動及び発声、並びに嗜眠が含まれる。同じ用量のビヒクルのみで処置したラットは、何れの有害な効果を示さなかった。対照的にi.p.用量≦15ml/kgは、一般的に耐性が良好であった。
主な効果のエンドポイントが機械的異痛症である、神経障害性疼痛の典型的な実証済みモデル(ラットCCI)では、1日1回又は2回の1日頻度での全身(i.p.又はp.o.)イブジラスト投与は、顕著に異痛症を減衰した。加えて、イブジラストはモルヒネのような他の神経障害性疼痛治療と組み合わせることができ、組み合わせで観察される得られる神経障害性疼痛効果は、何れかの薬剤単独で観察されるものよりも大きいことが、確定した。
神経障害性疼痛のラットのChungモデルにおける機械的異痛症に対するイブジラストの効果
神経障害性疼痛のラットのChungモデルにおける機械的異痛症に対するイブジラストの効果を評価した。
試験薬剤:Haorui及びShigmaイブジラストを上記のように配合した。イブジラストを、1日2回10mg/kg(35%PEG/生理食塩水中の2.7mg/mlの3.7ml/kg)のi.pでそれぞれの朝(一般的には午前8時)及び午後(一般的には午後3時)に投与した。
神経障害性疼痛効果の複数日試験:動物(n=擬似が3〜4/群、及びChung動物が5/群)に、10mg/kgのイブジラスト又は35%PEG/生理食塩水ビヒクルを、1日2回投与して、機械的異痛症を、投与後の異なる時間間隔でモニターする、3日間の試験を実施した。午前の投与後、+1時間、+2時間及び+4時間の時点を得た。効果の持続性を評価するために、投与前の読み取りをそれぞれの日に得た。
神経障害性疼痛の別の典型的なモデルを使用する、本明細書に記載される試験の結果は、Chungラットへのイブジラストの全身投与が機械的異痛症を減衰することを示す。重要なことは、単回投与後に観察される幾分一過性の異痛症減衰は、1日2回レジメンの2日目から長続きするようになる。
タキソール誘発神経障害性疼痛のラットモデルにおける機械的異痛症に対するイブジラストの効果
タキソール誘発神経障害性疼痛のラットモデルにおける機械的異痛症に対するイブジラストの効果を、下記に記載されるように評価した。
試験薬剤:イブジラストを前述の通り配合した。イブジラストを、7.5mg/kg(35%PEG/生理食塩水中2.8mg/mlの2.7ml/kg)でi.p.によりそれぞれの朝(一般的には午前8時)及び午後(一般的には午後3時)に投与した。
神経障害性疼痛効果の複数日試験:7.5mg/kgのイブジラストを、1日2回、最初のタキソール投与(0日目)の20日後から開始して7日間投与した。機械的異痛症を、それぞれの日にイブジラストの最初の投与の前に評価した。
神経障害性疼痛のモデルを使用する本明細書に記載されている試験の結果は、タキソールを投与したラットへのイブジラストの全身投与が、機械的異痛症を減衰することを示す。異痛症の減衰は、1日2回の投与の間持続し(即ち、明らかに一夜から朝の試験までの期間)、イブジラストの投与を中断すると、ラットを異痛症の状態に戻す。重要なことは、イブジラスト治療は、癌化学療法(タキソール)誘発神経障害(この実施例では、異痛症)の発生を予防することが、図4Bでも示された。癌化学療法誘発性の神経障害性疼痛のタキソールモデルによる当該所見は、患者に神経障害をもたらすことが知られているその他の癌化学療法薬にも広がることが予測される。
ラットイブジラスト血漿PK及び組織分布
血漿、筋肉、脳、及び脊髄へのイブジラストの薬物動態及び分布を、以下のように評価した。
試験薬剤:イブジラストを15%エタノール/生理食塩水で調製した。医薬品の安定性及び濃度をHPLC/MS/MSで確認した。
移動相: 水中0.2%ギ酸(A)及びメタノール(B)
カラム: 2×100mm Peek Scientific DuraGel G C18保護カートリッジ
注入量: 100μl
勾配: 0.75分間の洗浄の後、5〜95%のBを2分間
流量: 400μl/分
質量分析計: Applied Biosystems/MDS SCIEX API 3000
界面: 400℃でTurboIonSpray (ESI)
イオン化モード: 陽イオン
Q1/Q3イオン:イブジラストで231.2/161.2。
イブジラストの腹腔内投与は、良好な血漿濃度を生じ、二相的にCmaxから低下する。イブジラストは、末梢(例えば、筋肉)及び中枢(例えば、脳及び脊髄)組織に十分に分布している(図5A)。血漿及びCNS組織における最大濃度(Cmax)は、記載されているように、約5mg/kgのイブジラスト製剤のi.p.投与後で、約1μg/mlであった。除去半減期は、全ての組織区画で100〜139分間の範囲であった。
上記に基づいて、イブジラストは、単回投与後の組織動態において、血漿区画と同様に、末梢及び中枢に十分に分布している。35%PEG400/生理食塩水で配合され、ラットに21mg/kgで経口投与されるイブジラストのPK試験を、図5Bに表す。製剤、用量、及び経路は、当該条件下でCCIラットに異痛症の減衰を示す前記の結果に基づいて選択した。血漿濃度対時間プロフィールから誘導される薬物動態パラメータを、以下の表及び図に示す。したがって、当該パラメータは、神経障害性疼痛効果に相関する薬物動態を表す。
神経障害性疼痛の治療におけるイブジラストの予測性の二重盲検無作為化プラセボ対照ヒト治験
この試験の目的は、治療の終了時の視覚アナログ尺度の疼痛指数(VASPI)のスコアをベースラインと比較し、治療群間のVASPIスコアの変化を比較する。安定性、耐性、及び薬物動態も評価する。
これは、二重盲検試験である。試験の最初の7日間は単純盲検プラセボならし期間から構成される。試験の2日目に、被験体を、10mg、20mg、30mg、又は40mgの何れかのイブジラストの単回投与を受けるように順次割り当てる。薬物動態試料を、試験の2日目に得る。VASPIスコアを毎日集める。試験の8日目に、VASPIスコアのベースラインから30%変化したと定義された、ならし期間で好ましく反応した被験体を、次の14日間のプラセボ治療に割り当てる。ならし期間で好ましく反応しなかった被験体は、イブジラストの1日2回又は3回の何れかの治療を受けるように無作為化する。20mg、30mg及び40mgを使用する3用量コホートを、それぞれのコホートに登録した被験体20人に使用する。最初の被験体群を1日2回又は3回の20mgに割り当て、2番目のコホートは1日2回又は3回の30mgを割り当て、3番目のコホートの被験体は1日2回又は3回の40mgを割り当てるという、連続した順序で、コホートを満たす。より高いコホートへの用量増加は、より低い用量コホートで観察された許容可能な安全性及び耐性次第で決まる。有害な事象、臨床検査値、及びNIH(又はEU同等)毒性等級スケールを使用した評価が報告される。試験の薬剤の盲検性を維持するために、全ての被験体は、1日3回の投与を8日目から21日目まで受ける。
Claims (28)
- 神経障害性疼痛を患う哺乳類被験体を治療する方法であって、
神経障害性疼痛を経験している哺乳類被験体を選択する工程、および
該被験体に、少なくとも約125ng/mlのイブジラストの最大血漿濃度を達成する上で有効なイブジラストの初期治療投薬量を投与する工程を包含し、該投与の結果として、該被験体が該神経障害性疼痛の軽減を経験する、方法。 - 前記投与工程が、少なくとも200ng/mlのイブジラストの最大血漿濃度を達成する上で有効である、請求項1に記載の方法。
- 前記選択工程が、ヘルペス後神経痛、三叉神経痛、並びにヘルペス、HIV、外傷性神経損傷、発作、虚血後疼痛、線維筋痛、反射性交感神経性ジストロフィ、複合性局所疼痛症候群、脊髄損傷、坐骨神経痛、幻肢痛、多発性硬化症からなる群より選択される状態に関連する神経障害性疼痛、及び癌化学療法誘発性の神経障害性疼痛を患う哺乳類被験体を選択することを含む、請求項1に記載の方法。
- 前記投与工程が、イブジラストを全身投与することを含む、請求項1に記載の方法。
- 前記イブジラストが、経口、静脈内、皮下、筋肉内、腹腔内、鼻腔内、及び舌下から選択される経路により投与される、請求項4に記載の方法。
- 前記投与工程が、鞘内、脊髄内及び鼻腔内から選択される経路でイブジラストを中枢投与することを含む、請求項1に記載の方法。
- 前記投与工程が、1日約30〜300mg、約30〜200mg、及び約30〜100mgのイブジラストからなる群より選択されるイブジラストの1日投与量を投与することを含む、請求項1に記載の方法。
- 前記投与工程が、1日約30mgから約100mgのイブジラストを投与することを含む、請求項7に記載の方法。
- 前記投与が1日1回投与することを含む、請求項7に記載の方法。
- 前記投与が1日2回又は3回投与することを含む、請求項7に記載の方法。
- 前記投与に少なくとも約1週間の期間を要する、請求項1に記載の方法。
- 前記投与に約1週間から50週間の範囲の期間を要する、請求項1に記載の方法。
- 前記投与工程が制吐薬の投与を伴わない、請求項1に記載の方法。
- 前記被験体が異痛症を経験しており、前記投与が該被験体の経験する異痛症を軽減する上で有効である、請求項1に記載の方法。
- 前記投与が、前記被験体の経験する神経障害性疼痛をイブジラストの投与後少なくとも16時間まで減衰する上で有効である、請求項1に記載の方法。
- 前記投与工程が、神経障害性疼痛を治療する上で有効な追加薬剤と組み合わせてイブジラストを投与することを含む、請求項1に記載の方法。
- 前記追加薬剤がイブジラストと異なる作用機序を有する、請求項16に記載の方法。
- 前記追加薬剤が、ギャバペンチン、メマンチン、プレギャバリン、モルヒネ及び関連するアヘン剤、カンナビノイド、トラマドール、ラモトリジン、リドカイン、カルバマゼピン、デュロキセチン、ミルナシプラン、及び三環系抗うつ薬からなる群より選択される、請求項17に記載の方法。
- 神経障害性疼痛を患う哺乳類被験体を治療する方法であって、
該被験体に、イブジラストと、神経障害性疼痛を治療する上で有効な追加薬剤とを組み合わせて投与する工程を包含し、該投与の結果として、該被験体の経験する神経障害性疼痛を、何れかの薬剤を単独投与して達成されるよりも大きな量で減衰する、方法。 - 神経障害性疼痛を治療する医薬の調製を目的としたイブジラストの使用であって、該医薬が、少なくとも125ng/mlのイブジラストの最大血漿濃度を達成する上で有効な初期投与量で哺乳類被験体に投与される、使用。
- 前記投与工程が、ヘルペス後神経痛、三叉神経痛、並びにヘルペス、HIV、外傷性神経損傷、発作、虚血後疼痛、線維筋痛、反射性交感神経性ジストロフィ、複合性局所疼痛症候群、脊髄損傷、幻肢痛、多発性硬化症、坐骨神経痛からなる群より選択される状態に関連する神経障害性疼痛、及び癌化学療法誘発性の神経障害性疼痛を経験している哺乳類被験体に前記医薬を投与することを含む、請求項20に記載の使用。
- 前記医薬を投与する工程が全身投与を含む、請求項20に記載の使用。
- 前記医薬を投与する工程が、経口、静脈内、皮下、筋肉内、腹腔内、鼻腔内、及び舌下投与による、請求項21に記載の使用。
- 前記医薬を投与する工程が、中枢投与を含む、請求項20に記載の使用。
- 前記医薬を投与する工程が、制吐薬の投与を伴わない、請求項20に記載の方法。
- 異痛症を治療する医薬の調製を目的とした、請求項20に記載の使用であって、該医薬を投与する工程が、前記被験体の経験する異痛症を減衰する上で有効である、使用。
- 前記医薬を投与する工程が、前記被験体の経験する神経障害性疼痛の量を、イブジラストの投与後少なくとも16時間まで低下させる上で有効である、請求項20に記載の使用。
- 前記医薬を投与する工程が、神経障害性疼痛を治療する上で有効な追加薬剤と組み合わせてイブジラストを投与することを含む、請求項20に記載の使用。
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EP1835913A2 (en) | 2007-09-26 |
US20090209575A1 (en) | 2009-08-20 |
WO2006063048A2 (en) | 2006-06-15 |
BRPI0518829A2 (pt) | 2008-12-09 |
AU2005314133B2 (en) | 2012-03-08 |
WO2006063048A3 (en) | 2006-08-24 |
JP4954085B2 (ja) | 2012-06-13 |
CA2587791C (en) | 2012-03-13 |
US20060160843A1 (en) | 2006-07-20 |
CA2587791A1 (en) | 2006-06-15 |
US7534806B2 (en) | 2009-05-19 |
MX2007006777A (es) | 2007-08-06 |
AU2005314133A1 (en) | 2006-06-15 |
JP2008013577A (ja) | 2008-01-24 |
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