JP2008288134A - 燃料電池 - Google Patents
燃料電池 Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- JP2008288134A JP2008288134A JP2007133997A JP2007133997A JP2008288134A JP 2008288134 A JP2008288134 A JP 2008288134A JP 2007133997 A JP2007133997 A JP 2007133997A JP 2007133997 A JP2007133997 A JP 2007133997A JP 2008288134 A JP2008288134 A JP 2008288134A
- Authority
- JP
- Japan
- Prior art keywords
- fuel cell
- fuel
- particles
- alcohol
- catalyst
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Granted
Links
Images
Classifications
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/86—Inert electrodes with catalytic activity, e.g. for fuel cells
- H01M4/88—Processes of manufacture
- H01M4/8825—Methods for deposition of the catalytic active composition
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C12—BIOCHEMISTRY; BEER; SPIRITS; WINE; VINEGAR; MICROBIOLOGY; ENZYMOLOGY; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING
- C12N—MICROORGANISMS OR ENZYMES; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF; PROPAGATING, PRESERVING, OR MAINTAINING MICROORGANISMS; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING; CULTURE MEDIA
- C12N11/00—Carrier-bound or immobilised enzymes; Carrier-bound or immobilised microbial cells; Preparation thereof
- C12N11/02—Enzymes or microbial cells immobilised on or in an organic carrier
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C12—BIOCHEMISTRY; BEER; SPIRITS; WINE; VINEGAR; MICROBIOLOGY; ENZYMOLOGY; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING
- C12N—MICROORGANISMS OR ENZYMES; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF; PROPAGATING, PRESERVING, OR MAINTAINING MICROORGANISMS; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING; CULTURE MEDIA
- C12N11/00—Carrier-bound or immobilised enzymes; Carrier-bound or immobilised microbial cells; Preparation thereof
- C12N11/18—Multi-enzyme systems
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C12—BIOCHEMISTRY; BEER; SPIRITS; WINE; VINEGAR; MICROBIOLOGY; ENZYMOLOGY; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING
- C12N—MICROORGANISMS OR ENZYMES; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF; PROPAGATING, PRESERVING, OR MAINTAINING MICROORGANISMS; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING; CULTURE MEDIA
- C12N9/00—Enzymes; Proenzymes; Compositions thereof; Processes for preparing, activating, inhibiting, separating or purifying enzymes
- C12N9/0004—Oxidoreductases (1.)
- C12N9/0006—Oxidoreductases (1.) acting on CH-OH groups as donors (1.1)
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C12—BIOCHEMISTRY; BEER; SPIRITS; WINE; VINEGAR; MICROBIOLOGY; ENZYMOLOGY; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING
- C12N—MICROORGANISMS OR ENZYMES; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF; PROPAGATING, PRESERVING, OR MAINTAINING MICROORGANISMS; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING; CULTURE MEDIA
- C12N9/00—Enzymes; Proenzymes; Compositions thereof; Processes for preparing, activating, inhibiting, separating or purifying enzymes
- C12N9/0004—Oxidoreductases (1.)
- C12N9/0008—Oxidoreductases (1.) acting on the aldehyde or oxo group of donors (1.2)
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C12—BIOCHEMISTRY; BEER; SPIRITS; WINE; VINEGAR; MICROBIOLOGY; ENZYMOLOGY; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING
- C12P—FERMENTATION OR ENZYME-USING PROCESSES TO SYNTHESISE A DESIRED CHEMICAL COMPOUND OR COMPOSITION OR TO SEPARATE OPTICAL ISOMERS FROM A RACEMIC MIXTURE
- C12P3/00—Preparation of elements or inorganic compounds except carbon dioxide
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C12—BIOCHEMISTRY; BEER; SPIRITS; WINE; VINEGAR; MICROBIOLOGY; ENZYMOLOGY; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING
- C12Y—ENZYMES
- C12Y102/00—Oxidoreductases acting on the aldehyde or oxo group of donors (1.2)
- C12Y102/01—Oxidoreductases acting on the aldehyde or oxo group of donors (1.2) with NAD+ or NADP+ as acceptor (1.2.1)
- C12Y102/0101—Acetaldehyde dehydrogenase (acetylating) (1.2.1.10)
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/86—Inert electrodes with catalytic activity, e.g. for fuel cells
- H01M4/88—Processes of manufacture
- H01M4/8803—Supports for the deposition of the catalytic active composition
- H01M4/881—Electrolytic membranes
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/86—Inert electrodes with catalytic activity, e.g. for fuel cells
- H01M4/90—Selection of catalytic material
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/86—Inert electrodes with catalytic activity, e.g. for fuel cells
- H01M4/90—Selection of catalytic material
- H01M4/92—Metals of platinum group
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/86—Inert electrodes with catalytic activity, e.g. for fuel cells
- H01M4/90—Selection of catalytic material
- H01M4/92—Metals of platinum group
- H01M4/921—Alloys or mixtures with metallic elements
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/86—Inert electrodes with catalytic activity, e.g. for fuel cells
- H01M4/90—Selection of catalytic material
- H01M4/92—Metals of platinum group
- H01M4/925—Metals of platinum group supported on carriers, e.g. powder carriers
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M8/00—Fuel cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M8/10—Fuel cells with solid electrolytes
- H01M8/1004—Fuel cells with solid electrolytes characterised by membrane-electrode assemblies [MEA]
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M8/00—Fuel cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M8/10—Fuel cells with solid electrolytes
- H01M8/1009—Fuel cells with solid electrolytes with one of the reactants being liquid, solid or liquid-charged
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M8/00—Fuel cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M8/16—Biochemical fuel cells, i.e. cells in which microorganisms function as catalysts
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
- Y02E60/00—Enabling technologies; Technologies with a potential or indirect contribution to GHG emissions mitigation
- Y02E60/30—Hydrogen technology
- Y02E60/50—Fuel cells
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02P—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES IN THE PRODUCTION OR PROCESSING OF GOODS
- Y02P70/00—Climate change mitigation technologies in the production process for final industrial or consumer products
- Y02P70/50—Manufacturing or production processes characterised by the final manufactured product
Landscapes
- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
- Organic Chemistry (AREA)
- Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
- Zoology (AREA)
- Wood Science & Technology (AREA)
- Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
- Bioinformatics & Cheminformatics (AREA)
- General Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Genetics & Genomics (AREA)
- Electrochemistry (AREA)
- Biochemistry (AREA)
- Microbiology (AREA)
- General Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
- General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Biotechnology (AREA)
- Manufacturing & Machinery (AREA)
- Materials Engineering (AREA)
- Biomedical Technology (AREA)
- Sustainable Development (AREA)
- Sustainable Energy (AREA)
- Molecular Biology (AREA)
- Medicinal Chemistry (AREA)
- Inert Electrodes (AREA)
- Fuel Cell (AREA)
Abstract
【解決手段】この燃料電池は、燃料としてアルコールが供給される燃料電池であって、電解質と、電解質を挟んで配置された一対の電極であるアノード極とカソード極とを備える。ここで燃料電池のアノード極は、アルコールの分解反応を触媒する第1粒子と、アルデヒドの分解反応を触媒する第2粒子とを含んで構成されている。
【選択図】図2
Description
電解質と、
前記電解質を挟んで配置された一対の電極であるアノード極とカソード極と、を備え、
前記アノード極は、
アルコールの分解反応を触媒する第1粒子と、
アルデヒドの分解反応を触媒する第2粒子と、
を含むことを特徴とする。
図1は、この発明の実施の形態の燃料電池の構成について説明するための模式図である。図1に示す燃料電池はアルカリ型燃料電池である。燃料電池はアニオン交換膜10(電解質)を有している。アニオン交換膜10の両側にはアノード極20及びカソード極30が配置されている。アノード極20及びカソード極30の両外側には集電板40が配置されている。アノード極20側の集電板40には燃料経路50が接続され、燃料経路50には燃料供給源(図示せず)が接続されている。燃料供給源から、燃料経路50及び集電板40を介してアノード極20に燃料が供給され、アノード極20から燃料経路50側に未反応の燃料等が排出される。一方、カソード極30側の集電板40には酸素経路60が接続されている。酸素経路60及び集電板40を介してカソード極30に大気が供給され、カソード極30から酸素経路60側に、未反応の酸素を含む大気オフガスが排出される。
H2+2OH− → 2H2O+2e− ・・・・(1)
CH3CH2OH+12OH− → 2CO2+9H2O+12e− ・・・(2)
1/2O2+H2O+2e− → 2OH− ・・・・(3)
H2+1/2O2 → H2O ・・・・(4)
20 アノード極
22 担体
24 触媒種
26 ADH
28 ALDH
30 カソード極
40 集電板
50 燃料経路
60 酸素経路
Claims (6)
- 燃料としてアルコールが供給される燃料電池であって、
電解質と、
前記電解質を挟んで配置された一対の電極であるアノード極とカソード極と、を備え、
前記アノード極は、
アルコールの分解反応を触媒する第1粒子と、
アルデヒドの分解反応を触媒する第2粒子と、
を含むことを特徴とする燃料電池。 - 前記第1粒子は、アルコール脱水素酵素を含むことを特徴とする請求項1に記載の燃料電池。
- 前記第1粒子は、Fe、Co、Ni、Fe−CO−Ni、Pt、Pt−Ru、及び、Pt−Snからなる群のうち1以上よりなる粒子を含むことを特徴とする請求項1又は2に記載の燃料電池。
- 前記第2粒子は、アセトアルデヒド脱水素酵素を含むことを特徴とする請求項1から3のいずれかに記載の燃料電池。
- 前記第1粒子及び前記第2粒子は、共に、シトクロムP450を含むことを特徴とする請求項1から4のいずれかに記載の燃料電池。
- 前記一方の電極は、前記第1粒子と、前記第2粒子とを同一の担体に担持させた担持体を備えることを特徴とする請求項1から5のいずれかに記載の燃料電池。
Priority Applications (5)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
JP2007133997A JP5087992B2 (ja) | 2007-05-21 | 2007-05-21 | 燃料電池 |
CN2008800169474A CN101682039B (zh) | 2007-05-21 | 2008-05-21 | 燃料电池和制造燃料电池的方法 |
PCT/IB2008/001260 WO2008142532A1 (en) | 2007-05-21 | 2008-05-21 | Fuel celland method for manufacturing fuel cell |
US12/310,991 US7858244B2 (en) | 2007-05-21 | 2008-05-21 | Fuel cell and method for manufacturing fuel cell |
EP08762705A EP2070142A1 (en) | 2007-05-21 | 2008-05-21 | Fuel celland method for manufacturing fuel cell |
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
JP2007133997A JP5087992B2 (ja) | 2007-05-21 | 2007-05-21 | 燃料電池 |
Publications (2)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
---|---|
JP2008288134A true JP2008288134A (ja) | 2008-11-27 |
JP5087992B2 JP5087992B2 (ja) | 2012-12-05 |
Family
ID=39760933
Family Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
JP2007133997A Expired - Fee Related JP5087992B2 (ja) | 2007-05-21 | 2007-05-21 | 燃料電池 |
Country Status (5)
Country | Link |
---|---|
US (1) | US7858244B2 (ja) |
EP (1) | EP2070142A1 (ja) |
JP (1) | JP5087992B2 (ja) |
CN (1) | CN101682039B (ja) |
WO (1) | WO2008142532A1 (ja) |
Citations (9)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
JPH03145062A (ja) * | 1989-10-30 | 1991-06-20 | Nippon Soken Inc | 燃料電池及びその製造方法 |
JP2004071559A (ja) * | 2002-07-26 | 2004-03-04 | Sony Corp | 燃料電池 |
JP2004342412A (ja) * | 2003-05-14 | 2004-12-02 | Ebara Corp | 有機性物質を利用する発電方法及び装置 |
JP2005520304A (ja) * | 2002-03-14 | 2005-07-07 | アリゾナ ボード オブ リージェンツ | 電流発生のための酵素ベースの光電気化学電池 |
WO2005093888A2 (en) * | 2003-11-05 | 2005-10-06 | St. Louis University | Immobilized enzymes in biocathodes |
JP2005310613A (ja) * | 2004-04-23 | 2005-11-04 | Sony Corp | 電子機器 |
JP2006508519A (ja) * | 2002-11-27 | 2006-03-09 | セント・ルイス・ユニバーシティ | バイオ燃料電池およびセンサーに使用される酵素固定化 |
WO2006057387A1 (ja) * | 2004-11-26 | 2006-06-01 | The University Of Tokyo | バイオ電池 |
WO2006070635A1 (ja) * | 2004-12-27 | 2006-07-06 | Nippon Shokubai Co., Ltd. | 固体高分子型燃料電池用膜電極接合体 |
Family Cites Families (4)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
JP3898454B2 (ja) | 2001-03-06 | 2007-03-28 | シャープ株式会社 | 固体高分子型燃料電池 |
US6936368B2 (en) * | 2003-04-16 | 2005-08-30 | The Gillette Company | System and method for safe removal/oxidative decomposition of fuel from a fuel container |
WO2005096430A1 (en) | 2004-03-15 | 2005-10-13 | St. Louis University | Microfluidic biofuel cell |
US7632600B2 (en) | 2005-09-30 | 2009-12-15 | Canon Kabushiki Kaisha | Enzyme electrode and method of producing the same |
-
2007
- 2007-05-21 JP JP2007133997A patent/JP5087992B2/ja not_active Expired - Fee Related
-
2008
- 2008-05-21 US US12/310,991 patent/US7858244B2/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 2008-05-21 WO PCT/IB2008/001260 patent/WO2008142532A1/en active Application Filing
- 2008-05-21 EP EP08762705A patent/EP2070142A1/en not_active Withdrawn
- 2008-05-21 CN CN2008800169474A patent/CN101682039B/zh not_active Expired - Fee Related
Patent Citations (9)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
JPH03145062A (ja) * | 1989-10-30 | 1991-06-20 | Nippon Soken Inc | 燃料電池及びその製造方法 |
JP2005520304A (ja) * | 2002-03-14 | 2005-07-07 | アリゾナ ボード オブ リージェンツ | 電流発生のための酵素ベースの光電気化学電池 |
JP2004071559A (ja) * | 2002-07-26 | 2004-03-04 | Sony Corp | 燃料電池 |
JP2006508519A (ja) * | 2002-11-27 | 2006-03-09 | セント・ルイス・ユニバーシティ | バイオ燃料電池およびセンサーに使用される酵素固定化 |
JP2004342412A (ja) * | 2003-05-14 | 2004-12-02 | Ebara Corp | 有機性物質を利用する発電方法及び装置 |
WO2005093888A2 (en) * | 2003-11-05 | 2005-10-06 | St. Louis University | Immobilized enzymes in biocathodes |
JP2005310613A (ja) * | 2004-04-23 | 2005-11-04 | Sony Corp | 電子機器 |
WO2006057387A1 (ja) * | 2004-11-26 | 2006-06-01 | The University Of Tokyo | バイオ電池 |
WO2006070635A1 (ja) * | 2004-12-27 | 2006-07-06 | Nippon Shokubai Co., Ltd. | 固体高分子型燃料電池用膜電極接合体 |
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
WO2008142532A1 (en) | 2008-11-27 |
JP5087992B2 (ja) | 2012-12-05 |
US20100055526A1 (en) | 2010-03-04 |
CN101682039B (zh) | 2012-09-19 |
US7858244B2 (en) | 2010-12-28 |
CN101682039A (zh) | 2010-03-24 |
EP2070142A1 (en) | 2009-06-17 |
Similar Documents
Publication | Publication Date | Title |
---|---|---|
Pan et al. | Alkaline anion exchange membrane fuel cells for cogeneration of electricity and valuable chemicals | |
US9793587B2 (en) | Electrode material, electrode, and battery | |
US7238440B2 (en) | Membrane free fuel cell | |
EP2270907B1 (en) | Catalyst for fuel cell, fuel cell system and associated methods | |
Serov et al. | Borohydride-tolerant oxygen electroreduction catalyst for mixed-reactant Swiss-roll direct borohydride fuel cells | |
US20090068505A1 (en) | Electrocatalyst for Alcohol Oxidation at Fuel Cell Anodes | |
JP5528630B2 (ja) | 鉄酸化還元対を用いたカソード電極を含む燃料電池 | |
JP2009129903A (ja) | 燃料電池用電極触媒とその製造方法、及び該電極触媒を含む電極を具備した燃料電池 | |
CN110911700B (zh) | 催化剂及其制备方法和应用 | |
JP5181528B2 (ja) | アルカリ型燃料電池用電極触媒の製造方法、及び、アルカリ型燃料電池の製造方法。 | |
KR20110053154A (ko) | 연료전지용 담지촉매, 그 제조방법 및 이를 이용한 연료전지 | |
CN100386910C (zh) | 一种高效直接甲醇燃料电池阴极催化剂及其制备方法 | |
Jose et al. | Design and Integration of Molecular‐Type Catalysts in Fuel‐Cell Technology | |
JP5087992B2 (ja) | 燃料電池 | |
CN114171744A (zh) | 一种燃料电池的极板及其制备方法、燃料电池堆、燃料电池系统及其冷启动方法 | |
US20050153198A1 (en) | Oxygen reduction electrode and electrochemical element using same | |
JP5189271B2 (ja) | アノード触媒及びその製造方法 | |
JP2006351320A (ja) | 燃料電池の製造方法 | |
US7825057B2 (en) | Method for preparing the mixed electrode catalyst materials for a PEM fuel cell | |
JP2008288145A (ja) | 燃料電池 | |
KR102529612B1 (ko) | 연료전지용 다공성 촉매의 제조방법 | |
US20230349057A1 (en) | Hydrogen evolution reaction catalysts, electrodes and electrolyzers based thereon and methods of fabrication thereof | |
Li | Electro-catalysis for advanced direct fuel cells using higher energy liquid oxygenates | |
JP2005302554A (ja) | 固体高分子形燃料電池およびその製造方法 | |
JP2005353376A (ja) | 固体高分子形燃料電池用の電極の製造方法 |
Legal Events
Date | Code | Title | Description |
---|---|---|---|
A621 | Written request for application examination |
Free format text: JAPANESE INTERMEDIATE CODE: A621 Effective date: 20090914 |
|
A977 | Report on retrieval |
Free format text: JAPANESE INTERMEDIATE CODE: A971007 Effective date: 20120216 |
|
A131 | Notification of reasons for refusal |
Free format text: JAPANESE INTERMEDIATE CODE: A131 Effective date: 20120228 |
|
A521 | Written amendment |
Free format text: JAPANESE INTERMEDIATE CODE: A523 Effective date: 20120403 |
|
TRDD | Decision of grant or rejection written | ||
A01 | Written decision to grant a patent or to grant a registration (utility model) |
Free format text: JAPANESE INTERMEDIATE CODE: A01 Effective date: 20120814 |
|
A01 | Written decision to grant a patent or to grant a registration (utility model) |
Free format text: JAPANESE INTERMEDIATE CODE: A01 |
|
A61 | First payment of annual fees (during grant procedure) |
Free format text: JAPANESE INTERMEDIATE CODE: A61 Effective date: 20120827 |
|
FPAY | Renewal fee payment (event date is renewal date of database) |
Free format text: PAYMENT UNTIL: 20150921 Year of fee payment: 3 |
|
FPAY | Renewal fee payment (event date is renewal date of database) |
Free format text: PAYMENT UNTIL: 20150921 Year of fee payment: 3 |
|
LAPS | Cancellation because of no payment of annual fees |