JP2008203388A - ディスプレイ装置 - Google Patents
ディスプレイ装置 Download PDFInfo
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- G09G3/00—Control arrangements or circuits, of interest only in connection with visual indicators other than cathode-ray tubes
- G09G3/20—Control arrangements or circuits, of interest only in connection with visual indicators other than cathode-ray tubes for presentation of an assembly of a number of characters, e.g. a page, by composing the assembly by combination of individual elements arranged in a matrix no fixed position being assigned to or needed to be assigned to the individual characters or partial characters
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- G09G3/30—Control arrangements or circuits, of interest only in connection with visual indicators other than cathode-ray tubes for presentation of an assembly of a number of characters, e.g. a page, by composing the assembly by combination of individual elements arranged in a matrix no fixed position being assigned to or needed to be assigned to the individual characters or partial characters using controlled light sources using electroluminescent panels
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- G09G3/20—Control arrangements or circuits, of interest only in connection with visual indicators other than cathode-ray tubes for presentation of an assembly of a number of characters, e.g. a page, by composing the assembly by combination of individual elements arranged in a matrix no fixed position being assigned to or needed to be assigned to the individual characters or partial characters
- G09G3/22—Control arrangements or circuits, of interest only in connection with visual indicators other than cathode-ray tubes for presentation of an assembly of a number of characters, e.g. a page, by composing the assembly by combination of individual elements arranged in a matrix no fixed position being assigned to or needed to be assigned to the individual characters or partial characters using controlled light sources
- G09G3/30—Control arrangements or circuits, of interest only in connection with visual indicators other than cathode-ray tubes for presentation of an assembly of a number of characters, e.g. a page, by composing the assembly by combination of individual elements arranged in a matrix no fixed position being assigned to or needed to be assigned to the individual characters or partial characters using controlled light sources using electroluminescent panels
- G09G3/32—Control arrangements or circuits, of interest only in connection with visual indicators other than cathode-ray tubes for presentation of an assembly of a number of characters, e.g. a page, by composing the assembly by combination of individual elements arranged in a matrix no fixed position being assigned to or needed to be assigned to the individual characters or partial characters using controlled light sources using electroluminescent panels semiconductive, e.g. using light-emitting diodes [LED]
- G09G3/3208—Control arrangements or circuits, of interest only in connection with visual indicators other than cathode-ray tubes for presentation of an assembly of a number of characters, e.g. a page, by composing the assembly by combination of individual elements arranged in a matrix no fixed position being assigned to or needed to be assigned to the individual characters or partial characters using controlled light sources using electroluminescent panels semiconductive, e.g. using light-emitting diodes [LED] organic, e.g. using organic light-emitting diodes [OLED]
- G09G3/3225—Control arrangements or circuits, of interest only in connection with visual indicators other than cathode-ray tubes for presentation of an assembly of a number of characters, e.g. a page, by composing the assembly by combination of individual elements arranged in a matrix no fixed position being assigned to or needed to be assigned to the individual characters or partial characters using controlled light sources using electroluminescent panels semiconductive, e.g. using light-emitting diodes [LED] organic, e.g. using organic light-emitting diodes [OLED] using an active matrix
- G09G3/3233—Control arrangements or circuits, of interest only in connection with visual indicators other than cathode-ray tubes for presentation of an assembly of a number of characters, e.g. a page, by composing the assembly by combination of individual elements arranged in a matrix no fixed position being assigned to or needed to be assigned to the individual characters or partial characters using controlled light sources using electroluminescent panels semiconductive, e.g. using light-emitting diodes [LED] organic, e.g. using organic light-emitting diodes [OLED] using an active matrix with pixel circuitry controlling the current through the light-emitting element
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- G09G3/20—Control arrangements or circuits, of interest only in connection with visual indicators other than cathode-ray tubes for presentation of an assembly of a number of characters, e.g. a page, by composing the assembly by combination of individual elements arranged in a matrix no fixed position being assigned to or needed to be assigned to the individual characters or partial characters
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- G09G3/20—Control arrangements or circuits, of interest only in connection with visual indicators other than cathode-ray tubes for presentation of an assembly of a number of characters, e.g. a page, by composing the assembly by combination of individual elements arranged in a matrix no fixed position being assigned to or needed to be assigned to the individual characters or partial characters
- G09G3/22—Control arrangements or circuits, of interest only in connection with visual indicators other than cathode-ray tubes for presentation of an assembly of a number of characters, e.g. a page, by composing the assembly by combination of individual elements arranged in a matrix no fixed position being assigned to or needed to be assigned to the individual characters or partial characters using controlled light sources
- G09G3/30—Control arrangements or circuits, of interest only in connection with visual indicators other than cathode-ray tubes for presentation of an assembly of a number of characters, e.g. a page, by composing the assembly by combination of individual elements arranged in a matrix no fixed position being assigned to or needed to be assigned to the individual characters or partial characters using controlled light sources using electroluminescent panels
- G09G3/32—Control arrangements or circuits, of interest only in connection with visual indicators other than cathode-ray tubes for presentation of an assembly of a number of characters, e.g. a page, by composing the assembly by combination of individual elements arranged in a matrix no fixed position being assigned to or needed to be assigned to the individual characters or partial characters using controlled light sources using electroluminescent panels semiconductive, e.g. using light-emitting diodes [LED]
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H05—ELECTRIC TECHNIQUES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- H05B—ELECTRIC HEATING; ELECTRIC LIGHT SOURCES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS FOR ELECTRIC LIGHT SOURCES, IN GENERAL
- H05B33/00—Electroluminescent light sources
- H05B33/12—Light sources with substantially two-dimensional radiating surfaces
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- G09G2300/00—Aspects of the constitution of display devices
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- G09G2300/0404—Matrix technologies
- G09G2300/0417—Special arrangements specific to the use of low carrier mobility technology
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- G09G2300/00—Aspects of the constitution of display devices
- G09G2300/04—Structural and physical details of display devices
- G09G2300/0421—Structural details of the set of electrodes
- G09G2300/043—Compensation electrodes or other additional electrodes in matrix displays related to distortions or compensation signals, e.g. for modifying TFT threshold voltage in column driver
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- G09G2300/00—Aspects of the constitution of display devices
- G09G2300/04—Structural and physical details of display devices
- G09G2300/0439—Pixel structures
- G09G2300/0465—Improved aperture ratio, e.g. by size reduction of the pixel circuit, e.g. for improving the pixel density or the maximum displayable luminance or brightness
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- G09G2300/00—Aspects of the constitution of display devices
- G09G2300/08—Active matrix structure, i.e. with use of active elements, inclusive of non-linear two terminal elements, in the pixels together with light emitting or modulating elements
- G09G2300/0809—Several active elements per pixel in active matrix panels
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- G09G2300/00—Aspects of the constitution of display devices
- G09G2300/08—Active matrix structure, i.e. with use of active elements, inclusive of non-linear two terminal elements, in the pixels together with light emitting or modulating elements
- G09G2300/0809—Several active elements per pixel in active matrix panels
- G09G2300/0819—Several active elements per pixel in active matrix panels used for counteracting undesired variations, e.g. feedback or autozeroing
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- G09G2300/00—Aspects of the constitution of display devices
- G09G2300/08—Active matrix structure, i.e. with use of active elements, inclusive of non-linear two terminal elements, in the pixels together with light emitting or modulating elements
- G09G2300/0809—Several active elements per pixel in active matrix panels
- G09G2300/0842—Several active elements per pixel in active matrix panels forming a memory circuit, e.g. a dynamic memory with one capacitor
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- G09G2300/00—Aspects of the constitution of display devices
- G09G2300/08—Active matrix structure, i.e. with use of active elements, inclusive of non-linear two terminal elements, in the pixels together with light emitting or modulating elements
- G09G2300/0809—Several active elements per pixel in active matrix panels
- G09G2300/0842—Several active elements per pixel in active matrix panels forming a memory circuit, e.g. a dynamic memory with one capacitor
- G09G2300/0861—Several active elements per pixel in active matrix panels forming a memory circuit, e.g. a dynamic memory with one capacitor with additional control of the display period without amending the charge stored in a pixel memory, e.g. by means of additional select electrodes
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- G09G2310/02—Addressing, scanning or driving the display screen or processing steps related thereto
- G09G2310/0202—Addressing of scan or signal lines
- G09G2310/0216—Interleaved control phases for different scan lines in the same sub-field, e.g. initialization, addressing and sustaining in plasma displays that are not simultaneous for all scan lines
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- G09G2310/0262—The addressing of the pixel, in a display other than an active matrix LCD, involving the control of two or more scan electrodes or two or more data electrodes, e.g. pixel voltage dependent on signals of two data electrodes
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- G09G2320/00—Control of display operating conditions
- G09G2320/04—Maintaining the quality of display appearance
- G09G2320/043—Preventing or counteracting the effects of ageing
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- G09G3/00—Control arrangements or circuits, of interest only in connection with visual indicators other than cathode-ray tubes
- G09G3/20—Control arrangements or circuits, of interest only in connection with visual indicators other than cathode-ray tubes for presentation of an assembly of a number of characters, e.g. a page, by composing the assembly by combination of individual elements arranged in a matrix no fixed position being assigned to or needed to be assigned to the individual characters or partial characters
- G09G3/22—Control arrangements or circuits, of interest only in connection with visual indicators other than cathode-ray tubes for presentation of an assembly of a number of characters, e.g. a page, by composing the assembly by combination of individual elements arranged in a matrix no fixed position being assigned to or needed to be assigned to the individual characters or partial characters using controlled light sources
- G09G3/30—Control arrangements or circuits, of interest only in connection with visual indicators other than cathode-ray tubes for presentation of an assembly of a number of characters, e.g. a page, by composing the assembly by combination of individual elements arranged in a matrix no fixed position being assigned to or needed to be assigned to the individual characters or partial characters using controlled light sources using electroluminescent panels
- G09G3/32—Control arrangements or circuits, of interest only in connection with visual indicators other than cathode-ray tubes for presentation of an assembly of a number of characters, e.g. a page, by composing the assembly by combination of individual elements arranged in a matrix no fixed position being assigned to or needed to be assigned to the individual characters or partial characters using controlled light sources using electroluminescent panels semiconductive, e.g. using light-emitting diodes [LED]
- G09G3/3208—Control arrangements or circuits, of interest only in connection with visual indicators other than cathode-ray tubes for presentation of an assembly of a number of characters, e.g. a page, by composing the assembly by combination of individual elements arranged in a matrix no fixed position being assigned to or needed to be assigned to the individual characters or partial characters using controlled light sources using electroluminescent panels semiconductive, e.g. using light-emitting diodes [LED] organic, e.g. using organic light-emitting diodes [OLED]
- G09G3/3266—Details of drivers for scan electrodes
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- G09G—ARRANGEMENTS OR CIRCUITS FOR CONTROL OF INDICATING DEVICES USING STATIC MEANS TO PRESENT VARIABLE INFORMATION
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- G09G3/20—Control arrangements or circuits, of interest only in connection with visual indicators other than cathode-ray tubes for presentation of an assembly of a number of characters, e.g. a page, by composing the assembly by combination of individual elements arranged in a matrix no fixed position being assigned to or needed to be assigned to the individual characters or partial characters
- G09G3/22—Control arrangements or circuits, of interest only in connection with visual indicators other than cathode-ray tubes for presentation of an assembly of a number of characters, e.g. a page, by composing the assembly by combination of individual elements arranged in a matrix no fixed position being assigned to or needed to be assigned to the individual characters or partial characters using controlled light sources
- G09G3/30—Control arrangements or circuits, of interest only in connection with visual indicators other than cathode-ray tubes for presentation of an assembly of a number of characters, e.g. a page, by composing the assembly by combination of individual elements arranged in a matrix no fixed position being assigned to or needed to be assigned to the individual characters or partial characters using controlled light sources using electroluminescent panels
- G09G3/32—Control arrangements or circuits, of interest only in connection with visual indicators other than cathode-ray tubes for presentation of an assembly of a number of characters, e.g. a page, by composing the assembly by combination of individual elements arranged in a matrix no fixed position being assigned to or needed to be assigned to the individual characters or partial characters using controlled light sources using electroluminescent panels semiconductive, e.g. using light-emitting diodes [LED]
- G09G3/3208—Control arrangements or circuits, of interest only in connection with visual indicators other than cathode-ray tubes for presentation of an assembly of a number of characters, e.g. a page, by composing the assembly by combination of individual elements arranged in a matrix no fixed position being assigned to or needed to be assigned to the individual characters or partial characters using controlled light sources using electroluminescent panels semiconductive, e.g. using light-emitting diodes [LED] organic, e.g. using organic light-emitting diodes [OLED]
- G09G3/3275—Details of drivers for data electrodes
- G09G3/3291—Details of drivers for data electrodes in which the data driver supplies a variable data voltage for setting the current through, or the voltage across, the light-emitting elements
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Abstract
【解決手段】本発明は、発光素子8を駆動するトランジスタTR2のゲート電圧Vgを固定電位Vofsに設定して、このトランジスタTR2のしきい値電圧Vthのばらつきにより発光輝度のばらつきを補正するようにして、この固定電位Vofsを信号線SIG側より供給する。
【選択図】 図1
Description
以上の構成において、このディスプレイ装置31では(図2)、垂直駆動回路34による走査線の駆動により順次ライン単位で画素部32の画素33に信号線SIGの信号レベルが設定されると共に、この設定された信号レベルにより各画素33が発光し、所望の画像が画素部32で表示される。
以上の構成によれば、発光素子8を駆動するトランジスタTR2のゲート電圧Vgを固定電位Vofsに設定して、このトランジスタTR2のしきい値電圧Vthのばらつきにより発光輝度のばらつきを補正するようにして、この固定電位Vofsを信号線SIG側より供給することにより、従来に比して走査線、固定電位の配線パターン数を少なくすることができる。
Claims (5)
- 画素をマトリックス状に配置した画素部と、前記画素部を駆動する駆動回路とを有するディスプレイ装置において、
前記画素が、
信号レベル保持用コンデンサと、
書き込み信号によりオンオフ動作して、前記信号レベル保持用コンデンサの一端を、信号線に接続する第1のトランジスタと、
前記信号レベル保持用コンデンサの一端をゲートに接続し、前記信号レベル保持用コンデンサの他端をソースに接続する第2のトランジスタと、
カソードがカソード電位に保持され、アノードを前記第2のトランジスタのソースに接続する電流駆動型の自発光素子と、
駆動パルス信号によりオンオフ動作して、前記第2のトランジスタのドレインを電源電圧に接続する第3のトランジスタと、
制御信号によりオンオフ動作して、前記信号レベル保持用コンデンサの他端を第1の固定電位に設定する第4のトランジスタとを有し、
前記駆動回路は、
前記書き込み信号、前記駆動パルス信号、前記制御信号を出力し、
第2の固定電位の期間を間に挟んで、前記信号線に接続された各画素の階調に対応する信号レベルに前記信号線の信号レベルを順次設定し、
第1〜第5の期間の設定を順次循環的に繰り返して、前記画素部を駆動し、
前記第1の期間において、
前記書き込み信号、前記駆動パスル信号、前記制御信号により、前記第1及び第4のトランジスタをオフ状態に設定すると共に前記第3のトランジスタをオン状態に設定し、前記信号レベル保持用コンデンサの両端電位によるゲートソース間電圧に応じた電流値により前記第2のトランジスタで前記自発光素子を駆動して前記自発光素子を発光させ、
前記第2の期間において、
前記駆動パルス信号により、前記第3のトランジスタをオフ状態に設定して前記自発光素子の発光を停止させ、
前記第3の期間において、
前記制御信号により前記第4のトランジスタをオン状態に設定して、前記信号レベル保持用コンデンサの他端を前記第1の固定電位に設定した後、前記書き込み信号により前記第1のトランジスタをオン状態に設定し、前記信号レベル保持用のコンデンサの一端を前記第2の固定電位に設定し、
前記第4の期間において、
前記信号線で前記第2の固定電位が複数回繰り返される期間の間、前記書き込み信号及び前記制御信号により前記第1のトランジスタ及び前記第4のトランジスタをオン状態及びオフ状態に設定すると共に、前記信号線の信号レベルが前記第2の固定電位に設定される期間で、前記駆動パルス信号により前記第3のトランジスタをオン状態に設定して前記信号レベル保持用コンデンサの両端電位差を、前記第2のトランジスタのしきい値電圧とほぼ等しい電圧に設定し、
前記第5の期間において、
前記書き込み信号により、前記第1のトランジスタをオン状態からオフ状態に設定して、前記信号レベル保持用コンデンサの一端に前記信号線の信号レベルを設定する
ことを特徴とするディスプレイ装置。 - 前記駆動回路は、
前記第5の期間において、前記駆動パルス信号により前記第3のトランジスタをオン状態に設定した後、一定期間経過して、前記書き込み信号により前記第1のトランジスタをオフ状態に設定する
ことを特徴とする請求項1に記載のディスプレイ装置。 - 前記駆動回路は、
複数ラインだけ先行する画素に出力する前記書き込み信号を、前記制御信号として出力する
ことを特徴とする請求項1に記載のディスプレイ装置。 - 前記駆動回路は、
複数ラインだけ先行する画素に出力する前記書き込み信号を、前記制御信号として出力するようにして、
前記信号線の信号レベルが、前記信号線に接続された各画素の階調に対応する信号レベルに保持される期間の間、前記第1及び第4のトランジスタが同時にオン動作しないように、前記書き込み信号を生成する
ことを特徴とする請求項1に記載のディスプレイ装置。 - 前記画素回路、前記駆動回路のトランジスタの全てが、
Nチャンネル型のトランジスタであり、
前記画素回路、前記駆動回路が、
アモルファスシリコンプロセスにより絶縁基板上に形成された
ことを特徴とする請求項1に記載のディスプレイ装置。
Priority Applications (9)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
JP2007037385A JP4281019B2 (ja) | 2007-02-19 | 2007-02-19 | ディスプレイ装置 |
US12/010,926 US8072397B2 (en) | 2007-02-19 | 2008-01-31 | Display apparatus and electronic apparatus |
TW097104081A TWI389082B (zh) | 2007-02-19 | 2008-02-01 | 顯示器裝置及電子裝置 |
KR1020080010966A KR20080077322A (ko) | 2007-02-19 | 2008-02-04 | 디스플레이 장치 및 전자 기기 |
CN200810009319A CN100594532C (zh) | 2007-02-19 | 2008-02-18 | 显示装置和电子设备 |
US13/285,680 US8269699B2 (en) | 2007-02-19 | 2011-10-31 | Display apparatus and electronic apparatus |
US15/073,888 USRE46287E1 (en) | 2007-02-19 | 2016-03-18 | Display apparatus and electronic apparatus |
US15/389,480 USRE47916E1 (en) | 2007-02-19 | 2016-12-23 | Display apparatus and electronic apparatus |
US16/797,464 USRE48891E1 (en) | 2007-02-19 | 2020-02-21 | Display apparatus and electronic apparatus |
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JP2007037385A JP4281019B2 (ja) | 2007-02-19 | 2007-02-19 | ディスプレイ装置 |
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JP2008203388A true JP2008203388A (ja) | 2008-09-04 |
JP4281019B2 JP4281019B2 (ja) | 2009-06-17 |
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US (5) | US8072397B2 (ja) |
JP (1) | JP4281019B2 (ja) |
KR (1) | KR20080077322A (ja) |
CN (1) | CN100594532C (ja) |
TW (1) | TWI389082B (ja) |
Families Citing this family (7)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
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KR100922065B1 (ko) * | 2008-06-11 | 2009-10-19 | 삼성모바일디스플레이주식회사 | 화소 및 이를 이용한 유기전계발광 표시장치 |
KR101058108B1 (ko) * | 2009-09-14 | 2011-08-24 | 삼성모바일디스플레이주식회사 | 화소 회로 및 이를 이용한 유기 발광 표시장치 |
JP2013120321A (ja) * | 2011-12-08 | 2013-06-17 | Sony Corp | 表示装置および電子機器 |
KR20150080198A (ko) | 2013-12-31 | 2015-07-09 | 엘지디스플레이 주식회사 | 유기 발광 다이오드 표시 장치 및 그의 구동 방법 |
CN107077817B (zh) * | 2014-11-04 | 2021-03-05 | 索尼公司 | 显示装置、用于驱动显示装置的方法和电子装置 |
KR20220023176A (ko) * | 2020-08-20 | 2022-03-02 | 엘지디스플레이 주식회사 | 픽셀 회로와 이를 이용한 표시장치 |
CN114203096B (zh) * | 2021-12-27 | 2024-07-23 | 厦门天马微电子有限公司 | 一种像素驱动电路及其驱动方法和显示装置 |
Family Cites Families (15)
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US5684365A (en) | 1994-12-14 | 1997-11-04 | Eastman Kodak Company | TFT-el display panel using organic electroluminescent media |
US6229508B1 (en) * | 1997-09-29 | 2001-05-08 | Sarnoff Corporation | Active matrix light emitting diode pixel structure and concomitant method |
JP2003005710A (ja) * | 2001-06-25 | 2003-01-08 | Nec Corp | 電流駆動回路及び画像表示装置 |
KR100906964B1 (ko) * | 2002-09-25 | 2009-07-08 | 삼성전자주식회사 | 유기 전계발광 구동 소자와 이를 갖는 유기 전계발광 표시패널 |
JP3772889B2 (ja) * | 2003-05-19 | 2006-05-10 | セイコーエプソン株式会社 | 電気光学装置およびその駆動装置 |
JP2005172917A (ja) | 2003-12-08 | 2005-06-30 | Sony Corp | ディスプレイ装置及びディスプレイ装置の駆動方法 |
JP2005189383A (ja) | 2003-12-25 | 2005-07-14 | Sony Corp | ディスプレイ装置及びディスプレイ装置の駆動方法 |
US7969400B2 (en) * | 2004-02-25 | 2011-06-28 | Hitachi Displays, Ltd. | Liquid crystal display device with decreased power consumption |
JP4036209B2 (ja) * | 2004-04-22 | 2008-01-23 | セイコーエプソン株式会社 | 電子回路、その駆動方法、電気光学装置および電子機器 |
US7616177B2 (en) * | 2004-08-02 | 2009-11-10 | Tpo Displays Corp. | Pixel driving circuit with threshold voltage compensation |
KR100598431B1 (ko) * | 2004-11-25 | 2006-07-11 | 한국전자통신연구원 | 능동 구동 전압/전류형 유기 el 화소 회로 및 표시 장치 |
TWI276029B (en) * | 2005-11-28 | 2007-03-11 | Chi Mei El Corp | Organic light-emitting display and voltage-driven organic light-emitting pixel |
KR101197768B1 (ko) * | 2006-05-18 | 2012-11-06 | 엘지디스플레이 주식회사 | 유기전계발광표시장치의 화소 회로 |
JP4203770B2 (ja) * | 2006-05-29 | 2009-01-07 | ソニー株式会社 | 画像表示装置 |
KR100739335B1 (ko) * | 2006-08-08 | 2007-07-12 | 삼성에스디아이 주식회사 | 화소 및 이를 이용한 유기전계발광 표시장치 |
-
2007
- 2007-02-19 JP JP2007037385A patent/JP4281019B2/ja not_active Expired - Fee Related
-
2008
- 2008-01-31 US US12/010,926 patent/US8072397B2/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 2008-02-01 TW TW097104081A patent/TWI389082B/zh not_active IP Right Cessation
- 2008-02-04 KR KR1020080010966A patent/KR20080077322A/ko not_active Application Discontinuation
- 2008-02-18 CN CN200810009319A patent/CN100594532C/zh not_active Expired - Fee Related
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2011
- 2011-10-31 US US13/285,680 patent/US8269699B2/en not_active Ceased
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2016
- 2016-03-18 US US15/073,888 patent/USRE46287E1/en not_active Ceased
- 2016-12-23 US US15/389,480 patent/USRE47916E1/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
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2020
- 2020-02-21 US US16/797,464 patent/USRE48891E1/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
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TWI389082B (zh) | 2013-03-11 |
TW200849193A (en) | 2008-12-16 |
JP4281019B2 (ja) | 2009-06-17 |
US20080197785A1 (en) | 2008-08-21 |
US20120044130A1 (en) | 2012-02-23 |
USRE48891E1 (en) | 2022-01-11 |
CN100594532C (zh) | 2010-03-17 |
CN101251980A (zh) | 2008-08-27 |
KR20080077322A (ko) | 2008-08-22 |
USRE46287E1 (en) | 2017-01-24 |
US8269699B2 (en) | 2012-09-18 |
USRE47916E1 (en) | 2020-03-24 |
US8072397B2 (en) | 2011-12-06 |
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