JP2007511894A - 半導体製造プロセスの過程で導電面を不動態化するための方法 - Google Patents

半導体製造プロセスの過程で導電面を不動態化するための方法 Download PDF

Info

Publication number
JP2007511894A
JP2007511894A JP2006532518A JP2006532518A JP2007511894A JP 2007511894 A JP2007511894 A JP 2007511894A JP 2006532518 A JP2006532518 A JP 2006532518A JP 2006532518 A JP2006532518 A JP 2006532518A JP 2007511894 A JP2007511894 A JP 2007511894A
Authority
JP
Japan
Prior art keywords
semiconductor wafer
solution
cmp
solvent
anticorrosive
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Pending
Application number
JP2006532518A
Other languages
English (en)
Japanese (ja)
Other versions
JP2007511894A5 (https=
Inventor
シー. フレーク、ジョン
イー. クーパー、ケビン
ウスマニ、サイファイ
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
NXP USA Inc
Original Assignee
NXP USA Inc
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by NXP USA Inc filed Critical NXP USA Inc
Publication of JP2007511894A publication Critical patent/JP2007511894A/ja
Publication of JP2007511894A5 publication Critical patent/JP2007511894A5/ja
Pending legal-status Critical Current

Links

Images

Classifications

    • HELECTRICITY
    • H10SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES; ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • H10PGENERIC PROCESSES OR APPARATUS FOR THE MANUFACTURE OR TREATMENT OF DEVICES COVERED BY CLASS H10
    • H10P52/00Grinding, lapping or polishing of wafers, substrates or parts of devices
    • CCHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C11ANIMAL OR VEGETABLE OILS, FATS, FATTY SUBSTANCES OR WAXES; FATTY ACIDS THEREFROM; DETERGENTS; CANDLES
    • C11DDETERGENT COMPOSITIONS; USE OF SINGLE SUBSTANCES AS DETERGENTS; SOAP OR SOAP-MAKING; RESIN SOAPS; RECOVERY OF GLYCEROL
    • C11D3/00Other compounding ingredients of detergent compositions covered in group C11D1/00
    • C11D3/16Organic compounds
    • C11D3/26Organic compounds containing nitrogen
    • C11D3/28Heterocyclic compounds containing nitrogen in the ring
    • CCHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C11ANIMAL OR VEGETABLE OILS, FATS, FATTY SUBSTANCES OR WAXES; FATTY ACIDS THEREFROM; DETERGENTS; CANDLES
    • C11DDETERGENT COMPOSITIONS; USE OF SINGLE SUBSTANCES AS DETERGENTS; SOAP OR SOAP-MAKING; RESIN SOAPS; RECOVERY OF GLYCEROL
    • C11D3/00Other compounding ingredients of detergent compositions covered in group C11D1/00
    • C11D3/0005Other compounding ingredients characterised by their effect
    • C11D3/0073Anticorrosion compositions
    • CCHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C11ANIMAL OR VEGETABLE OILS, FATS, FATTY SUBSTANCES OR WAXES; FATTY ACIDS THEREFROM; DETERGENTS; CANDLES
    • C11DDETERGENT COMPOSITIONS; USE OF SINGLE SUBSTANCES AS DETERGENTS; SOAP OR SOAP-MAKING; RESIN SOAPS; RECOVERY OF GLYCEROL
    • C11D3/00Other compounding ingredients of detergent compositions covered in group C11D1/00
    • C11D3/16Organic compounds
    • C11D3/38Products with no well-defined composition, e.g. natural products
    • C11D3/382Vegetable products, e.g. soya meal, wood flour, sawdust
    • CCHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C11ANIMAL OR VEGETABLE OILS, FATS, FATTY SUBSTANCES OR WAXES; FATTY ACIDS THEREFROM; DETERGENTS; CANDLES
    • C11DDETERGENT COMPOSITIONS; USE OF SINGLE SUBSTANCES AS DETERGENTS; SOAP OR SOAP-MAKING; RESIN SOAPS; RECOVERY OF GLYCEROL
    • C11D3/00Other compounding ingredients of detergent compositions covered in group C11D1/00
    • C11D3/43Solvents
    • HELECTRICITY
    • H10SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES; ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • H10PGENERIC PROCESSES OR APPARATUS FOR THE MANUFACTURE OR TREATMENT OF DEVICES COVERED BY CLASS H10
    • H10P52/00Grinding, lapping or polishing of wafers, substrates or parts of devices
    • H10P52/40Chemomechanical polishing [CMP]
    • H10P52/403Chemomechanical polishing [CMP] of conductive or resistive materials
    • HELECTRICITY
    • H10SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES; ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • H10PGENERIC PROCESSES OR APPARATUS FOR THE MANUFACTURE OR TREATMENT OF DEVICES COVERED BY CLASS H10
    • H10P70/00Cleaning of wafers, substrates or parts of devices
    • H10P70/20Cleaning during device manufacture
    • H10P70/27Cleaning during device manufacture during, before or after processing of conductive materials, e.g. polysilicon or amorphous silicon layers
    • H10P70/277Cleaning during device manufacture during, before or after processing of conductive materials, e.g. polysilicon or amorphous silicon layers the processing being a planarisation of conductive layers
    • HELECTRICITY
    • H10SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES; ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • H10WGENERIC PACKAGES, INTERCONNECTIONS, CONNECTORS OR OTHER CONSTRUCTIONAL DETAILS OF DEVICES COVERED BY CLASS H10
    • H10W20/00Interconnections in chips, wafers or substrates
    • H10W20/01Manufacture or treatment
    • H10W20/031Manufacture or treatment of conductive parts of the interconnections
    • H10W20/062Manufacture or treatment of conductive parts of the interconnections by smoothing of conductive parts, e.g. by planarisation
    • CCHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C11ANIMAL OR VEGETABLE OILS, FATS, FATTY SUBSTANCES OR WAXES; FATTY ACIDS THEREFROM; DETERGENTS; CANDLES
    • C11DDETERGENT COMPOSITIONS; USE OF SINGLE SUBSTANCES AS DETERGENTS; SOAP OR SOAP-MAKING; RESIN SOAPS; RECOVERY OF GLYCEROL
    • C11D1/00Detergent compositions based essentially on surface-active compounds; Use of these compounds as a detergent
    • C11D1/02Anionic compounds
    • C11D1/12Sulfonic acids or sulfuric acid esters; Salts thereof
    • C11D1/14Sulfonic acids or sulfuric acid esters; Salts thereof derived from aliphatic hydrocarbons or mono-alcohols
    • C11D1/146Sulfuric acid esters
    • CCHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C11ANIMAL OR VEGETABLE OILS, FATS, FATTY SUBSTANCES OR WAXES; FATTY ACIDS THEREFROM; DETERGENTS; CANDLES
    • C11DDETERGENT COMPOSITIONS; USE OF SINGLE SUBSTANCES AS DETERGENTS; SOAP OR SOAP-MAKING; RESIN SOAPS; RECOVERY OF GLYCEROL
    • C11D1/00Detergent compositions based essentially on surface-active compounds; Use of these compounds as a detergent
    • C11D1/02Anionic compounds
    • C11D1/34Derivatives of acids of phosphorus
    • C11D1/345Phosphates or phosphites
    • CCHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C11ANIMAL OR VEGETABLE OILS, FATS, FATTY SUBSTANCES OR WAXES; FATTY ACIDS THEREFROM; DETERGENTS; CANDLES
    • C11DDETERGENT COMPOSITIONS; USE OF SINGLE SUBSTANCES AS DETERGENTS; SOAP OR SOAP-MAKING; RESIN SOAPS; RECOVERY OF GLYCEROL
    • C11D1/00Detergent compositions based essentially on surface-active compounds; Use of these compounds as a detergent
    • C11D1/38Cationic compounds
    • C11D1/62Quaternary ammonium compounds
    • CCHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C11ANIMAL OR VEGETABLE OILS, FATS, FATTY SUBSTANCES OR WAXES; FATTY ACIDS THEREFROM; DETERGENTS; CANDLES
    • C11DDETERGENT COMPOSITIONS; USE OF SINGLE SUBSTANCES AS DETERGENTS; SOAP OR SOAP-MAKING; RESIN SOAPS; RECOVERY OF GLYCEROL
    • C11D1/00Detergent compositions based essentially on surface-active compounds; Use of these compounds as a detergent
    • C11D1/66Non-ionic compounds
    • C11D1/72Ethers of polyoxyalkylene glycols
    • CCHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C11ANIMAL OR VEGETABLE OILS, FATS, FATTY SUBSTANCES OR WAXES; FATTY ACIDS THEREFROM; DETERGENTS; CANDLES
    • C11DDETERGENT COMPOSITIONS; USE OF SINGLE SUBSTANCES AS DETERGENTS; SOAP OR SOAP-MAKING; RESIN SOAPS; RECOVERY OF GLYCEROL
    • C11D2111/00Cleaning compositions characterised by the objects to be cleaned; Cleaning compositions characterised by non-standard cleaning or washing processes
    • C11D2111/10Objects to be cleaned
    • C11D2111/14Hard surfaces
    • C11D2111/22Electronic devices, e.g. PCBs or semiconductors
    • CCHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C11ANIMAL OR VEGETABLE OILS, FATS, FATTY SUBSTANCES OR WAXES; FATTY ACIDS THEREFROM; DETERGENTS; CANDLES
    • C11DDETERGENT COMPOSITIONS; USE OF SINGLE SUBSTANCES AS DETERGENTS; SOAP OR SOAP-MAKING; RESIN SOAPS; RECOVERY OF GLYCEROL
    • C11D3/00Other compounding ingredients of detergent compositions covered in group C11D1/00
    • C11D3/16Organic compounds
    • C11D3/20Organic compounds containing oxygen
    • C11D3/2003Alcohols; Phenols

Landscapes

  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Wood Science & Technology (AREA)
  • Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
  • Oil, Petroleum & Natural Gas (AREA)
  • Organic Chemistry (AREA)
  • Cleaning Or Drying Semiconductors (AREA)
  • Mechanical Treatment Of Semiconductor (AREA)
  • Weting (AREA)
  • Internal Circuitry In Semiconductor Integrated Circuit Devices (AREA)
JP2006532518A 2003-05-07 2004-04-30 半導体製造プロセスの過程で導電面を不動態化するための方法 Pending JP2007511894A (ja)

Applications Claiming Priority (2)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
US10/431,053 US7188630B2 (en) 2003-05-07 2003-05-07 Method to passivate conductive surfaces during semiconductor processing
PCT/US2004/013373 WO2004102620A2 (en) 2003-05-07 2004-04-30 Method to passivate conductive surfaces during semiconductor processing

Publications (2)

Publication Number Publication Date
JP2007511894A true JP2007511894A (ja) 2007-05-10
JP2007511894A5 JP2007511894A5 (https=) 2007-06-21

Family

ID=33416375

Family Applications (1)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
JP2006532518A Pending JP2007511894A (ja) 2003-05-07 2004-04-30 半導体製造プロセスの過程で導電面を不動態化するための方法

Country Status (7)

Country Link
US (2) US7188630B2 (https=)
EP (1) EP1625247A2 (https=)
JP (1) JP2007511894A (https=)
KR (1) KR101059006B1 (https=)
CN (1) CN1784513A (https=)
TW (1) TW200504855A (https=)
WO (1) WO2004102620A2 (https=)

Cited By (2)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US8187966B2 (en) 2008-03-26 2012-05-29 Renesas Electronics Corporation Manufacturing method for semiconductor integrated circuit device
CN111863592A (zh) * 2019-04-29 2020-10-30 中芯国际集成电路制造(上海)有限公司 研磨后清洗方法以及半导体结构的形成方法

Families Citing this family (32)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
CN1803964B (zh) * 1998-12-28 2010-12-15 日立化成工业株式会社 金属研磨液材料、金属研磨液、其制造方法及使用它的研磨方法
US7387970B2 (en) * 2003-05-07 2008-06-17 Freescale Semiconductor, Inc. Method of using an aqueous solution and composition thereof
US7188630B2 (en) * 2003-05-07 2007-03-13 Freescale Semiconductor, Inc. Method to passivate conductive surfaces during semiconductor processing
US20080207005A1 (en) * 2005-02-15 2008-08-28 Freescale Semiconductor, Inc. Wafer Cleaning After Via-Etching
US7939482B2 (en) * 2005-05-25 2011-05-10 Freescale Semiconductor, Inc. Cleaning solution for a semiconductor wafer
US7674725B2 (en) * 2005-05-25 2010-03-09 Freescale Semiconductor, Inc. Treatment solution and method of applying a passivating layer
WO2007102138A2 (en) * 2007-01-02 2007-09-13 Freescale Semiconductor, Inc. Barrier slurry compositions and barrier cmp methods
WO2007087831A1 (en) * 2006-02-03 2007-08-09 Freescale Semiconductor, Inc. 'universal' barrier cmp slurry for use with low dielectric constant interlayer dielectrics
US20090301867A1 (en) * 2006-02-24 2009-12-10 Citibank N.A. Integrated system for semiconductor substrate processing using liquid phase metal deposition
US7803719B2 (en) * 2006-02-24 2010-09-28 Freescale Semiconductor, Inc. Semiconductor device including a coupled dielectric layer and metal layer, method of fabrication thereof, and passivating coupling material comprising multiple organic components for use in a semiconductor device
US20100273330A1 (en) * 2006-08-23 2010-10-28 Citibank N.A. As Collateral Agent Rinse formulation for use in the manufacture of an integrated circuit
MX2009002368A (es) * 2006-08-30 2009-04-24 Saint Gobain Ceramics Composiciones fluidas acuosas para suspensiones esoesas abrasivas, metodos de produccion y metodo de uso de las mismas.
WO2008029334A1 (en) * 2006-09-04 2008-03-13 Nxp B.V. Fabrication of self-assembled nanowire-type interconnects on a semiconductor device
KR101202720B1 (ko) * 2008-02-29 2012-11-19 주식회사 엘지화학 화학적 기계적 연마용 수계 슬러리 조성물 및 화학적 기계적 연마 방법
US8580656B2 (en) * 2008-07-14 2013-11-12 Air Products And Chemicals, Inc. Process for inhibiting corrosion and removing contaminant from a surface during wafer dicing and composition useful therefor
US20100215841A1 (en) 2009-02-20 2010-08-26 E.I. Du Pont De Nemours And Company Process for inhibiting oxide formation on copper surfaces
US8088690B2 (en) * 2009-03-31 2012-01-03 International Business Machines Corporation CMP method
KR101104369B1 (ko) * 2009-04-22 2012-01-16 주식회사 엘지화학 화학적 기계적 연마용 슬러리
US20110045203A1 (en) * 2009-08-21 2011-02-24 E. I. Du Pont De Nemours And Company Process for inhibiting oxide formation on copper surfaces
US20110117696A1 (en) * 2009-11-19 2011-05-19 Air Liquide Electronics U.S. Lp CdTe SURFACE TREATMENT FOR STABLE BACK CONTACTS
CN102110641A (zh) * 2009-12-29 2011-06-29 中芯国际集成电路制造(上海)有限公司 在化学机械研磨过程中防止钨塞凹陷缺陷的方法
US8883701B2 (en) 2010-07-09 2014-11-11 Air Products And Chemicals, Inc. Method for wafer dicing and composition useful thereof
KR20130084932A (ko) * 2012-01-18 2013-07-26 삼성전자주식회사 반도체 소자의 제조 방법
US9481855B2 (en) * 2012-09-17 2016-11-01 Ekc Technology Inc Cleaning composition and method for cleaning a semiconductor device substrate after chemical mechanical polishing
US8920567B2 (en) 2013-03-06 2014-12-30 International Business Machines Corporation Post metal chemical-mechanical planarization cleaning process
CN105658757B (zh) * 2013-10-23 2019-02-19 东进世美肯株式会社 金属膜抛光浆料组合物及使用其减少金属膜抛光时产生的划痕的方法
US9971073B2 (en) * 2014-04-14 2018-05-15 Corning Incorporated Enhanced performance metallic based optical mirror substrates
US9666447B2 (en) 2014-10-28 2017-05-30 Tokyo Electron Limited Method for selectivity enhancement during dry plasma etching
CN108250977B (zh) * 2016-12-28 2021-08-27 安集微电子科技(上海)股份有限公司 一种用于阻挡层平坦化的化学机械抛光液
US10181408B2 (en) * 2017-01-31 2019-01-15 Rohm And Haas Electronic Materials Cmp Holdings, Inc. Chemical mechanical polishing method for tungsten using polyglycols and polyglycol derivatives
CN110965115A (zh) * 2020-01-02 2020-04-07 荆门德威格林美钨资源循环利用有限公司 一种钛合金表面氧化层的去除方法
CN112246747B (zh) * 2020-09-30 2021-09-17 青岛金汇源电子有限公司 一种连续式半导体晶圆蚀刻设备

Citations (1)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
JP2002020787A (ja) * 2000-07-05 2002-01-23 Wako Pure Chem Ind Ltd 銅配線半導体基板洗浄剤

Family Cites Families (20)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
TW416987B (en) * 1996-06-05 2001-01-01 Wako Pure Chem Ind Ltd A composition for cleaning the semiconductor substrate surface
US6001730A (en) * 1997-10-20 1999-12-14 Motorola, Inc. Chemical mechanical polishing (CMP) slurry for polishing copper interconnects which use tantalum-based barrier layers
US6153043A (en) * 1998-02-06 2000-11-28 International Business Machines Corporation Elimination of photo-induced electrochemical dissolution in chemical mechanical polishing
EP1137056B1 (en) * 1998-08-31 2013-07-31 Hitachi Chemical Company, Ltd. Abrasive liquid for metal and method for polishing
US6074949A (en) * 1998-11-25 2000-06-13 Advanced Micro Devices, Inc. Method of preventing copper dendrite formation and growth
US6274478B1 (en) * 1999-07-13 2001-08-14 Motorola, Inc. Method for forming a copper interconnect using a multi-platen chemical mechanical polishing (CMP) process
US6383928B1 (en) * 1999-09-02 2002-05-07 Texas Instruments Incorporated Post copper CMP clean
US6503418B2 (en) 1999-11-04 2003-01-07 Advanced Micro Devices, Inc. Ta barrier slurry containing an organic additive
US6720264B2 (en) 1999-11-04 2004-04-13 Advanced Micro Devices, Inc. Prevention of precipitation defects on copper interconnects during CMP by use of solutions containing organic compounds with silica adsorption and copper corrosion inhibiting properties
US6491843B1 (en) 1999-12-08 2002-12-10 Eastman Kodak Company Slurry for chemical mechanical polishing silicon dioxide
US6468910B1 (en) 1999-12-08 2002-10-22 Ramanathan Srinivasan Slurry for chemical mechanical polishing silicon dioxide
CN1426452A (zh) 2000-04-26 2003-06-25 大金工业株式会社 洗涤剂组合物
JP2002050595A (ja) * 2000-08-04 2002-02-15 Hitachi Ltd 研磨方法、配線形成方法及び半導体装置の製造方法
KR100798437B1 (ko) * 2000-12-04 2008-01-28 가부시키가이샤 에바라 세이사꾸쇼 기판처리방법
US6821881B2 (en) * 2001-07-25 2004-11-23 Applied Materials, Inc. Method for chemical mechanical polishing of semiconductor substrates
US6812193B2 (en) * 2001-08-31 2004-11-02 International Business Machines Corporation Slurry for mechanical polishing (CMP) of metals and use thereof
JP4057803B2 (ja) * 2001-09-11 2008-03-05 株式会社東芝 半導体装置の製造方法
US6660638B1 (en) * 2002-01-03 2003-12-09 Taiwan Semiconductor Manufacturing Company CMP process leaving no residual oxide layer or slurry particles
US20040038840A1 (en) * 2002-04-24 2004-02-26 Shihying Lee Oxalic acid as a semiaqueous cleaning product for copper and dielectrics
US7188630B2 (en) * 2003-05-07 2007-03-13 Freescale Semiconductor, Inc. Method to passivate conductive surfaces during semiconductor processing

Patent Citations (1)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
JP2002020787A (ja) * 2000-07-05 2002-01-23 Wako Pure Chem Ind Ltd 銅配線半導体基板洗浄剤

Cited By (2)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US8187966B2 (en) 2008-03-26 2012-05-29 Renesas Electronics Corporation Manufacturing method for semiconductor integrated circuit device
CN111863592A (zh) * 2019-04-29 2020-10-30 中芯国际集成电路制造(上海)有限公司 研磨后清洗方法以及半导体结构的形成方法

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
US20080038994A1 (en) 2008-02-14
CN1784513A (zh) 2006-06-07
US20040224521A1 (en) 2004-11-11
KR20050120816A (ko) 2005-12-23
TW200504855A (en) 2005-02-01
KR101059006B1 (ko) 2011-08-23
EP1625247A2 (en) 2006-02-15
WO2004102620A2 (en) 2004-11-25
US7579279B2 (en) 2009-08-25
US7188630B2 (en) 2007-03-13
WO2004102620A3 (en) 2005-04-07
WO2004102620B1 (en) 2005-05-19

Similar Documents

Publication Publication Date Title
JP2007511894A (ja) 半導体製造プロセスの過程で導電面を不動態化するための方法
KR100576630B1 (ko) 반도체 집적회로장치의 제조방법
US6750128B2 (en) Methods of polishing, interconnect-fabrication, and producing semiconductor devices
KR100514536B1 (ko) 연마방법
US6274478B1 (en) Method for forming a copper interconnect using a multi-platen chemical mechanical polishing (CMP) process
JP3111979B2 (ja) ウエハの洗浄方法
TW414965B (en) Methods and apparatus for cleaning semiconductor substrates after polishing of copper film
US20090056744A1 (en) Wafer cleaning compositions and methods
KR20000022908A (ko) 기판 세정방법 및 기판 세정액
JPH1140526A (ja) 配線形成方法及び半導体装置の製造方法
JP2003086675A (ja) 半導体装置の製造方法
JP2020509597A (ja) 化学的機械的研磨後の洗浄用組成物
US20070240734A1 (en) Method of cleaning post-cmp wafer
JP4764604B2 (ja) 半導体集積回路装置の製造方法
JP2004104137A (ja) 半導体集積回路装置の製造方法
JP2007043183A (ja) 半導体集積回路装置の製造方法

Legal Events

Date Code Title Description
A521 Request for written amendment filed

Free format text: JAPANESE INTERMEDIATE CODE: A523

Effective date: 20070425

A621 Written request for application examination

Free format text: JAPANESE INTERMEDIATE CODE: A621

Effective date: 20070425

A977 Report on retrieval

Free format text: JAPANESE INTERMEDIATE CODE: A971007

Effective date: 20100604

A131 Notification of reasons for refusal

Free format text: JAPANESE INTERMEDIATE CODE: A131

Effective date: 20100629

A02 Decision of refusal

Free format text: JAPANESE INTERMEDIATE CODE: A02

Effective date: 20101124