JP2007505112A - 改善された非沈静α2アゴニストを同定するための新規方法 - Google Patents
改善された非沈静α2アゴニストを同定するための新規方法 Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
Description
本発明は、一般的には、痛みの処置および慢性の痛みの長期間にわたる緩和に関し、詳細には、α−アドレナリン作動性アゴニスト、およびα−2Aアドレナリン作動性受容体の選択的アンタゴニストに関する。
臨床での痛みには、侵害受容性の痛みおよび神経障害性の痛みが含まれる。それぞれのタイプの痛みは、損傷部位および隣接する正常な組織における感覚過敏によって特徴づけられる。侵害受容性の痛みは、通常、継続時間が限定され、利用可能なオピオイド治療によく応答するが、神経障害性の痛みは、例えば、切断術の後で生じることが多い「ゴースト痛み」において明らかであるように、開始事象が治癒した後も長く持続し得る。慢性の痛み症候群(例えば、慢性の神経障害性の痛みなど)は、手術、圧迫傷害もしくは外傷、感染性因子、毒性薬物、炎症性障害、または代謝性疾患(例えば、糖尿病または虚血など)を含む様々な傷害のいずれかによって引き起こされる。
α−2アドレナリン作動性アゴニストは、呼吸抑制作用および潜在的耽溺性を有しないため、現在の鎮痛剤に対する代替として開発されつつある。そのような薬物は、脊椎投与されたとき、有用な鎮痛剤である。しかしながら、α−アドレナリン作動性アゴニストの望ましくない薬理学的性質、特に、鎮静作用および血圧低下により、これらの薬物の有用性が、経口投与または他の末梢経路によって投与されたときには制限されている。従って、経口経路または他の末梢経路によって投与することができ、かつ、鎮静作用および血圧低下などの望ましくない副作用を有しない効果的な鎮痛剤が求められている。本発明はこの要求を満たし、関連した利点もまた提供する。
1つの実施形態において、本発明は、有効量のα−アドレナリン作動性アゴニストを含む医薬組成物と、有効量の選択的α−2Aアンタゴニストを含む医薬組成物とを対象に投与することによって対象において痛みを緩和する方法であって、α−アドレナリン作動性アゴニストおよび選択的α−2Aアンタゴニストがそれぞれ、少なくとも3日間の期間にわたって反復的または継続的に投与される方法を提供する。そのような方法では、痛みの緩和が、例えば、対象においてα−アドレナリン作動性アゴニストの著しいレベルが存在しないもとで継続し得る。
本発明ではさらに、同時での鎮静作用を伴わない末梢痛覚消失を生じさせる効果的な薬剤をスクリーニングする方法であって、α−2A受容体を薬剤と接触させること、薬剤がα−2Aアゴニスト活性を有するかどうかを明らかにすること、α−2B受容体を薬剤と接触させること、および、薬剤がα−2Bアゴニスト活性を有するかどうかを明らかにすることによる方法が提供される。この方法では、α−2Aアゴニスト活性の不存在およびα−2Bアゴニスト活性の存在により、薬剤が、同時での鎮静作用を伴わない末梢痛覚消失を生じさせる効果的な薬剤であることが示される。
感覚過敏の種々のメカニズムを有するマウスモデル
本実施例は、α−2Aおよびα−2Cノックアウトマウスの交感神経系の増大した緊張が、α−1A受容体活性化による触覚過敏の誘導を増大することを示すものである。
野生型マウスおよびα−2Aノックアウトマウスにおける異疼痛に対するアッセイが行われた。簡単に記載すると、マウスが5匹〜6匹の動物群に分けられた。コントロールマウスには5μlのDMSOが投与され、一方、処置マウスには、様々な用量の示された薬剤を含有する5μlのDMSOが注射された。クモ膜下注射の後、各マウスは、観察のために、木材チップが底に敷かれた個々の13x8.5x13cmのプレキシガラスの囲いの中に入れられた。異疼痛が50分間の期間にわたって5分毎に1回評価され、応答が15分〜50分の時間枠で8回記録された。異疼痛は、小さいはけでマウスの側腹を軽くなでることによって評価され、下記のようにランク付けされた:0、反応なし;1、接触プローブから逃避しようとして軽く鳴くこと;2、激しい鳴き声が接触プローブによって誘発され、プローブに噛み付き、逃避しようと激しく努力すること。各動物に対する8回のスコアが合計され、群についての平均値が、平均総スコアを得るために求められた。
α−2のアウトマウスはDixon他(Ann. Rev. Pharmacol. Toxicol.、20:441-462(1980))の方法を使用して決定された。薬物後の閾値が薬物前の閾値と比較され、触覚感受性の逆転率(%)が15.1グラムの正常な閾値に基づいて計算された。この結果は、異疼痛の逆転%として表され、これは正常ラット(100%)に対する痛み閾値の逆転率を反映している。EP1受容体アンタゴニスト
異疼痛の持続した逆転が、動物における薬物の継続した存在によるものであるかどうかを明らかにするために、ラットを、7日間、0.1mg/kg/時間の化合物8を用いて皮下浸透圧ミニポンプを使用して処置した。化合物8の血漿中濃度が、ポンプ挿入後の3日目、6日目、8日目、10日目および14日目にサンプリングされ、液体クロマトグラフィー−質量分析法/質量分析法(LC-MS/MS)によって測定された。図5に示されるように、最小の薬物レベルが10日目に検出され、薬物は14日目までに血漿中に残存しなくなった。これらの結果は、痛みの緩和が、長期間にわたる投薬の後、血漿中の薬物レベルが認められないときでさえも達成され得ることを示している。
化合物8が、4日間の期間、浸透圧ミニポンプによって投与された。図7Bに示されるように、冷たさに対する異疼痛が、4日間の処置期間中およびポンプ除去後の3週間以上の試験期間にわたってともに完全に緩和された。これらの結果は、最小限のα−2Aアゴニスト活性を有するα−2アドレナリン作動性アゴニスト(化合物8など)が、異なるタイプの神経障害性の痛みに対して適用可能な鎮痛特性を有することを示している。約20分間続いたBennett手術は下記のように行われた。雄性Sprague-Dawleyラット(約250グラム〜300グラム)がイソフルラン/酸素吸入によって麻酔された。剃毛およびベタジン塗布によって手術部位を調製した後、切開が、腰帯を超えてわずかに中線の左側に行われた。左股関節のわずかに尾側および腹側で、筋肉群の不鮮明な境界線が視認され、小さい(約10mm〜25mm)切開が筋肉群の境界線のすぐ下で行われた。筋肉は、坐骨神経が大腿骨の長さに平行して見えるまで容赦なく引き離された。
α−2アゴニストブリモニジンおよびクロニジンの活性の比較
本実施例では、化合物8などの、最小限のα−2活性を有するα−2アドレナリン作動性アゴニストが、慢性的な内臓過敏性のラットモデルにおいて痛みを緩和することが明らかにされる。
長期の薬物投与が、上記のようなBennett手術の1週間後にラットの背中の皮下に埋め込まれた浸透圧ミニポンプによって達成された。Bennett動物における痛み応答の評価が下記のように手術後7日目に行われた。熱刺激への応答を評価するために、ラットを透明なプラスチックチャンバー(18cm x 29cm x 12.5cm)に入れ、正常な動物に対しては侵害性でない冷却された(0℃〜4℃)金属床の上に置き、手術された足が冷たい床から持ち上げられる時間が5分間の期間にわたって記録された。実験当日、試験薬物が無麻酔で投与された(1ml/kgの体積で、1μg/kg〜1000μg/kgの範囲の用量でのIP投与またはPO投与)。場合により、動物は、研究の間に少なくとも3日間の休止期間を与えられた後、3ヶ月の期間にわたる次の実験のために使用された。
慢性的な内臓過敏性のよく受け入れられているモデルが、α2A、α2C、α1Cおよびα1B受容体を安定に発現する細胞系を用いて分析した。
化合物の製造
本実施例はα−2アゴニストの製造を記載する。
ブリモニジンよりも高いα−2A/α−1A機能的選択性を有するα−2アゴニストのキャラクタリゼーション
本実施例では、α−アドレナリン作動性アゴニストが、α−2A受容体活性化の不存在下で末梢投与されたとき、効果的な鎮痛剤であることが明らかにされる。非特異的なα−アドレナリン作動性アゴニストが、スルプロストン感作された痛みのマウスモデルを使用してα−2A受容体欠損(「ノックアウト」)マウス(Hein他、上掲、1999)においてアッセイされた。このマウスモデルでは、本質的には、Minami他、Pain 57:217−223(1994)に記載されるように、異疼痛が、選択的プロスタグランジンE2受容体アゴニストを意識のあるマウスにクモ膜下投与することによって誘発される。このモデルにおいて、はけで側腹をなでることに対する痛み応答が、スルプロストンの脊髄投与および薬物またはコントロールビヒクルのクモ膜下投与または腹腔内投与の15分後から開始して35分間の期間にわたって8回スコア化される。スルプロストンは、16点の測定尺度で12点〜13点の「痛み」のスコアを誘発する。
α−2B/C選択的アゴニストの化合物8が、神経障害性の痛みの別のラット神経傷害モデルであるBennett部分坐骨神経結紮モデルにおいて試験された。このラットモデルは、ヒトにおいて認められる痛み感覚と類似した痛み感覚の障害を伴う末梢単神経障害をもたらす(BennettおよびXie、Pain、33:87−107(1988))。Bennettモデルでは、神経傷害が、締め付ける結紮糸で坐骨神経の周囲をゆるく縛り、これにより、締め付け部から遠位側の神経の変性を引き起こすことによってもたらされる。異疼痛および痛覚過敏が、無意識での痛みに加えて、締め付け傷害によってもたらされる(BennettおよびXie、上掲(1988))。具体的には、冷たさに対する異疼痛、すなわち、冷刺激からの痛み感覚が、変化した痛み感覚の1つの発現である:Bennettモデル動物は、コントロール動物とは対照的に、冷たい表面から、手術された肢の足を頻繁に持ち上げる。
Claims (103)
- 交感神経増強状態を鎮静を伴うことなく予防または軽減する方法であって、α−2A/α1−A選択的アゴニストの有効量を対象に末梢投与し、それにより該交感神経増強状態を鎮静を伴うことなく予防または軽減し、前記選択的アゴニストがブリモニジンと比較して低いα−1A作用を有するまたはブリモニジンと比較して高いα−1A/α−2A効力比を有する、方法。
- 前記選択的アゴニストがブリモニジンと比較して低いα−1A作用を有する請求項1記載の方法。
- 前記選択的アゴニストがブリモニジンと比較して少なくとも30%高いα−1A/α−2AEC50比を有する請求項1記載の方法。
- 前記有効成分がブリモニジンと比較して少なくとも2倍のα−1A/α−2AEC50比を有する請求項1記載の方法。
- 前記有効成分がブリモニジンと比較して少なくとも10倍のα−1A/α−2AEC50比を有する請求項1記載の方法。
- 前記状態が感覚過敏である請求項1記載の方法。
- 前記状態が頭痛を伴う感覚過敏である請求項6記載の方法。
- 前記状態が片頭痛を伴う感覚過敏である請求項7記載の方法。
- 前記状態が胃腸疾患である請求項1記載の方法。
- 前記状態が過敏性腸症候群である請求項9記載の方法。
- 前記胃腸疾患が消化不良である請求項9記載の方法。
- 前記状態が皮膚病変である請求項1記載の方法。
- 前記皮膚病変が乾癬である請求項12記載の方法。
- 前記状態が心疾患である請求項1記載の方法。
- 前記状態が頻脈である請求項14記載の方法。
- 前記状態が末梢血管収縮である請求項1記載の方法。
- 前記状態がパニック発作である請求項1記載の方法。
- 前記状態が代謝障害である請求項1記載の方法。
- 前記代謝障害がII型糖尿病である請求項18記載の方法。
- 前記代謝障害がインスリン−耐性である請求項18記載の方法。
- 前記代謝障害が肥満症である請求項18記載の方法。
- 前記状態が筋肉収縮の障害である請求項1記載の方法。
- 前記筋肉収縮の障害が骨格筋収縮の障害である請求項22記載の方法。
- 前記筋肉収縮の障害が平滑筋収縮の障害である請求項22記載の方法。
- 前記筋肉収縮の障害が痙縮である請求項22記載の方法。
- 前記筋肉収縮の障害が緊張性頭痛を伴う請求項22記載の方法。
- 前記状態が行動障害である請求項1記載の方法。
- 前記有効量を経口投与する請求項1記載の方法。
- 前記有効量を局所投与する請求項1記載の方法。
- 前記有効量をパッチ経由で投与する請求項1記載の方法。
- 慢性疼痛を鎮静を伴うことなく予防または軽減する方法であって、α−2A/α1−A選択的アゴニストの有効量を対象に末梢投与し、それにより慢性疼痛を鎮静を伴うことなく予防または軽減し、前記選択的アゴニストがブリモニジンと比較して低いα−1A作用を有するまたはブリモニジンと比較して高いα−1A/α−2A効力比を有する、方法。
- 前記選択的アゴニストがブリモニジンと比較して低いα−1A作用を有する請求項31記載の方法。
- 前記選択的アゴニストがブリモニジンと比較して少なくとも30%高いα−1A/α−2AEC50比を有する請求項31記載の方法。
- 前記選択的アゴニストがブリモニジンと比較して少なくとも2倍のα−1A/α−2AEC50比を有する請求項31記載の方法。
- 前記選択的アゴニストがブリモニジンと比較して少なくとも10倍のα−1A/α−2AEC50比を有する請求項31記載の方法。
- 前記慢性疼痛が神経障害性疼痛である請求項31記載の方法。
- 前記神経障害性疼痛が糖尿病性ニューロパシーに伴う請求項36記載の方法。
- 前記神経障害性疼痛がヘルペス後神経痛に伴う請求項36記載の方法。
- 前記慢性疼痛が癌に伴う請求項31記載の方法。
- 前記慢性疼痛が術後疼痛である請求項31記載の方法。
- 前記慢性疼痛がアロディニア痛である請求項41記載の方法。
- 前記アロディニア痛が線維筋痛である請求項41記載の方法。
- 前記慢性疼痛が複合性局所疼痛症候群に関連する(CRPS)請求項31記載の方法。
- 前記慢性疼痛が内臓痛である請求項31記載の方法。
- 前記内臓痛が過敏性腸症候群に伴う請求項44記載の方法。
- 前記内臓痛が月経困難症に伴う請求項44記載の方法。
- 前記慢性疼痛が頭痛に関連する請求項31記載の方法。
- 前記頭痛が片頭痛である請求項47記載の方法。
- 前記頭痛が非血管性である請求項47記載の方法。
- 前記頭痛が群発性頭痛または毎日の緊張性頭痛である請求項47記載の方法。
- 前記慢性疼痛が筋肉痛である請求項31記載の方法。
- 前記筋肉痛が背中の痙攣に関連する請求項51記載の方法。
- 前記有効量を経口投与する請求項31記載の方法。
- 前記有効量を局所投与する請求項31記載の方法。
- 前記有効量をパッチ経由で投与する請求項31記載の方法。
- 神経学的状態を鎮静を伴うことなく予防または軽減する方法であって、α−2A/α1−A選択的アゴニストの有効量を対象に末梢投与し、それにより該神経学的状態を鎮静を伴うことなく予防または軽減し、前記選択的アゴニストがブリモニジンと比較して低いα−1A作用を有するまたはブリモニジンと比較して高いα−1A/α−2A効力比を有する、方法。
- 前記選択的アゴニストがブリモニジンと比較して低いα−1A作用を有する請求項56記載の方法。
- 前記選択的アゴニストがブリモニジンと比較して少なくとも30%高いα−1A/α−2AEC50比を有する請求項56記載の方法。
- 前記有効成分がブリモニジンと比較して少なくとも2倍のα−1A/α−2AEC50比を有する請求項56記載の方法。
- 前記有効成分がブリモニジンと比較して少なくとも10倍のα−1A/α−2AEC50比を有する請求項56記載の方法。
- 前記神経学的状態が急性神経学的状態である請求項56記載の方法。
- 前記急性神経学的状態が卒中である請求項61記載の方法。
- 前記急性神経学的状態が頭部または脊椎外傷である請求項61記載の方法。
- 前記急性神経学的状態が発作である請求項61記載の方法。
- 前記神経学的状態が慢性神経学的状態である請求項56記載の方法。
- 前記慢性神経学的状態が神経変性疾患である請求項56記載の方法。
- 前記神経変性疾患がであるアルツハイマー病である請求項66記載の方法。
- 前記神経変性疾患がであるパーキンソン病である請求項66記載の方法。
- 前記神経変性疾患がであるハンチントン病である請求項66記載の方法。
- 前記神経変性疾患が筋萎縮性側索硬化症または多発性硬化症である請求項66記載の方法。
- 前記神経変性疾患がHIV関連認知症またはHIV関連ニューロパシーである請求項66記載の方法。
- 前記神経変性疾患が眼疾患である請求項66記載の方法。
- 前記眼疾患が緑内障である請求項72記載の方法。
- 前記眼疾患が糖尿病性ニューロパシーである請求項72記載の方法。
- 前記眼疾患が加齢性黄斑変性である請求項72記載の方法。
- 前記慢性神経学的状態が、統合失調症、麻薬常用、麻薬離脱、麻薬依存、鬱および不安から選択される請求項65記載の方法。
- 前記有効量を経口投与する請求項56記載の方法。
- 前記有効量を局所投与する請求項56記載の方法。
- 前記有効量をパッチ経由で投与する請求項56記載の方法。
- 眼症状を鎮静を伴うことなく予防または軽減する方法であって、α−2A/α1−A選択的アゴニストの有効量を対象に末梢投与し、それにより該眼症状を鎮静を伴うことなく予防または軽減し、前記選択的アゴニストがブリモニジンと比較して低いα−1A作用を有するまたはブリモニジンと比較して高いα−1A/α−2A効力比を有する、方法。
- 前記選択的アゴニストがブリモニジンと比較して低いα−1A作用を有する請求項80記載の方法。
- 前記選択的アゴニストがブリモニジンと比較して少なくとも30%高いα−1A/α−2AEC50比を有する請求項80記載の方法。
- 前記有効成分がブリモニジンと比較して少なくとも2倍のα−1A/α−2AEC50比を有する請求項80記載の方法。
- 前記有効成分がブリモニジンと比較して少なくとも10倍のα−1A/α−2AEC50比を有する請求項80記載の方法。
- 前記眼疾患が緑内障である請求項80記載の方法。
- 前記眼疾患が黄斑変性である請求項80記載の方法。
- 前記眼疾患が網膜症である請求項80記載の方法。
- 前記網膜症が糖尿病性網膜症である請求項87記載の方法。
- 前記有効量を経口投与する請求項80記載の方法。
- 前記有効量を局所投与する請求項80記載の方法。
- 前記有効量をパッチ経由で投与する請求項80記載の方法。
- 末梢投与した場合に交感神経増強状態を鎮静を伴うことなく予防または軽減するα−2A/α1−A選択的アゴニストのスクリーニング方法であって、α−1A受容体と比較したα2−Aレセプターを活性化する試薬の機能的選択性を測定することを含んでなり、
α−1A受容体と比較してα2−Aレセプターを活性化する選択性が高い試薬が末梢投与した場合に交感神経増強状態を鎮静を伴うことなく予防または軽減するα−2A/α1−A選択的アゴニストである、方法。 - 工程(a)α−2A受容体に対する前記試薬の効力、活性またはEC50を測定すること;工程(b)α−1A受容体に対する該試薬の効力、活性またはEC50を測定することを含んでなり、ブリモニジンと比較して高いα−1A効力を有するまたはブリモニジンと比較して高いα−1A/α−2A効力を有する試薬が交感神経増強状態を鎮静を伴うことなく予防または軽減するα−2A/α1−A選択的アゴニストである、請求項92記載の方法。
- 前記選択的アゴニストがブリモニジンと比較して低いα−1A作用を有する請求項92記載の方法。
- 前記選択的アゴニストがブリモニジンと比較して少なくとも30%高いα−1A/α−2AEC50比を有する請求項92記載の方法。
- 前記有効成分がブリモニジンと比較して少なくとも2倍のα−1A/α−2AEC50比を有する請求項92記載の方法。
- 前記有効成分がブリモニジンと比較して少なくとも10倍のα−1A/α−2AEC50比を有する請求項92記載の方法。
- 前記工程(a)がアデニル酸サイクラーゼ活性の阻害の分析を含む請求項93記載の方法。
- 前記アデニル酸サイクラーゼ活性の阻害の分析が、α−2Aを安定に発現するPC12細胞におけるものである請求項98記載の方法。
- 前記PC12細胞がヒトα−2Aを安定に発現する請求項99記載の方法。
- 前記工程(b)が細胞内カルシウムに関する分析を含む請求項93記載の方法。
- 前記細胞内カルシウムをα1−Aを安定に発現するHEK293細胞において分析する請求項101記載の方法。
- 前記HEK293細胞がウシα1−Aを安定に発現する請求項102記載の方法。
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2004
- 2004-07-15 US US10/891,740 patent/US20050059664A1/en not_active Abandoned
- 2004-08-19 JP JP2006526109A patent/JP2007505112A/ja active Pending
- 2004-08-19 CA CA002538430A patent/CA2538430A1/en not_active Abandoned
- 2004-08-19 WO PCT/US2004/027170 patent/WO2005034849A2/en active Application Filing
- 2004-08-19 AU AU2004279333A patent/AU2004279333A1/en not_active Abandoned
- 2004-08-19 MX MXPA06002726A patent/MXPA06002726A/es not_active Application Discontinuation
- 2004-08-19 BR BRPI0414317-5A patent/BRPI0414317A/pt not_active IP Right Cessation
- 2004-08-19 EP EP04781784A patent/EP1663207A2/en not_active Withdrawn
- 2004-08-19 KR KR1020067005087A patent/KR20070005911A/ko not_active Application Discontinuation
- 2004-09-07 TW TW093127030A patent/TWI353835B/zh not_active IP Right Cessation
Patent Citations (1)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
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WO2001078702A2 (en) * | 2000-04-13 | 2001-10-25 | Allergan, Inc. | Methods and compositions for modulating alpha adrenergic receptor activity |
Cited By (1)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
JP2008514601A (ja) * | 2004-09-24 | 2008-05-08 | アラーガン、インコーポレイテッド | 特異的α2アドレナリン作動剤としての4−(フェニルメチルおよび置換フェニルメチル)−イミダゾール−2−チオン |
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
US20050059664A1 (en) | 2005-03-17 |
WO2005034849A2 (en) | 2005-04-21 |
EP1663207A2 (en) | 2006-06-07 |
KR20070005911A (ko) | 2007-01-10 |
AU2004279333A1 (en) | 2005-04-21 |
MXPA06002726A (es) | 2006-06-06 |
TW200517108A (en) | 2005-06-01 |
CA2538430A1 (en) | 2005-04-21 |
TWI353835B (en) | 2011-12-11 |
BRPI0414317A (pt) | 2006-10-31 |
WO2005034849A3 (en) | 2005-07-07 |
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