JP2002500584A - 固体モデルのラピッドプロトタイピング方法 - Google Patents

固体モデルのラピッドプロトタイピング方法

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JP2002500584A
JP2002500584A JP50087499A JP50087499A JP2002500584A JP 2002500584 A JP2002500584 A JP 2002500584A JP 50087499 A JP50087499 A JP 50087499A JP 50087499 A JP50087499 A JP 50087499A JP 2002500584 A JP2002500584 A JP 2002500584A
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サミュエル バチェルダー,ジョン
スコット クランプ,スティーブン
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    • BPERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B33ADDITIVE MANUFACTURING TECHNOLOGY
    • B33YADDITIVE MANUFACTURING, i.e. MANUFACTURING OF THREE-DIMENSIONAL [3-D] OBJECTS BY ADDITIVE DEPOSITION, ADDITIVE AGGLOMERATION OR ADDITIVE LAYERING, e.g. BY 3-D PRINTING, STEREOLITHOGRAPHY OR SELECTIVE LASER SINTERING
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    • B29WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
    • B29CSHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
    • B29C64/00Additive manufacturing, i.e. manufacturing of three-dimensional [3D] objects by additive deposition, additive agglomeration or additive layering, e.g. by 3D printing, stereolithography or selective laser sintering
    • B29C64/10Processes of additive manufacturing
    • B29C64/106Processes of additive manufacturing using only liquids or viscous materials, e.g. depositing a continuous bead of viscous material
    • BPERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B29WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
    • B29CSHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
    • B29C64/00Additive manufacturing, i.e. manufacturing of three-dimensional [3D] objects by additive deposition, additive agglomeration or additive layering, e.g. by 3D printing, stereolithography or selective laser sintering
    • B29C64/10Processes of additive manufacturing
    • B29C64/106Processes of additive manufacturing using only liquids or viscous materials, e.g. depositing a continuous bead of viscous material
    • B29C64/118Processes of additive manufacturing using only liquids or viscous materials, e.g. depositing a continuous bead of viscous material using filamentary material being melted, e.g. fused deposition modelling [FDM]
    • BPERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B33ADDITIVE MANUFACTURING TECHNOLOGY
    • B33YADDITIVE MANUFACTURING, i.e. MANUFACTURING OF THREE-DIMENSIONAL [3-D] OBJECTS BY ADDITIVE DEPOSITION, ADDITIVE AGGLOMERATION OR ADDITIVE LAYERING, e.g. BY 3-D PRINTING, STEREOLITHOGRAPHY OR SELECTIVE LASER SINTERING
    • B33Y50/00Data acquisition or data processing for additive manufacturing
    • B33Y50/02Data acquisition or data processing for additive manufacturing for controlling or regulating additive manufacturing processes
    • BPERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B29WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
    • B29KINDEXING SCHEME ASSOCIATED WITH SUBCLASSES B29B, B29C OR B29D, RELATING TO MOULDING MATERIALS OR TO MATERIALS FOR MOULDS, REINFORCEMENTS, FILLERS OR PREFORMED PARTS, e.g. INSERTS
    • B29K2055/00Use of specific polymers obtained by polymerisation reactions only involving carbon-to-carbon unsaturated bonds, not provided for in a single one of main groups B29K2023/00 - B29K2049/00, e.g. having a vinyl group, as moulding material
    • B29K2055/02ABS polymers, i.e. acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene polymers

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Abstract

(57)【要約】 プロトタイプの所望の形状に対応するデータが、ラピッドプロトタイピングシステムに送られる。システムは、熱凝固して所望の幾何学的形状を作り出す流動性材料を押し出すシーケンスを計算する(110)。次いで、加熱された流動性モデリング材料が、新しく堆積される材料の近傍の体積を材料の凝固温度と材料のクリープ温度との間の堆積温度ウィンドウ内に維持する形成環境に、材料の堆積温度で連続的に押し出される(112)。その後、新しく押し出された材料は、幾何学的形状の温度勾配を、所望の部品の幾何学的形状により設定された最大値よりも小さい値に維持しながら、徐々に材料の凝固温度よりも低い温度に冷却される(114)。

Description

【発明の詳細な説明】 固体モデルのラピッドプロトタイピング方法発明の分野 本発明は、熱可塑性材料からの固体モデルのラピッドプロトタイピング(proto typing)に関し、具体的には、カールおよびその他の歪みモードが最小にされる 、モデルのラピッドプロトタイピング方法に関する。発明の背景 モデルのラピッドプロトタイピングは、特定の設計に従った3次元の固体物体 の作製を含む。この設計は通常、3次元固体計算機援用設計システムからの数学 的データを含む。ラピッドプロトタイピングシステムは、以下により、固体物体 を作り出す。 −モノマー層の連続光重合、−材料のミリング除去 −微粒子のレーザ溶融(laser fusing) −熱可塑性物質の連続押し出し −罫書きされた(scribed)紙層のラミネート −熱凝固性ワックスまたは金属の噴射(jetting) −レーザ増強型(laser enhanced)化学的気相成長 −予め機械加工されたプレートのろう付け −セラミック粉末への結合剤の噴射 −その他の技術 好適なラピッドプロトタイピングシステムは、熱凝固性材料を堆積させること により、固体モデルを作り出す。これらのプロセスでは、シード即ち基板上、ま たは、以前に堆積された熱可塑性材料上に、流動性材料が連続的に堆積される。 堆積後、材料は凝固し、これにより、所望の形を漸増的に作り出すことができる 。熱凝固性システムの例としては、溶融堆積(fused deposition)モデリング、 ワックス噴射、金属噴射、消耗ロッドアーク溶接、プラズマスプレイ、などがあ る。 ほとんどの堆積材料は、温度とともに密度を変える。これは特に、これらの堆 積材料が流体から固体に遷移するためである。従って、熱凝固性材料ラピッドプ ロトタイピングシステムは、この密度変化により生じる製品プロトタイプの幾何 学的形状の歪みを最小にするという課題を共有している。熱凝固性システムは、 「カール」および「塑性変形」の両方の歪み機構を被る。カールは、冷却期間中 にプロトタイプに引き起こされる曲線状の幾何学的形状の歪みにより明らかであ る。(熱凝固性材料を使用する現世代のラピッドプロトタイピングシステムによ り作製されるプロトタイプに関して)そのような幾何学的形状の歪みに最も大き く寄与する1つのものは、材料が比較的高温の流動性の状態から比較的低温の固 体状態に遷移するときの材料の密度変化である。 膨張係数が温度から独立している単純な場合には、連続的に付与された平面層 の幾何学的形状の歪みの性質および大きさを推定することができる。材料がz方 向に厚さhのプレートにされるとき、材料に線形熱勾配dT/dzが存在し、そ して、材料が一定の熱膨張係数lを有していると仮定する。z方向は、プレート が構成される支持表面とほぼ直交する。その後にプレートがある均一な温度にな ることが可能にされると、プレートは、付与応力なしで歪み、半径rの円筒形シ ェルを形成する。ここで、 である。 カールCは、曲率半径の逆数として規定される。即ち、C=1/rである。正 のカールの例が、図1に示される。移動式押し出し機106を用いて、ベース1 02に熱可塑性材料104の連続層が堆積される。熱凝固されたラピッドプロト タイプにおいて典型的であるように、一連の層がz方向(即ち、ベース102に 直交する方向)に連続的に堆積され、堆積される最後の層は、常に、最も高い温 度を有する。そのような追加式プロセスでは、典型的には、熱勾配を含む正確な 幾何学的形状の部品が得られる。その後、この部品の温度が低下し、そして等温 になるため、この部品は、長い特徴の端部のカールにより歪む。 水平方向の最大長Lと、幾何学的形状の許容可能な最大歪みLとを有するプロ トタイプを作製することが望ましい場合、部品が形成されているときの部品内の 許容可能な最大温度勾配は、以下のようになる。 例えば、90×10-6/摂氏度の膨張係数を有する熱可塑性物質で、長さ12 インチの部品を0.030インチの公差で作製するためには、形成中の部品の許 容可能な最大熱勾配は、18℃/インチである。残念なことに、熱勾配は通常、 流体材料が凝固している部分の近傍では、18℃/インチよりもはるかに大きい 。 カールの影響を低減する技術がある。1つの技術は、可能な温度差を低減する ために周囲形成環境(ambient build environment)を加熱することを伴う。別 の技術は、可能な最も低い熱膨張係数を示す形成材料(build materials)を慎 重に選ぶことである。さらに他の技術は、可能な最も低い温度で形成材料を堆積 させることである。 塑性変形は、熱膨張係数に関係のない、形成材料の第2の現象である。この現 象もまた、熱凝固プロトタイプに歪みを引き起こし得る。図2Aおよび図2Bに 示される溶融堆積モデリング装置について考える。いずれの場合も、流動性材料 が、加熱されたノズル106から流出し、以前に堆積された凝固した材料104 の上で凝固している。図2Aでは、ノズル106が材料104を堆積させるとき 、ノズル106は上に移動しているが、図2Bでは、ノズル106は下に移動す る。図2Aでは、ノズル106から出てくる材料は、堆積されるとき、90°未 満の屈曲を経験するが、図2Bでは、材料は、90°よりも大きい屈曲を経験す る。実験的には、図2Aの構成よりも図2Bの構成からの方が、より多くの歪み が生じる。さらに、その影響は、より低い堆積温度の場合に、より顕著である。 これは、材料の弾性成分の非弾性変形に起因すると考えられる。この歪みは、鋭 い直角の屈曲の上で紙を引きずることにより紙に作り出されるカールと類似して いる。 当該分野には、固体モデリングの様々な教示が数多くある。例えば、本願と同 一の譲受人に譲渡されたCrumpの米国特許第5,121,329号は、溶融堆積モデリング システムを記載している。Crumpのシステムは、加熱された形成環境を組み込ん でいるが、このシステムでは、堆積された材料が、その後の材料層が付加される ときに、堆積された材料の凝固温度よりも低くなければならない。Vilavaaraの 米国特許第4,749,347号およびAlmquistらの米国特許第5,141,680号は、流動性の 熱凝固材料を組み込むラピッドプロトタイピングシステムを記載している。これ らの特許はともに、押し出し材料の凝固温度以下に維持される形成環境を教示し ている。 従って、本発明の目的は、熱凝固性材料を使用する改良されたラピッドプロト タイピング方法を提供することである。 本発明の別の目的は、結果として得られる部品の幾何学的形状の精度および忠 実度を向上する改良されたラピッドプロトタイピング方法を提供することである 。 本発明のさらに他の目的は、プロトタイプに作り出される内部応力の低減を達 成する熱凝固性材料を用いる改良されたラピッドプロトタイピング方法を提供す ることである。発明の要旨 プロトタイプの所望の形状に対応するデータが、ラピッドプロトタイピングシ ステムに送られる。システムは、熱凝固して所望の幾何学的形状を作り出す流動 性材料を押し出すシーケンスを計算する。次いで、加熱された流動性モデリング 材料が、新しく堆積される材料の近傍の体積を材料の凝固温度と材料のクリープ 温度との間の堆積温度ウィンドウ内に維持する形成環境に、材料の堆積温度で連 続的に押し出される。その後、新しく押し出された材料は、幾何学的形状の温度 勾配を、部品の幾何学的形状の所望の精度により設定された最大値よりも小さい 値に維持しながら、徐々に材料の凝固温度よりも低い温度に冷却される。図面の簡単な説明 図1は、凝固性材料の熱収縮による典型的なプロトタイプの歪みを示す。 図2Aおよび図2Bは、凝固性材料の弾性成分の非弾性変形から生じる、歪み の影響を示す。 図3A、図3Bおよび図3Cは、ABS(アクリロニトリルブタジエンスチレ ン)熱可塑性物質についての、温度対比重、応力緩和係数(modulus)および粘 度の変化のプロットを示す。 図4は、本発明の方法を組み込むラピッドプロトタイピングシステムのプロセ スフロー図である。発明の詳細な説明 本発明は、材料の流体状態と材料の固体状態との間に遷移領域があるという認 識に基づく。遷移領域を含む温度範囲がどれくらい広いかは、押し出される材料 のタイプに応じて変わる。結晶材料は、より鮮明な遷移領域を有する傾向があり 、ガラス材料は、より広い遷移領域を示す。しかし、固相の結晶材料は、材料の 融点に近づくと著しく増加する温度依存性のクリープレートを有する。以下の説 明では、主としてガラス熱可塑性物質の特性について考えるが、本発明は、混合 相および結晶材料にも適用可能である。 図3A〜図3Cは、ABS熱可塑性物質の材料特性対温度の3つのグラフを示 す。図3Aは、1気圧での温度に対するABSの密度の変動を示す。このプロッ トは、ほぼ区分的線形であり、2本の線が出会う場所(即ち、点X)は、その材 料のガラス遷移温度である。この点は、結晶固体の融点にほぼ等しい。 図3Bは、応力が付与されてから300秒後のABS熱可塑性物質の応力緩和 係数の変動を示す。このデータは、テスト部品に一定の歪み(strain)を付与し 且つ応力の経時的進化を測定することにより、市販のレオメータで生成される。 実際的には、これは、材料がどの温度で固体であるかを判定する有効な方法であ る。初期歪みの付与後300秒が妥当な間隔であるとして選ばれたのは、それが 、相の堆積時間の典型だからである。ラピッドプロトタイピング方法が、実質的 に異なる堆積レートを有していれば、応力緩和データを獲得する時間を、それに 応じて変えるべきである。 図3Bは、約70℃までの温度について、ABSが300秒にわたって極めて 小さいクリープを有することを示す。従って、この温度は、凝固温度として規定 される。クリープレートは、最初は徐々に増加し、次いで、ガラス遷移温度に達 するとき急激に増加する。材料がガラス遷移温度になるまでには、材料は、長時 間にわたって付与応力を支持しない(秒のオーダの時間にわたってであるが、そ れでも材料は幾らか堅く見える)。 クリープ緩和温度と呼ばれるのは、応力緩和係数が、その低温限界から10分 の1(factor of 10)に低下した点である。その点では、材料は、モデリングが 起こり得るのにちようど十分に固体であるが、材料は、内部応力が部品の幾何学 的形状に影響を及ぼすことなく緩和し得るのに十分に高いクリープレートを有す る。 図3Cは、温度に対するABSの粘度の変動を示す。このプロットは、材料が 連続的に堆積されて部品を形成するのに十分に流動性であるためには、堆積温度 が、270℃付近でなければならないことを示す。さらに、材料は、凝固すると きに実質的な密度変化を経験し、この密度変化が、上述の機械的歪みにつながる 。最後に、図3Cは、粘度が、どの温度で材料が固体であるのかを判定するため の十分な流動性の基準ではないことを明らかにしている。 熱凝固を使用するラピッドプロトタイピングシステムにおいて、以前に堆積さ れた材料を特定の温度ウィンドウ内に維持することにより、堆積された材料に存 在する応力が軽減され、そして、幾何学的形状の歪みが低減されると判断されて いる。新しく堆積される材料が付与される場所の少なくとも近傍で、以前に堆積 された材料は、好ましくは材料の凝固温度と材料のクリープ緩和温度との間の範 囲にある温度に維持されなければならない。より好ましくは、温度は、クリープ 緩和温度により近い温度に維持されるべきである。ABSの場合、温度ウィンド ウは、約70℃と約90℃との間にある。概して、形成層(build layer)全体 (押し出しノズルのすぐ隣の領域の外側)は、材料の凝固温度よりも高く且つ材 料のクリープ緩和温度よりも低い温度に維持されるべきである。 上記温度は、材料のサンプルブロックでの応力緩和測定値から同定される。結 果として得られるモデルの温度を上記範囲内に維持することにより、垂れ下がる ほど弱いモデルと、(上記のような)カール応力が幾何学的形状の歪みを引き起 こすほど堅いモデルとの間の釣り合いがとれた状態に達する。さらに、固有の応 力が緩和することが可能にされ、より正確な寸法のモデルが得られる。 以前に堆積された材料は、新しく堆積される材料の近傍で、上記堆積温度ウィ ンドウ内の温度であることが必要とされるが、堆積された部分全体がそのウィン ドウ内である必要はない。上記方程式2で規定されるように、以前に堆積された 材料の領域は、その領域内の熱勾配が所定の精度仕様を満たすために必要とされ る熱勾配よりも小さい限り、所定の凝固温度よりも低い温度であり得る。 一旦プロトタイプモデル全体が完成すると、このプロトタイプモデルは、プロ トタイプモデルが取り扱われる前、または、プロトタイプモデルに大きな応力が 付与される前に、すべての場所で材料の凝固温度よりも低い温度になるように冷 却される必要がある。冷却速度は、方程式2により設定された熱勾配限界に違反 しない程度に十分に低速であるべきである。 図4は、本発明による好適なプロトタイプ形成プロセスを示す。プロトタイプ の所望の形状に対応するデータが、ラピッドプロトタイピングシステムに送られ る。システムは、熱凝固して記述された幾何学的形状を作り出す流動性材料を押 し出すシーケンスを計算する(ボックス110)。次いで、加熱された流動性モ デリング材料が、新しく堆積される材料の近傍の形成体積(build volume)を材 料の凝固温度と材料のクリープ温度とにより規定される堆積温度ウィンドウ内に 維持する形成環境に、材料の堆積温度で連続的に押し出される(ボックス112 )。計算ステップ110は、堆積ステップ112が始まる前に終了する必要はな い。 従って、新しく押し出された材料は、温度勾配を、部品の幾何学的形状の所望 の精度により設定された最大値よりも小さい値に維持しながら、徐々に材料の凝 固温度よりも低い温度に冷却される(ボックス114)。 上記説明は、本発明の例示にすぎないことが理解されるはずである。本発明か ら逸脱することなく、当業者により様々な変更および改変が考案され得る。従っ て、本発明は、添付の請求の範囲の範囲内にあるそのような変更、改変および変 形をすべて含むことが意図される。
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Claims (1)

  1. 【特許請求の範囲】 1.制御システムの制御下で所定の形状の3次元の物理的物体を作製する方法で あって、該方法は、凝固温度とクリープ緩和温度とを有する熱凝固性材料を使用 し、 a)流体状態の該熱凝固性材料を、押し出し機から、該熱凝固性材料の該凝固 温度を超える局所領域温度を少なくとも有する形成領域に分配するステップと、 b)該熱凝固性材料の分配と同時に、且つ、該制御システムに応答して、該熱 凝固性材料が該形成領域のサポート上に蓄積して3次元の物理的物体を形成する ように該押し出し機と該サポートとの間の相対移動を引き起こすステップと、 c)該局所領域温度および該熱凝固性材料を該材料の該凝固温度よりも低い温 度に冷却することにより、該熱凝固性材料を凝固させるステップと、を包含する 、方法。 2.前記熱凝固性材料が、ガラス遷移温度を示す熱可塑性物質である、請求項1 に記載の方法。 3.前記形成環境の前記局所領域温度が、少なくとも前記ステップb)の間、前 記ガラス遷移温度よりも低い、請求項2に記載の方法。 4.前記クリープ温度は、前記熱凝固性材料の応力緩和係数がその低温限界から 10分の1に低下した点である、請求項1に記載の方法。 5.前記局所領域が、少なくとも最も新しく堆積された前記熱凝固性材料の層を 含む、請求項1に記載の方法。 6.前記形成環境の前記局所領域温度が、少なくとも前記ステップb)の間、前 記熱凝固性材料の前記クリープ緩和温度よりも低い温度に維持される、請求項5 に記載の方法。 7.前記ステップc)の間に前記局所領域温度および前記材料を該材料の前記凝 固温度よりも低い温度に冷却するのと同時に、前記物理的物体の位置対温度変化 のレートが、しきい値よりも小さい値に維持される、請求項1に記載の方法。 8.前記熱凝固性材料が、アクリロニトリルブタジエンスチレンである、請求項 1に記載の方法。 9.所定の形状の3次元の物理的物体を作製する方法であって、 a)該3次元の物理的物体の該所定の形状をつくるために必要とされるコマン ドのシーケンスを計算するステップと、 b)流体状態の熱凝固性材料を、押し出し機から、該コマンドのシーケンスに より規定されるような形成環境に分配するステップと、 c)該ステップb)の間、少なくとも該押し出し機の近傍で、該形成環境を、 該熱凝固性材料の凝固温度よりも高い所定の温度範囲内に維持するステップと、 d)該分配ステップb)と同時に、且つ、該コマンドのシーケンスに応答して 、該材料が蓄積して該3次元の物理的物体を形成するように該押し出し機と該形 成環境との間の相対移動を機械的に引き起こすステップと、 e)該ステップd)と同時に、追加の凝固性材料が上に蓄積した該凝固性材料 が該凝固性材料の凝固温度よりも低い温度に冷却されるように該形成環境を差別 的に加熱するステップと、 f)該物体を該凝固温度よりも低い温度に冷却することにより、該物体をさら に凝固させるステップと、をさらに包含する、方法。 10.前記熱凝固性材料が、ガラス遷移温度を示す熱可塑性物質であり、前記ス テップc)は、前記形成環境の温度を、該ガラス遷移温度よりも低い温度に維持 する、請求項9に記載の方法。 11.前記熱凝固性材料が、アクリロニトリルブタジエンスチレンである、請求 項9に記載の方法。
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EP1015215B1 (en) 2008-03-05
AU7602298A (en) 1998-12-30
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US5866058A (en) 1999-02-02

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