ITFI20060322A1 - Processo per la preparazione di elettrodi modificati, elettrodi preparati con tale processo, e biosensori enzimatici che li comprendono. - Google Patents

Processo per la preparazione di elettrodi modificati, elettrodi preparati con tale processo, e biosensori enzimatici che li comprendono.

Info

Publication number
ITFI20060322A1
ITFI20060322A1 IT000322A ITFI20060322A ITFI20060322A1 IT FI20060322 A1 ITFI20060322 A1 IT FI20060322A1 IT 000322 A IT000322 A IT 000322A IT FI20060322 A ITFI20060322 A IT FI20060322A IT FI20060322 A1 ITFI20060322 A1 IT FI20060322A1
Authority
IT
Italy
Prior art keywords
electrodes
preparation
modified
prepared
enzymatic biosensors
Prior art date
Application number
IT000322A
Other languages
English (en)
Inventor
Danila Moscone
Giuseppe Palleschi
Alessandro Poscia
Francesco Ricci
Original Assignee
Menarini Farma Ind
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Menarini Farma Ind filed Critical Menarini Farma Ind
Priority to IT000322A priority Critical patent/ITFI20060322A1/it
Priority to HUE07122884A priority patent/HUE026692T2/en
Priority to ES07122884.5T priority patent/ES2555313T3/es
Priority to DK07122884.5T priority patent/DK1935331T3/en
Priority to PL07122884T priority patent/PL1935331T3/pl
Priority to SI200731712T priority patent/SI1935331T1/sl
Priority to EP07122884.5A priority patent/EP1935331B1/en
Priority to PT71228845T priority patent/PT1935331E/pt
Priority to MEP-2015-762A priority patent/ME02268B/me
Priority to RS20150762A priority patent/RS54399B1/en
Priority to RU2007146458/28A priority patent/RU2442130C2/ru
Priority to US12/002,168 priority patent/US8309362B2/en
Publication of ITFI20060322A1 publication Critical patent/ITFI20060322A1/it
Priority to US13/609,371 priority patent/US20130001102A1/en
Priority to HRP20151244TT priority patent/HRP20151244T1/hr
Priority to CY20151101121T priority patent/CY1117023T1/el

Links

Classifications

    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C12—BIOCHEMISTRY; BEER; SPIRITS; WINE; VINEGAR; MICROBIOLOGY; ENZYMOLOGY; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING
    • C12Q—MEASURING OR TESTING PROCESSES INVOLVING ENZYMES, NUCLEIC ACIDS OR MICROORGANISMS; COMPOSITIONS OR TEST PAPERS THEREFOR; PROCESSES OF PREPARING SUCH COMPOSITIONS; CONDITION-RESPONSIVE CONTROL IN MICROBIOLOGICAL OR ENZYMOLOGICAL PROCESSES
    • C12Q1/00—Measuring or testing processes involving enzymes, nucleic acids or microorganisms; Compositions therefor; Processes of preparing such compositions
    • C12Q1/001—Enzyme electrodes
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C12—BIOCHEMISTRY; BEER; SPIRITS; WINE; VINEGAR; MICROBIOLOGY; ENZYMOLOGY; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING
    • C12Q—MEASURING OR TESTING PROCESSES INVOLVING ENZYMES, NUCLEIC ACIDS OR MICROORGANISMS; COMPOSITIONS OR TEST PAPERS THEREFOR; PROCESSES OF PREPARING SUCH COMPOSITIONS; CONDITION-RESPONSIVE CONTROL IN MICROBIOLOGICAL OR ENZYMOLOGICAL PROCESSES
    • C12Q1/00—Measuring or testing processes involving enzymes, nucleic acids or microorganisms; Compositions therefor; Processes of preparing such compositions
    • C12Q1/001—Enzyme electrodes
    • C12Q1/002—Electrode membranes
    • C12Q1/003—Functionalisation
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C23—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; CHEMICAL SURFACE TREATMENT; DIFFUSION TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL; INHIBITING CORROSION OF METALLIC MATERIAL OR INCRUSTATION IN GENERAL
    • C23C—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; SURFACE TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL BY DIFFUSION INTO THE SURFACE, BY CHEMICAL CONVERSION OR SUBSTITUTION; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL
    • C23C18/00—Chemical coating by decomposition of either liquid compounds or solutions of the coating forming compounds, without leaving reaction products of surface material in the coating; Contact plating
    • C23C18/02—Chemical coating by decomposition of either liquid compounds or solutions of the coating forming compounds, without leaving reaction products of surface material in the coating; Contact plating by thermal decomposition
    • C23C18/12—Chemical coating by decomposition of either liquid compounds or solutions of the coating forming compounds, without leaving reaction products of surface material in the coating; Contact plating by thermal decomposition characterised by the deposition of inorganic material other than metallic material
    • C23C18/1204—Chemical coating by decomposition of either liquid compounds or solutions of the coating forming compounds, without leaving reaction products of surface material in the coating; Contact plating by thermal decomposition characterised by the deposition of inorganic material other than metallic material inorganic material, e.g. non-oxide and non-metallic such as sulfides, nitrides based compounds
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C23—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; CHEMICAL SURFACE TREATMENT; DIFFUSION TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL; INHIBITING CORROSION OF METALLIC MATERIAL OR INCRUSTATION IN GENERAL
    • C23C—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; SURFACE TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL BY DIFFUSION INTO THE SURFACE, BY CHEMICAL CONVERSION OR SUBSTITUTION; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL
    • C23C18/00—Chemical coating by decomposition of either liquid compounds or solutions of the coating forming compounds, without leaving reaction products of surface material in the coating; Contact plating
    • C23C18/16—Chemical coating by decomposition of either liquid compounds or solutions of the coating forming compounds, without leaving reaction products of surface material in the coating; Contact plating by reduction or substitution, e.g. electroless plating
    • C23C18/1601—Process or apparatus
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
    • G01N33/00—Investigating or analysing materials by specific methods not covered by groups G01N1/00 - G01N31/00
    • G01N33/48—Biological material, e.g. blood, urine; Haemocytometers
    • G01N33/50—Chemical analysis of biological material, e.g. blood, urine; Testing involving biospecific ligand binding methods; Immunological testing
    • G01N33/53—Immunoassay; Biospecific binding assay; Materials therefor
    • G01N33/543—Immunoassay; Biospecific binding assay; Materials therefor with an insoluble carrier for immobilising immunochemicals
    • G01N33/54366—Apparatus specially adapted for solid-phase testing
    • G01N33/54373—Apparatus specially adapted for solid-phase testing involving physiochemical end-point determination, e.g. wave-guides, FETS, gratings
    • G01N33/5438—Electrodes
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
    • Y10T—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
    • Y10T436/00—Chemistry: analytical and immunological testing
    • Y10T436/14—Heterocyclic carbon compound [i.e., O, S, N, Se, Te, as only ring hetero atom]
    • Y10T436/142222—Hetero-O [e.g., ascorbic acid, etc.]
    • Y10T436/143333—Saccharide [e.g., DNA, etc.]
    • Y10T436/144444—Glucose

Landscapes

  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
  • Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Organic Chemistry (AREA)
  • Immunology (AREA)
  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Proteomics, Peptides & Aminoacids (AREA)
  • Molecular Biology (AREA)
  • Wood Science & Technology (AREA)
  • Zoology (AREA)
  • Biotechnology (AREA)
  • General Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
  • Microbiology (AREA)
  • Analytical Chemistry (AREA)
  • Biochemistry (AREA)
  • Biomedical Technology (AREA)
  • Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
  • Bioinformatics & Cheminformatics (AREA)
  • Genetics & Genomics (AREA)
  • Biophysics (AREA)
  • Metallurgy (AREA)
  • Hematology (AREA)
  • Urology & Nephrology (AREA)
  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • Materials Engineering (AREA)
  • General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • General Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Thermal Sciences (AREA)
  • General Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Medicinal Chemistry (AREA)
  • Food Science & Technology (AREA)
  • Cell Biology (AREA)
  • Inorganic Chemistry (AREA)
  • Pathology (AREA)
  • Investigating Or Analysing Biological Materials (AREA)
  • Measuring Or Testing Involving Enzymes Or Micro-Organisms (AREA)
  • Battery Electrode And Active Subsutance (AREA)
  • Inks, Pencil-Leads, Or Crayons (AREA)
  • Printing Methods (AREA)
IT000322A 2006-12-13 2006-12-13 Processo per la preparazione di elettrodi modificati, elettrodi preparati con tale processo, e biosensori enzimatici che li comprendono. ITFI20060322A1 (it)

Priority Applications (15)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
IT000322A ITFI20060322A1 (it) 2006-12-13 2006-12-13 Processo per la preparazione di elettrodi modificati, elettrodi preparati con tale processo, e biosensori enzimatici che li comprendono.
PT71228845T PT1935331E (pt) 2006-12-13 2007-12-11 Processo para a preparação de elétrodos modificados, elétrodos preparados pelo referido processo e biossensores enzimáticos compreendendo os referidos elétrodos
MEP-2015-762A ME02268B (me) 2006-12-13 2007-12-11 POSTUPAK ZA DOBIJANJE MODIFIKOVANIH ELEKTRODA, ELEKTRODE DOBIJENE TIM POSTUPKOM I ENZIMATSKI BIOSENZORl KOJI SADRŽE TE ELEKTRODE
DK07122884.5T DK1935331T3 (en) 2006-12-13 2007-12-11 A process for the production of modified electrodes, electrodes produced by this method, and enzymatic biosensors with these electrodes
PL07122884T PL1935331T3 (pl) 2006-12-13 2007-12-11 Proces przygotowania elektrod modyfikowanych, elektrod przygotowanych przy pomocy tego procesu i biosensory enzymatyczne zawierające takie elektrody
SI200731712T SI1935331T1 (sl) 2006-12-13 2007-12-11 Postopek za pripravo modificiranih elektrod, elektrode pripravljene z omenjenim postopkom in encimatski biosenzorji, ki obsegajo omenjene elektrode
EP07122884.5A EP1935331B1 (en) 2006-12-13 2007-12-11 Process for the preparation of modified electrodes, electrodes prepared with said process, and enzymatic biosensors comprising said electrodes
HUE07122884A HUE026692T2 (en) 2006-12-13 2007-12-11 Process for producing modified electrodes, electrodes produced by this method and enzymatic biosensors containing these electrodes
ES07122884.5T ES2555313T3 (es) 2006-12-13 2007-12-11 Proceso para la preparación de electrodos modificados, electrodos preparados con dicho proceso, y biosensores enzimáticos que comprenden dichos electrodos
RS20150762A RS54399B1 (en) 2006-12-13 2007-12-11 PROCEDURE FOR OBTAINING MODIFIED ELECTRODES, ELECTRODES OBTAINED BY THIS PROCEDURE AND ENZYMATIC BIOSENSORS CONTAINING THESE ELECTRODES
RU2007146458/28A RU2442130C2 (ru) 2006-12-13 2007-12-12 Способ изготовления модифицированных электродов, электроды, полученные указанным способом, и энзимные биосенсоры, включающие указанные электроды
US12/002,168 US8309362B2 (en) 2006-12-13 2007-12-13 Process for the preparation of modified electrodes, electrodes prepared with said process, and enzymatic biosensors comprising said electrodes
US13/609,371 US20130001102A1 (en) 2006-12-13 2012-09-11 Process for the preparation of modified electrodes, electrodes prepared with said process, and enzymatic biosensors comprising said electrodes
HRP20151244TT HRP20151244T1 (hr) 2006-12-13 2015-11-18 Postupak za pripremu modificiranih elektroda, elektrode pripremljene tim postupkom i enzimski biosenzori koji sadrže te elektrode
CY20151101121T CY1117023T1 (el) 2006-12-13 2015-12-09 Διεργασια για την παρασκευη τροποποιημενων ηλεκτροδιων, ηλεκτροδια παρασκευασμενα με την εν λογω διεργασια και ενζυμικοι βιοαισθητηρες που περιλαμβανουν τα εν λογω ηλεκτροδιa

Applications Claiming Priority (1)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
IT000322A ITFI20060322A1 (it) 2006-12-13 2006-12-13 Processo per la preparazione di elettrodi modificati, elettrodi preparati con tale processo, e biosensori enzimatici che li comprendono.

Publications (1)

Publication Number Publication Date
ITFI20060322A1 true ITFI20060322A1 (it) 2008-06-14

Family

ID=39272068

Family Applications (1)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
IT000322A ITFI20060322A1 (it) 2006-12-13 2006-12-13 Processo per la preparazione di elettrodi modificati, elettrodi preparati con tale processo, e biosensori enzimatici che li comprendono.

Country Status (14)

Country Link
US (2) US8309362B2 (it)
EP (1) EP1935331B1 (it)
CY (1) CY1117023T1 (it)
DK (1) DK1935331T3 (it)
ES (1) ES2555313T3 (it)
HR (1) HRP20151244T1 (it)
HU (1) HUE026692T2 (it)
IT (1) ITFI20060322A1 (it)
ME (1) ME02268B (it)
PL (1) PL1935331T3 (it)
PT (1) PT1935331E (it)
RS (1) RS54399B1 (it)
RU (1) RU2442130C2 (it)
SI (1) SI1935331T1 (it)

Families Citing this family (27)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US7810380B2 (en) 2003-03-25 2010-10-12 Tearlab Research, Inc. Systems and methods for collecting tear film and measuring tear film osmolarity
US7905134B2 (en) * 2002-08-06 2011-03-15 The Regents Of The University Of California Biomarker normalization
GB0813200D0 (en) * 2008-07-18 2008-08-27 Univ Leeds Hexacyanoferrate modified electrode
CN101825603A (zh) * 2010-04-17 2010-09-08 上海交通大学 用于检测触酶阳性菌的电流型酶电极及其制备方法
US9097661B2 (en) * 2011-01-27 2015-08-04 Caterpillar, Inc. Electrochemical sulfur sensor and the method of making the same
RU2580288C2 (ru) * 2013-04-29 2016-04-10 Общество С Ограниченной Ответственностью "Русенс" Способ изготовления микробиосенсора для определения глюкозы или лактата
CN104198554B (zh) * 2014-09-03 2016-06-15 海南大学 一种工作电极及其制备方法、生物传感器
EP3792615A1 (en) 2014-09-23 2021-03-17 Tearlab Research, Inc. System for integration of microfluidic tear collection and lateral flow analysis of analytes of interest
KR101633057B1 (ko) 2015-04-22 2016-06-23 재단법인 실감교류인체감응솔루션연구단 헤드 마운트 디스플레이 시스템을 위한 얼굴 모션 캡쳐 방법
WO2017210465A1 (en) * 2016-06-01 2017-12-07 Autotelic Llc Prussian blue screen-printed electrode for determining cation concentration in physiological samples
EP3472340B1 (en) 2016-06-15 2023-08-16 Eastman Chemical Company Physical vapor deposited biosensor components
KR102547061B1 (ko) 2016-09-16 2023-06-22 이스트만 케미칼 컴파니 물리적 증착에 의해 제조된 바이오센서 전극
EP3512957B1 (en) 2016-09-16 2022-03-09 Eastman Chemical Company Biosensor electrodes prepared by physical vapor deposition
KR102646492B1 (ko) 2017-06-22 2024-03-12 이스트만 케미칼 컴파니 물리적으로 증착된 전기화학 센서용 전극
RU2696499C1 (ru) * 2018-02-08 2019-08-02 Федеральное государственное бюджетное образовательное учреждение высшего образования "Московский государственный университет имени М.В. Ломоносова" (МГУ) Биосенсор для одновременного определения глюкозы и лактата в крови
RU2703316C1 (ru) * 2018-11-29 2019-10-16 Федеральное государственное бюджетное образовательное учреждение высшего образования "Московский государственный университет имени М.В. Ломоносова" (МГУ) Способ изготовления высокостабильного покрытия сенсора на пероксид водорода
WO2021221752A2 (en) 2020-02-06 2021-11-04 Trustees Of Boston University High throughput assay for identifying microbial redox enzymes
WO2021158973A1 (en) 2020-02-06 2021-08-12 Trustees Of Boston University Enzyme-based electrochemical nicotine biosensor
CN111272843B (zh) * 2020-02-25 2023-01-06 衡阳师范学院 一种纳米线构建的FeCo网状结构纳米材料及其制备方法与应用
CN112964772B (zh) * 2021-03-30 2021-11-26 南京工业大学 一种基于丝网印刷芯片上酶的固定方法
WO2022232670A1 (en) 2021-04-30 2022-11-03 Trustees Of Boston University Hormone electrochemical biosensor
CN113945618B (zh) * 2021-09-24 2024-02-09 合肥天一生物技术研究所有限责任公司 一种用于血浆中维生素b2含量检测的丝网印刷电极
CN114062672B (zh) * 2021-11-12 2023-04-25 福州大学 一种检测covid-19抗体的血糖生物传感器
CN114965629B (zh) * 2022-05-31 2023-07-25 浙江大学 一种乳酸生物传感器及其制备方法、一种细胞活力电化学检测方法
CN115072740B (zh) * 2022-06-23 2023-10-10 齐齐哈尔大学 一种核壳结构普鲁士蓝纳米球的制备方法
CN115266865B (zh) * 2022-07-29 2024-04-16 北京大学 一种提高电化学传感器稳定性的方法
CN115494130A (zh) * 2022-09-19 2022-12-20 北京大学 一种牙刷电化学传感器构建方法

Family Cites Families (7)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
JPS5858288A (ja) 1981-10-02 1983-04-06 Seiko Instr & Electronics Ltd ヘキサシアノ鉄酸鉄の合成法
US4652530A (en) * 1985-07-15 1987-03-24 Rohm And Haas Company Monitoring method for isothiazolones in aqueous systems
EP0231476A1 (en) * 1985-12-23 1987-08-12 Siddiqi, Iqbal W., Dr. Selectively ion-permeable electrodes for analyzing selected ions in aqueous solution
CN100405051C (zh) * 2001-05-30 2008-07-23 爱-森斯株式会社 生物传感器
KR100475634B1 (ko) * 2001-12-24 2005-03-15 주식회사 아이센스 일정 소량의 시료를 빠르게 도입할 수 있는 시료도입부를구비한 바이오 센서
US20060205090A1 (en) * 2005-03-14 2006-09-14 Newton Michael W Water-soluble conjugates for electrochemical detection
WO2008076488A2 (en) * 2006-10-04 2008-06-26 Arizona Board Of Regents, Acting For And On Behalf Of Arizona State University Detection of explosive materials

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
US20130001102A1 (en) 2013-01-03
US20080160625A1 (en) 2008-07-03
US8309362B2 (en) 2012-11-13
SI1935331T1 (sl) 2016-04-29
RS54399B1 (en) 2016-04-28
ME02268B (me) 2016-04-28
HUE026692T2 (en) 2016-07-28
DK1935331T3 (en) 2015-12-14
PL1935331T3 (pl) 2016-06-30
EP1935331A3 (en) 2014-01-01
CY1117023T1 (el) 2017-04-05
EP1935331B1 (en) 2015-09-09
ES2555313T3 (es) 2015-12-30
RU2442130C2 (ru) 2012-02-10
RU2007146458A (ru) 2009-06-20
HRP20151244T1 (hr) 2016-01-29
PT1935331E (pt) 2016-01-11
EP1935331A2 (en) 2008-06-25

Similar Documents

Publication Publication Date Title
ITFI20060322A1 (it) Processo per la preparazione di elettrodi modificati, elettrodi preparati con tale processo, e biosensori enzimatici che li comprendono.
BRPI0911767A2 (pt) Processo, e, composto.
BRPI0917120A2 (pt) método, e, meio legível por computador.
WO2008153925A3 (en) Methods for improving multiple protein properties
BRPI0923412A2 (pt) método, e, produto de programa de computador.
BRPI0922312A2 (pt) método, e, meio legível por computador
WO2009100102A3 (en) Ts23 alpha-amylase variants with altered properties
BRPI0716370A2 (pt) Celulases de família 6 com aumentada termoestabilidade, termofilicidade, e alcalofilicidade
BRPI0815773A2 (pt) composto, e, medicamento.
FR2900219B1 (fr) Eclisse, procede d'assemblage d'ossature utilisant cette eclisse et ossature ainsi obtenue
BRPI1014906A2 (pt) documento com seções,e , processo de fabricação do mesmo.
DK2035398T3 (da) Immobiliseret 1,2-benzisothioazolin-3-on
BRPI0920880A2 (pt) método de adesão, estrutura de adesão, método de fabricação de módulo óptico e módulo óptico.
BRPI0821078A2 (pt) Desnatadores ('creamers") livres de proteína, sistemas estabilizantes, e processo de produção dos mesmos
BRPI0614961A2 (pt) aptâmero, método, e, composição
BRPI0919918A2 (pt) Composto de vanilina e de etilvanilina, processo de preparação do mesmo, composição, e, aplicação do composto.
BRPI0719272A2 (pt) Composição de enzima, e, método para preparar uma composição de enzima.
BRPI0815922A2 (pt) Artigo, composição, e, método.
CO6241120A2 (es) (DIHIDRO)PIRROLO[2,1-á]ISOQUINOLINAS.
BR112012000423A2 (pt) catalizador enzimático heterogêneo, processo de preparação, e, utilização do mesmo.
BRPI0909166A2 (pt) partícula com características topoespecíficas bipolares, e, processo de preparação das mesmas
BRPI1016039A2 (pt) processo, e, composição antimascaramento.
BRPI0818432A2 (pt) Bactéria fermentativa capaz de fermentar glicose, manose e xilose simultaneamente, e, processo para produzir etanol
BRPI0911556A2 (pt) eletrodo enzimático, e, célula de combustível.
NL1028300A1 (nl) Kristallisatiestabiel aluminosilicaatglas, de productie en toepassing ervan.